Bio 201 Chapter 4: Organization Of The Cell

Front 1

Cell Theory

Back 1

The theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells.

Front 2

Homeostasis

Back 2

The balanced internal environment of the body.

Front 3

Plasma Membrane

Back 3

The selectively permeable surface membranes that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass.

Front 4

Organelles

Back 4

A specialized structure within the cell; many of these are membrane-enclosed.

Front 5

Magnification

Back 5

The ratio of the size of the image seen with a microscope as compared to the actual size.

Front 6

Light Microscope

Back 6

The most common type of microscope used; consists of a tube with a glass lens at each end.

Front 7

Resolving Power

Back 7

The ability of a microscope to show fine detail.

Front 8

Electron Microscope

Back 8

A microscope capable of producing high resolution, highly magnified images through the use of an electron beam as opposed to light.

Front 9

Ultrastructure

Back 9

The fine detail of a cell, generally only observable by the use of an electron microscope.

Front 10

Cell Fractionation

Back 10

The technique used to separate the components of cells by subjecting them to centrifugal forces.

Front 11

Centrifuge

Back 11

A device used to separate cells or their componenets by subjecting them to centrifugal forces.

Front 12

Differential Centrifugation

Back 12

Separation of cell particles according to their mass, size, or density.

Front 13

Density-Gradient Centrifugation

Back 13

Procedure in which cell components are placed in a layer on top of a density gradient in a solution; the cell structures migrate to form a band at the position in the gradient where their own density equals that of the solution.

Front 14

Prokaryotic Cell

Back 14

A cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles.

Front 15

Eukaryotic Cell

Back 15

A cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles.

Front 16

Nuclear Area

Back 16

Region of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA; not membrane enclosed.

Front 17

Cell Wall

Back 17

The structure outside the plasma membrane of certain cells; usually contains cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan, or lipopolysaccharides.

Front 18

Flagella

Back 18

A long, whiplike structure that extends from the cell and acts as a means of locomotion.

Front 19

Ribosome

Back 19

Organelles that are a part of the protein sythesis of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Front 20

Cytoplasm

Back 20

The plasma membrane and cell contents with the exception of the nucleus.

Front 21

Nucleoplasm

Back 21

The contents of the cell nucleus.

Front 22

Cytosol

Back 22

The fluid component of the cytoplasm in which the organelles are suspended.

Front 23

Endomembrane System

Back 23

The group of membranous structures in eukaryotic cells that interact through direct connections by vesicles.

Front 24

Vesicle

Back 24

Any small, spherical, membrane-enclosed sac; within the cytoplasm.

Front 25

Nucleus

Back 25

A cell organelle in eukaryotes that contains the DNA and serves as the control center of the cell.

Front 26

Nuclear Envelope

Back 26

The double membrane system that encloses the cell nucleus of eukaryotes.

Front 27

Nuclear Pores

Back 27

Structures in the nuclear envelope that allow the passage of certain materials between teh cell nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Front 28

DNA

Back 28

Contains the genetic information of the cell.

Front 29

Genes

Back 29

A segment of DNA that serves as a unit of heredity information.

Front 30

Chromatin

Back 30

The complex of DNA and protein that make up eukaryotic organisms.

Front 31

Nucleoi

Back 31

One or more compact structures located in the nucleus.

Front 32

Nucleolar Organizer

Back 32

The chromosomal regions in the nucleolus containing instructions for making the type of RNA in the ribosomes.

Front 33

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 33

An interconnected network of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells.

Front 34

Molecular Chaperones

Back 34

Proteins that help other proteins fold properly.

Front 35

Proteasomes

Back 35

A large multi-protein structure that recognizes and degrades protein molecules tagged with ubiquitin into short peptide fragments.

Front 36

Transport Vesicles

Back 36

Small cytoplasmic vesicles that move substances from one membrane system to another.

Front 37

Golgi Complex

Back 37

Organelle composed of stackes of flattened, membraneous sacs. Mainly responsible for the modifying, packaging, and sorting of proteins that will be secreted or targeted to other organelles in the cell.

Front 38

Cisternae

Back 38

Stacks of flattened membraneous sacs that make up the Golgi complex.

Front 39

Vacuole

Back 39

A fluid-filled, membrane-enclosed sac found within the cytoplasm. Various functions include storage, digestion, or water elimination.

Front 40

Lysosomes

Back 40

Intracellular organelles present in many animal cells; contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes.

Front 41

Tonoplast

Back 41

The membrane surrounding a vacuole.

Front 42

Contractile Vacuole

Back 42

A membrane-enclosed organelle found in certain freshwater protists; appears to have a osmoregularity function.

Front 43

Peroxisomes

Back 43

Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide.

Front 44

Serial Endosymbiosis

Back 44

The hypothesis that certain organelles originated a symbiotic prokaryotes that lived inside each other.

Front 45

Mitochondria

Back 45

Intracellular organelles that are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.

Front 46

Intermembrane Space

Back 46

The compartment formed between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.

Front 47

Matrix

Back 47

The interior of the compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial space.

Front 48

Free Radicals

Back 48

Toxic, highly reactive compounds with unpaired electrons that bond with other compounds in the cell and disrupt normal cell function.

Front 49

Necrosis

Back 49

Uncontrolled cell death; can cause inflammation and damage to other cells.

Front 50

Apoptosis

Back 50

Programmed cell death; normal part of a cell's function.

Front 51

Photosynthesis

Back 51

The process that captures light energy and transforms it into chemical energy.

Front 52

Chloroplasts

Back 52

Membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes.

Front 53

Chlorophyll

Back 53

A group of light trapping green pigments found in most photosynthetic organisms.

Front 54

Carotenoids

Back 54

A group of yellow/orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits.

Front 55

Stroma

Back 55

A fluid space of the chloroplast enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids. It is the site of the Calvin Cycle Reactions.

Front 56

Thylakoids

Back 56

An interconnected system of flattened sac-like membranous structures inside the chloroplast.

Front 57

Grana

Back 57

A stack of thylakoids.

Front 58

Plastids

Back 58

A family of membrane enclosed organelles occuring in photosynthetic eukaryotic cells.

Front 59

Proplastids

Back 59

Plastid precursors; organelles that will mature into plastids.

Front 60

Chromoplasts

Back 60

Pigment containing plastids.

Front 61

Leukoplasts

Back 61

Colorless plastids that are used for starch storage.

Front 62

Cytoskeleton

Back 62

The dynamic internal network of protein fibers.

Front 63

Microtubules

Back 63

Hollow, cylindrical fibers consisting of tubulin protein subunits; major component of the cytoskeleton.

Front 64

Centrosome

Back 64

An organelle in animal cells that is the main microtubule organizing center; especially important in cell division.

Front 65

Centrioles

Back 65

A pair of small, cylindrical organelles that lie at right angle to each other near the cell nucleus; important to cell division.

Front 66

Mitotic Spindle

Back 66

Structure consisting mainly of microtubules that provides a framework for chromosomal movement during cell division.

Front 67

Cilia

Back 67

Many short, hairlike structures that project from the cell surface and is used for locomotion or movement of materials across a cell.

Front 68

Basal Body

Back 68

Structure involved in the organization and anchorage of cilium or flagellum.

Front 69

Microfilaments

Back 69

Thin fibers consisting of actin protein subunits.

Front 70

Myosin

Back 70

A protein that together with actin, is responsible for muscle contraction.

Front 71

Glycocalyx

Back 71

A gylcoprotein/lipid coating on the outside of an animal cell.

Front 72

Fibronectins

Back 72

Glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix that bind to integrins.

Front 73

Integrins

Back 73

Receptor proteins that bind to specific proteins in the extracellular matrix and to the membrane proteins on adjacent cells.

Front 74

Cellulose

Back 74

A structural polysaccharide consisting of beta-glucose units; main component of cell walls.

Front 75

Cell Signaling

Back 75

Mechanisms of communication between cells.