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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who was responsible for infected mice experiment with non-virulent and virulent bacteria? |
Fred Griffith |
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what two strains allowed mouse to live? |
R strain and heat killed S strain |
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what two strains killed mice? |
s strain and heat killed s + r because r were transformed to s |
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Avery, MacLeod, McCarty |
purified DNA from pathogenic strain transformed a harmless pneumococci strand |
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explain steps in AMM experiment |
remove lipids and carbs so proteins, rna, and dna are left add enzymes. see what gets destroyed add to r cells, see if transformation occurred and s cells are left |
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hershey and chase |
found that 32p DNA was injected into e. coli cells |
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who came up with base pairing rules? |
Erwin Chargaff A=T, C=G |
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what bonds form between bases AT, CG |
hydrogen bonds |
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what did DNA model demonstrate?
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how DNA is copied and proteins coded for |
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what comprises a nucleotide? |
phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four ATCG nitrogenous bases |
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what are two purines? |
AG |
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what are two pyridimines? |
TC |
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how fast can DNA be replicated? |
1000 nucleotides per second |
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what breaks weak hydrogen bonds prior to replication? |
helicase |
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name of openings in DNA |
origins of replication |
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name for two original DNA strands prior to replication |
template or parental |
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2 newly synthesized strands are called |
daughter |
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what do the two new helices contain? and what is that referred to as? |
a template and a daughter strand. semi-conservative |
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how do the strands run? |
anti-parallel |
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how does the prime strand run |
3' 5' |
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what direction does DNA polymerase add nucleotides in |
5' 3' |
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where does dna polymerase work in a reverse fashion? |
the "anti-sense" strand |
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what does the lagging strand make? and what are they called? |
Okasaki fragments and they are put together by DNA ligase |
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name for multiple replication origins found along the molecule |
replication bubbles |
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dna polymerase makes an error 1 in blank and is reduced to 1 in after proofreading |
10,000 base pairs reduced to 10 million after proofreading |
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name for direction of proofreading by dna polymerase |
3 to 5 proofreading |
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what are different types of mutations |
nucleotide insertion, deletion, substitution. pieces of chroms broken, exchanged, or lost |
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R in REL DNA Repair acronym |
resynthesis- DNA polymerase fills hole with new DNA where damaged DNA was removed |
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E in REL |
Excision – damage is spliced out by nucleases (3' 5' proofreading) |
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L in REL |
•Ligation – DNA ligase seals the nick in the phosphate-sugar backbone |
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functions of two active sites in DNA repair |
1 that polymerizes and one that edits |
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prob with okasaki fragment |
RNA primer cannot sit down on the End of a piece of DNA–So the last Okazaki fragment cannot be synthesized. |
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what are the implication of the prob with Okasaki fragment? |
DNA can't replicate to the end and chromosomes get shorter each time |
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junk DNA at the end is called |
telomere |
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name of special enzyme that allows DNA synthesis to the end? |
telomerase |
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2 types of cells with telomerase |
cancer and stem cells |
