Bio Final

Front 1

What do lipoproteins do?

Back 1

They escort cholesterol through the bloodstream

Front 2

Which lipoproteins are good and which are bad?

Back 2

HDL are good and LDL are bad.

Front 3

Polypeptides are...

Back 3

Proteins

Front 4

All amino acid have (5)...

Back 4

-built around a central carbon
-all have a hydrogen
- have an amino group
-have a carboxylic acid
-each has a unique branch

Front 5

Our bodies can make __ of __ amino acids from __

Back 5

12, 20, starch

Front 6

Organic (Biological) Molecules must have a _____ and a _____

Back 6

hydrogen, carbon

Front 7

All organic molecules use ____ bonds

Back 7

covalent

Front 8

Polysaccharides are used for both ___ and ___

Back 8

energy storage, sturctural support

Front 9

Polysaccharide 2 Main functions
1. Energy Storage: Plants (____) Animals(____)

2. Structural support Plants (___), Animals (____)

Back 9

Starch, Glycogen

Cellulose, Chitin

Front 10

Types of organic molecules

Back 10

charbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 11

Types of lipids

Back 11

-Fats, oils, waxes
- Steroids
-Phospholipids

Front 12

Three types of fatty acids:

Back 12

Saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated

Front 13

Monounsaturated triglycerides have kinks because...

Back 13

One C is missing an H (In polyunsaturated fatty acids, 2 or more C's are missing an H)

Front 14

3 major parts of Cell Theory...

Back 14

1. All living things are made up of 1 or more cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. All cells are derived from other cells

Front 15

4 basic things to know about cells

Back 15

1. Cell must be small
2. Function determines structure
3. Cells are complex in both function and structure
4. Cells use energy to stay alive

Front 16

Cytoplasm consists of...

Back 16

Cytosol and Organelles

Front 17

In animals cells, mitochondria convert ___ to ___ while in plants cholorplasts convert ___ to ___

Back 17

glucose... atp

sunlight ... glucose

Front 18

Smooth ER (no ribosomes) make ___ while rough ER make ____

Back 18

Lipids, proteins

Front 19

Prokaryotes DO NOT have (3) but do have (1)

Back 19

ER, Mitochondria, Chloroplast

Cilia (called Pili in a prokaryote)

Front 20

_______ are totipotent

Back 20

Stems cells

Front 21

3 characteristics of the cell membrane

Back 21

1. selectively permiable barrier
2. flexible and dynamic
3. promotes communication with other cells

Front 22

In the cell membrane, the phospholipid ____ are hydrophillic while the ____ are hydrophobic

Back 22

heads

tails

Front 23

Use of cholesterol in the cell membrane

Back 23

provides flexibility and protection (brittle cell walls would break during normal use)

Front 24

Types of proteins in cell membrane

Back 24

Transport proteins (selectively allow molecules to move in and our of cell)
Recognition proteins (flags that ID cell as "self")
Enzymes (promote chemical reactions)
Receptor proteins (provides a binding site for hormones and other molecules)
Attatchment Proteins (attatch cells together)

Front 25

Many venoms contain _____ which destroys phospholipids

Back 25

Phospholipases

Front 26

All molecules pass through the cell membrane either through the _____ or the _____

Back 26

Phospholipid bilayer, transport protein

Front 27

When molecules move out for even spacing, this is called...

Back 27

Diffusion (high areas of concentration to low areas of concentration until distrubution is equal)

Front 28

Three kinds of diffusion
1____: Molecules diffuse across PL bilayer
2.___: Molecules muse travel through a transport protein
3.___: If molecule diffusing is water

Back 28

1. Simple Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis

Front 29

Sometimes cells must use energy and proteins called "pumps" to move molecules against the concentration gradiant, this is called ____.

Back 29

Active transport

Front 30

Active transport is important and is ___-___% of our _____

Back 30

30-40, metabolism

Front 31

____ brings items into the cell while ____ expels items from the cell

Back 31

Endocytosis, Exercytosis

Front 32

Types of endocytosis:
1.____ - "drinking", liquids
2.____ - "eating", non-specific, large particles
3. ___ - Specific molecules"

Back 32

1. Pincytosis
2. Phagocytosis
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 33

Exocytosis expels particles from cells by packing them in ____

Back 33

vesicles

Front 34

___ energy is converted into ___ energy which it can then use to do work.

Back 34

Potential, kinetic

Front 35

All molecules contain potential energy in their ___

Back 35

bonds

Front 36

Exergonic equation:

Back 36

Reactants in, Energy and products out

Front 37

Endergonic equation:

Back 37

Energy and reactants in, products out

Front 38

____ reactions are used to build molecules. ____ reactions are used to breakdown molecules.

Back 38

Endergonic, Exergonic

Front 39

Phosphate group bonds are very high energy.

When ______ is removed, lots of energy is released at once.

Back 39

3rd phosphate.

Front 40

Chemical reactions occur slowly without the help of ____.

Back 40

Enzymes

Front 41

Autotrophs do both _____ and _____

Back 41

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Front 42

Layers of cells that make up the central portion of the leaf

Back 42

Mesophyll

Front 43

____ is where photosynthesis occurs and is located inside the ____

Back 43

Chloroplasts, mesophyll

Front 44

Openings in the leaf that allow gases to move in and out

Back 44

Stomata

Front 45

The primary plant pigment is ____.

Back 45

Chlorophyll

Front 46

Three steps of cellular respiration

Back 46

Glycolysis - Anaerobic
Cytsoplasm

Kreb Cycle (aerobic)
mitochindria

Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)
mitochondria

Front 47

Cellular respiration results in recharge of ______. Requires a constant influx of _____ and _____.

Back 47

36 to 38 ATP

Glucose, oxygen

Front 48

Byproducts of Fermentation (2)

Back 48

1. Lactic Acid

2. Ethanol and CO2