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428 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The smallest unit of life is the
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cell
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__________ is the aquisition of traits after parents transmit their DNA to offspring.
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inheritance
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__________ is the capacity of cells to extract energy from sources in the environment, and use it to live, grow, and reproduce
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metabolism
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_______ is a state in which the internal environment of an organism is being maintained within a tolerable range
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homeostasis
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Which of the following represents the phrase "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"?
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emergent properties
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What are the two classifications of prokaryotes?
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Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea
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Which of these is a deduction?
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If I turn the key in the ignition while stepping on the gas pedal, then my car will start
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When applying the process of science, which of these is tested?
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a prediction
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What is the difference between a tissue and an organ system?
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an organ system includes tissues
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Which of these provides evidence that all life shares a common ancestry?
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they all use the same genetic material
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A community that is interacting with its physical environment is known as
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an ecosystem
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Which of the following does not distinguish a living thing from a non-living thing?
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is composed of elements
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The science of classifying organisms is
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taxonomy
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Organisms that are not prokaryotes are in the Domain
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Eukarya
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The main source of energy flowing into most ecosystems is
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sunlight
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Science is based on
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evidence
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You are composed of prokaryotic cells
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FALSE
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The ability of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is known as
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homeostasis
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The tree in your backyard is home to two cardinals, a colony of ants, a wasp's nest, two squirrels, and millions of bacteria. Together, all these organisms are
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a community
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Unsaturated fats
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have double bonds in their fatty acid chains
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A bathtub full of lukewarm water may hold more heat than a teakettle full of boiling water
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TRUE
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A solution at pH 6 contains __________ than the same amount of a solution at pH 8
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100 times more H+
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Proteins differ from one another because
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the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein
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Which of the following are all polymers?
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proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides
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What makes a fatty acid an acid?
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It has a carboxyl group that donates a hydrogen ion to a solution.
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Which one of the following is NOT the proper pairing of a polymer and its monomer?
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triglyceride and steroid
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Most of the unique properties of water result from the fact that water molecules
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are polar and form hydrogen bonds
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A molecule with the chemical formula C55H110O55 is probably a(n)
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carbohydrate
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A hydroxyl group is
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characteristic of alcohols
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Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by
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the chemical properties of their R groups
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DNA differs from RNA because DNA
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contains thymine in place of uracil
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Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be
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unsaturated
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Which one of the following would be correctly classified as a protein?
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enzymes
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Why does ice float in liquid water?
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Hydrogen bonds keep the molecules of ice farther apart than in liquid water
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Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions?
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gastric juice at pH 2
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This results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
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polar covalent bond
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A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter is
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temperature
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What makes the isotopes of an element different from each other?
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the number of neutrons
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Parts of ribosomes are manufactured in which specific area of a eukaryotic cell?
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the nucleolus
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A freshwater paramecium is placed in salt water. Which of the following events would most likely occur?
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shriveling of the cell
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An enzyme works by
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lowering the activation energy of a reaction
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The function of chloroplasts is
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photosynthesis
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The cells of an ant and a horse are, on average, the same size; a horse just has more of them. What is the main advantage of small cell size?
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small cells can better take up sufficient nutrients and oxygen to provide for their needs
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Which best describes the structure of a cell membrane?
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proteins embedded in two layers of phospholipid
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The sodium concentration in a cell is ten times less than the concentration in the surrounding fluid. How can the cell move sodium out of the cell?
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by active transport
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What is the path a protein takes through the cell from the site where it is synthesized to where it is exported?
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rough ER...Golgi...transport vesicle...plasma membrane
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The Golgi apparatus
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stores, modifies, and packages proteins
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Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
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whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes
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A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
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a plant or an animal
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A pH of 9 is __________ times more __________ than a pH of 5
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10,000; basic
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Which of the following is not found in a prokaryotic cell?
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endoplasmic reticulum
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A controlled experiment is one in which
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there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment
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A covalent bond is likely to be polar when
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one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom
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A new species was discovered. Individuals of this species are multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nutrients from decomposing organic matter. It would fall under the classification
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Fungi
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A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, a large amount of distilled water was transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?
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It will have serious, perhaps fatal, consequences because the red blood cells will be hypertonic relative to the body fluids and the cells will burst
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A protein containing more than one polypeptide chain exhibits the __________ level of protein structure.
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quaternary
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A rose bush is classified into Domain __________ and Kingdom __________.
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Eukarya ... Plantae
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ATP provides energy for a cellular process by
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direct chemical transfer of a phosphate group
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Carbohydrates generally have a molecular formula
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in which carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are present in a ratio of 1:2:1.
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Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in
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chloroplasts
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Hydrophobic substances like vegetable oil are
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non-ionic or nonpolar substances that repel water
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Osmosis can be defined as
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the diffusion of water
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Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that
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the plasma membrane regulates the passage of material into and out of the cell
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The Golgi apparatus
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stores, modifies, and packages proteins
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The active site of an enzyme is the region that
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binds with the substrate
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The kinds of molecules that pass through a cell membrane most easily are
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small and hydrophobic
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The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input is which of the following?
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active transport
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The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as
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cohesion
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The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to
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the overall three-dimensional structure
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What is an organic, nonprotein component of an enzyme molecule called?
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coenzyme
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Which is the best description of a carbonyl group?
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a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond
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Which of the following are polysaccharides?
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glycogen and starch
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Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
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a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a five-carbon sugar
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Which of the following is not a part of the endomembrane system?
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mitochondria
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Which of the following is true concerning saturated fatty acids?
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They have more hydrogen bound to carbon than do unsaturated fatty acids
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Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED?
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lysosome-protein synthesis
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Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?
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It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
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Which of these is a correct representation of the hierarchy of life from least to most complex?
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hydrogen, water, cell nucleus, heart muscle cell, heart muscle tissue, heart, human
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Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
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rough ER
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Which type of lipid is most important in cell membranes?
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phospholipid
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Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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White blood cells would take in bacteria through what process?
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phagocytosis
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For most ecosystems __________ is (are) the ultimate source of energy and energy leaves the ecosystem in the form of __________
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light ... heat
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How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
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4
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Hydrocarbons
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contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
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Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane by
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passive transport
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The formation of ice during colder weather helps temper the seasonal transition to winter. This is mainly because
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the formation of hydrogen bonds releases heat
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A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water,
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it would function as both an acid and a base
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All of the following processes take material into cells except
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exocytosis
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Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because
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their enzymes have high optimal temperatures
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The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because of different
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side chains (R groups)
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Water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the
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absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form
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What is a fat ?
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a lipid made of three fatty acids and glycerol
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Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
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peptide bonds
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Glycolysis starts and ends in the
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cytoplasm
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Which of the following does not form during glycolysis?
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FADH2
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Aerobic respiration is completed in the
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mitochondrion
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In electron transport, ________ is the final electron acceptor of electrons that originally were part of a glucose molecule
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oxygen
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The fermentation pathwyas produce a little ATP from glycolysis, but the reamining reactions
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regenerate NAD+
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How is ATP produced by glycolysis?
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by substrate level phosphorylation
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What is the role of NAD+ in the process of cellular respiration?
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it functions as an electron carrier
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The Krebs cycle occurs in which region of the mitochondrion?
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the matrix
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As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs.
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2
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At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in
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NADH
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By-products of cellular respiration include
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carbon dioxide and water
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During cellular respiration, NADH
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ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase
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During redox reactions,
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electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance
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In fermentation, ________ is ________
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NADH . . . oxidized
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In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is
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an oxygen atom
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The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following EXCEPT
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pyruvate
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When a cell uses fatty acid for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fats to
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glycerol and fatty acids
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Photosynthetic autotrophs use _________ from the air as a carbon source and _____ as their energy source
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carbon dioxide...light
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Light reactions in plants occur at the
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thylakoid membrane
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In the light reactions
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ATP and NADPH are produced
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What accumulates inside the thylakoid compartment during the light reactions?
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hydrogen ions
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The Calvin cycle starts when
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carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP
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NADPH formation
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water molecules split
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CO2 fixation
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rubisco is required
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G3P formation
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ATP and NADPH are required
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ATP formation only
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electrons are cycled back to photosystem 1
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Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?
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grana
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Which of these wavelengths is LEAST useful for photosynthesis?
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green
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Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originate?
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water
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Light reactions do all of the following EXCEPT
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fix CO2
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Autotrophs
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make organic food molecules from nonliving sources
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Chloroplasts contain disks of membrane arranged in stacks called
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grana
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The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from
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water
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The light reactions occur in the __________ while the Calvin cycle occurs in the __________
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thylakoid membranes . . . stroma
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Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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ATP, NADPH, O2
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Why are (most) plants green?
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Chlorophyll reflects green light.
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To produce one glucose, the Calvin cycle needs to be run through __________ time(s)
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six
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Do photosynthesizing plants have mitochondria?
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Yes, to supply the plant with the ATP needed to power various cell activities
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Photorespiration
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is not good for a plant because it breaks down RuBP
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Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes?
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Dd and Dd
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Imagine that beak color in a finch species is controlled by a single gene. You mate a finch homozygous for orange (pigmented) beak with a finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and get numerous offspring, all of which have a pale, ivory-orange beak. This pattern of color expression is most likely to be an example of
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incomplete dominance
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Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I and random fertilization are most like
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shuffling cards and dealing out hands of poker
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The alleles of a gene are found at ________ chromosomes.
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the same locus on homologous
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Which of the following must occur for a plant or animal to grow and develop normally?
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The organism must be able to control the timing and rate of cell division in different parts of its body
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Which of the following occurs during interphase?
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cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes
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Which of the following options correctly describes the behavior of a tetrad during anaphase I of meiosis?
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It splits into two pairs of sister chromatids, and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell
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Which of the following statements best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders?
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Most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce
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Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true?
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Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction
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You conduct a dihybrid cross. A ________ ratio would make you suspect that the genes are linked
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12:1:1:4
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A monohybrid cross is
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a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one character
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A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of
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codominance
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ATP and NADPH
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power sugar synthesis during the Calvin cycle
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All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelien have black eyes. This means that the allele for black eyes is ________ the allele for orange eyes
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dominant to
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All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelien have black eyes. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two orange-eyed mendeliens?
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0 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed
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All the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is ________ to the allele for white flowers
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incompletely dominant
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As a patch of scraped skin heals, the cells fill in the injured area but do not grow beyond that. This is an example of
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density-dependent inhibition
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CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via
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stomata
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Carbon fixation
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occurs when carbon atoms from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule
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Clusters of light-gathering pigments in a photosystem
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pass energy to the reaction center
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Crossing over ________ genes into assortments of ________ not found in the parents
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recombines linked . . . alleles
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During chemiosmosis
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ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase
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During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles?
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metaphase
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During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occur?
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prophase I
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Global warming due to the greenhouse effect may be
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moderated by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
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How is sex determined in most ants and bees?
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by the number of chromosomes
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If a chromosome fragment breaks off and then reattaches to the original chromosome, but in the reverse direction, the resulting chromosomal abnormality is called a(n)
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inversion
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Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I results in an increase in the number of
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possible combinations of characteristics
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Linked genes generally
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do not follow the laws of independent assortment
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Mendel's law of independent assortment states that
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each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
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Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by
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recessive alleles
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Nondisjunction occurs when
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members of a chromosome pair fail to separate
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Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________
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loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons
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Pyruvate
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forms at the end of glycolysis.
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Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because
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men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed
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The Calvin cycle constructs ________, an energy-rich molecule that a plant cell can then use to make glucose or other organic molecules
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G3P
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The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the
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matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane
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The genetic material is duplicated during
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the S phase
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The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross showing independent assortment is expected to be
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9:3:3:1
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The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called
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cytokinesis
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What is the main adaptive advantage of the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategies over the C3 strategy?
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They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions
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When proteins are used as a source of energy for the body, the proteins
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are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
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Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle?
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glucose, ADP, NADP+
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Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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ATP, NADPH, O2
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Which of the following is a feature of plant cell division that distinguishes it from animal cell division?
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formation of a cell plate
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Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
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glycolysis
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Which of the following options correctly describes the behavior of a tetrad during anaphase I of meiosis?
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It splits into two pairs of sister chromatids, and one pair goes to each pole of the dividing cell
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Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?
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glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
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Which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is FALSE?
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An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait.
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Which of the following types of organisms commonly demonstrates polyploidy?
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flowering plants
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Without crossing over
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genetic recombination could not occur
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Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are
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facultative anaerobes
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________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis
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mesophyll
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Which one of the following describes a nucleotide most completely?
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nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
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Two new strands of DNA molecules grow as bases are added by the enzyme _____
|
DNA polymerase
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When messenger RNA (mRNA) is being made, the RNA base ____ always pairs with the base _____ in DNA.
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U ... A
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A particular ____ carry the information for making a specific polypeptide, but ____ can be used to make any polypeptide
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gene and mRNA ... a ribosome and tRNA
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During translation, amino acid chain elongation occurs until _____
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the ribosome encounters "stop" codons
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Why does a DNA strand grow only in the 5' to 3' direction?
|
because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule
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Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells?
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in the cytoplasm
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Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called
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a mutation
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Which of the following options most accurately lists the sequence of events in translation?
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codon recognition→peptide bond formation→ translocation → termination
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Which of the following is not needed in order for translation to occur?
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DNA template
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One species' DNA differs from others in its
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base sequence
|
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When DNA replication begins,
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the two DNA strands unwind from each other
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Each codon calls for a specific
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amino acid
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An exon is a sequence that
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codes for protein
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The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called
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transcription
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Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are
|
three-nucleotide sequences
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________ marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop
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a terminator
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A physical or chemical agent that changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called a(n)
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a mutagen
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Viral DNA incorporated into host cell DNA is known as a(n)
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prophage
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"Natural selection" and "evolution" are two terms that are sometimes confused, even by freshman biology students. What is the relation between natural selection and evolution?
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Natural selection is one of several mechanisms of evolution
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A woman struggling with a bacterial illness is prescribed a month's supply of a potent antibiotic. She takes the antibiotic for about two weeks and feels much better. Should she save the remaining two-week supply, or should she continue taking the drug?
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She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate the infection. Otherwise the remaining bacteria in her system may recover, and they will probably be resistant
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According to the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory, which of the following is true?
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Populations are the units of evolution
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Thirty people are selected for a long-term mission to colonize a planet many light years away from Earth. The mission is successful and the population rapidly grows to several hundred individuals. However, certain genetic diseases are unusually common in this group, and their gene pool is quite different from that of the Earth population they have left behind. Which of the following phenomena has left its mark on this population?
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founder effect
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Which of the following conditions is NOT required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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sexual selection
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Geographic isolation may lead to
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speciation
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Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
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Hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing
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Two individuals are members of the same species if they
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can mate and produce fertile offspring
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Allopatric speciation requires
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geographic isolation or physical barriers
|
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Biologists have found more than 500 species of fruit flies on the various Hawaiian Islands, all apparently descended from a single ancestor species. This example illustrates
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adaptive radiation
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Which of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection?
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differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics
|
|
|
In the Hardy
-Weinberg equation, the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in a population is equal to |
p2
|
|
|
Founder effects and bottlenecks
|
are forms of genetic drift
|
|
|
Mate-attracting features such as the bright plumage of a male peacock result from
|
intersexual selection
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a cause of evolutionary change?
|
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
|
|
|
A species is composed of
|
populations that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
|
|
|
Sympatric speciation occurs
|
in the same geographic region
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT an example of an isolating mechanism that prevents interbreeding between different species?
|
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
|
|
|
What prevents horses and donkeys from hybridizing to form a new species?
|
hybrid sterility
|
|
|
Which concept of species would be most useful to a field biologist identifying new plant species in a tropical forest?
|
morphological
|
|
|
Macroevolution involves all EXCEPT which one of the following?
|
gradual differentiation that leads to speciation
|
|
|
The large, ancient land mass that contained all the continents was called
|
Pangea
|
|
|
The concept of a molecular clock is based on the idea that
|
mutations occur at regular rates
|
|
|
Scientists have traditionally drawn evolutionary diagrams in the form of
|
a tree
|
|
|
Technically speaking, a phylogenetic tree based on cladistics conveys
|
pattern of shared characters
|
|
|
Four of the five answers listed below are taxonomic categories. Select the exception
|
taxon
|
|
|
The fossil record can be used to help trace the _____________ of many groups
|
phylogeny
|
|
|
The Permean mass extinction marks the end of the ____________ era
|
paleozoic
|
|
|
Which of the following includes all the others?
|
phylum
|
|
|
Directional selection occurs when
|
the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme
|
|
|
Isolating mechanisms that take effect before or during fertilization could be classified as
|
prezygotic
|
|
|
The Hardy-Weinberg rule is valuable for the calculation of changes in
|
allele frequencies
|
|
|
The evolutionary force that operates primarily through chance is
|
genetic drift
|
|
|
The term "reproductive barrier" refers to
|
a blockage of gene flow between populations
|
|
|
Transcription starts at a region of DNA called a(n)
|
promoter
|
|
|
When a population goes through a bottleneck
|
genetic drift has a large impact on allele frequencies
|
|
|
In most species, the start codon in a transcript is
|
AUG
|
|
|
In punctuated equilibrium,
|
there are abrupt episodes of speciation during long periods of little change
|
|
|
The introduction of a small population onto an island that results in a limited gene pool for a population is an example of
|
the founder effect
|
|
|
Which of the following is a correct base pairing?
|
guanine is paired with cytosine
|
|
|
Allopatric speciation requires
|
geographic isolation or physical barriers
|
|
|
Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____
|
evolved from the same ancestor
|
|
|
Birds with average-sized wings survived a severe storm more successfully than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. This illustrates _____
|
stabilizing selection
|
|
|
DNA replication is best described as
|
semiconservative
|
|
|
Elongation of a polypeptide chain continues until
|
a stop codon is reached
|
|
|
For most species that exhibit sexual dimorphism, the selection of a mate is the responsibility of the
|
female
|
|
|
If the DNA base triplets were ATG CGT GAT, the mRNA codons would be
|
UAC GCA CUA
|
|
|
In stabilizing selection
|
the most common type of organisms survive and reproduce
|
|
|
Replication of DNA
|
produces two molecules, each of which is half-new and half-old DNA joined lengthwise to each other
|
|
|
The building blocks of nucleic acids are
|
nucleotides
|
|
|
The experiments of which of the following researchers clearly distinguished DNA as the hereditary material (as opposed to protein)?
|
Hershey and Chase
|
|
|
The form of RNA that carries the code from the DNA to the site where the protein is assembled is called
|
messenger RNA
|
|
|
The nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA is
|
uracil
|
|
|
The operation of natural selection depends upon the fact that
|
some individuals have a better chance to produce more offspring.
|
|
|
The persistence of the sickle-cell anemia allele in the African population is the result of
|
the advantage of the heterozygous form over the homozygous forms
|
|
|
The place Darwin visited on his trip around the world that had the greatest impact on his thinking was
|
the Galapagos Islands
|
|
|
The sharp reduction of a gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of
|
the bottleneck effect
|
|
|
The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template strand is
|
transcription
|
|
|
The transfer of information in RNA into a protein is referred to as
|
translation
|
|
|
Two new strands of DNA molecules grow as bases are added by the enzyme _____
|
DNA polymerase
|
|
|
When DDT was first introduced, insects were very susceptible to it. The development of resistance to DDT by inscets was the result of
|
natural selection of forms that expressed genes for resistance
|
|
|
Which of the following carries the amino acids to ribosomes where they will be linked to form a polypeptide or protein.?
|
tRNA
|
|
|
The concept of a molecular clock is based on the idea that
|
mutations occur at regular rates.
|
|
|
The earliest organisms were probably unicellular
|
heterotrophs
|
|
|
The early atmosphere
|
was changed drastically by the liberation of oxygen following the evolution of photosynthesis
|
|
|
The forces involved in the movement of the Earth's crust and the geologic processes that result is known as
|
plate tectonics
|
|
|
The geologic time scale is subdivided on the basis of
|
periods of mass extinction
|
|
|
At the end of the ________, over 96% of marine species and many terrestrial species became extinct, possibly because intense volcanic activity warmed Earth's climate
|
permian
|
|
|
The process through which species not closely related may come to resemble one another if they live in a similar environment is known as
|
convergent evolution
|
|
|
Scientists believe that a major factor promoting the adaptive radiation of mammals was probably
|
the mass extinction of most dinosaurs
|
|
|
The earliest discovered fossils are of ________ dating back to ________ years ago
|
prokaryotes...3.5 billion
|
|
|
Bacilli are in the shape of
|
rods
|
|
|
Ancient cyanobacteria, found in fossil stromatolites, were very important in the history of life because they
|
produced oxygen in the atmosphere
|
|
|
Which of the following do anaerobic methanogens produce?
|
methane
|
|
|
Most protists are
|
single-celled
|
|
|
Gametophytes are
|
haploid plants that produce gametes
|
|
|
Saprobes are
|
organisms that feed on dead material
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT true of seedless vascular plants?
|
Water is not needed for sperm to reach the egg
|
|
|
Ferns are more advanced than mosses because mosses lack which structure found in ferns?
|
xylem
|
|
|
Paramecium is a representative of the
|
ciliates
|
|
|
Endospores are produced by
|
bacteria
|
|
|
The giant kelps would be included in which of the following groups?
|
brown algae
|
|
|
The term "algae" is used primarily for organisms in which of these groups?
|
Protista
|
|
|
All of the following are adaptations of plants for life on land EXCEPT
|
producing gametes
|
|
|
The haploid generation of a plant produces gametes and is called the _____
|
gametophyte
|
|
|
A lichen is a composite organism made up of
|
a fungus and an algae
|
|
|
The first group with flowers was the
|
angiosperms
|
|
|
The mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of which group?
|
bryophytes
|
|
|
A dog's head is at its ________ end and its belly is its ________ surface
|
anterior . . . ventral
|
|
|
Complete metamorphosis is considered to occur in a species
|
if a pupation stage separates the larval and adult stages
|
|
|
The most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the
|
Arthropoda
|
|
|
Traditional animal phylogenetic trees and the most recent molecular phylogenetic trees have many similarities. Which is a feature of the recent trees that was not present in the traditional phylogeny?
|
the grouping of nematodes and arthropods into a clade called the Ecdysozoa
|
|
|
Typical animal embryos have ________, or external cell layer, and ________, which lines the digestive tract.
|
an ectoderm . . . an endoderm
|
|
|
Which of the following are not included among the Bilateria, a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry at some stage of development?
|
sea anemones (Cnidaria)
|
|
|
Which of the following is considered a likely explanation for the events of the Cambrian explosion?
|
Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification
|
|
|
Which of the following statements about tunicates indicates that these animals are chordates?
|
Larvae have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, and a notochord
|
|
|
Which of the following statements regarding cnidarians is true?
|
The digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called the gastrovascular cavity
|
|
|
You find a wormlike, soft-bodied adult animal in a mud flat. It is bilaterally symmetrical, is segmented, has a true coelom, and has a complete digestive tract. Based on these characteristics, what phylum does the animal represent?
|
Annelida
|
|
|
A typical sponge is best described as
|
a sessile suspension feeder with no true tissues or body symmetry
|
|
|
Animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum
|
Arthropoda
|
|
|
In protostomes,
|
the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth.
|
|
|
Most adult insects have three major body parts or sections. They are the
|
head, thorax, and abdomen.
|
|
|
Most of the animals alive today
|
are invertebrates
|
|
|
The symmetry of echinoderms generally includes
|
bilaterally symmetrical larvae and radially symmetrical adults
|
|
|
Which of the following animals displays radial symmetry?
|
a sea anemone
|
|
|
Which of the following features is unique to chordates?
|
a notochord
|
|
|
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of molluscs?
|
a rasping organ called the radula
|
|
|
Which of the following is an invertebrate chordate?
|
lancelets
|
|
|
"Monkeys" are not a monophyletic group because Old World monkeys are more closely related to ________ than they are to ________
|
apes . . . New World monkeys
|
|
|
Amphibians were diverse and abundant in the lush swamp forests of the ________, which is sometimes referred to as the age of the amphibians
|
Carboniferous
|
|
|
Based on Acanthostega fossils, scientists now believe the earliest tetrapods
|
were fish that used their limbs to raise themselves out of the water to get gulps of air for oxygen.
|
|
|
Fossil and genetic evidence strongly support the idea that modern humans
|
all derive from a single African lineage that spread from there into other parts of the world starting about 50,000 years ago
|
|
|
Human DNA and chimpanzee DNA
|
differ by about 1%
|
|
|
Jaws appear to have evolved from
|
skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth
|
|
|
Recall that cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water and that the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are ________ (analogous to cuticle) and ________ (analogous to the seed).
|
scales . . . the amniotic egg
|
|
|
Which of the following options lists the major groups or genera from the fossil record in the proper order from earliest to most recent?
|
Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo
|
|
|
Correct
Which of the following organisms is a monotreme? |
echidna
|
|
|
Which of the following statements best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms?
|
Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.
|
|
|
"Lucy," who belongs to the group ________, was a bipedal hominin with a brain smaller than that of humans
|
Australopithecus
|
|
|
According to recent genetic research, the complexity of an organism
|
has more to do with how genes are used than with which genes are present.
|
|
|
All humans alive today have inherited their mitochondrial DNA from some individual female common ancestor. Studies indicate this woman probably lived about ________ years ago, when fossil evidence indicates Homo sapiens was restricted to ________.
|
180,000 . . . Africa
|
|
|
Compared to other primates, anthropoids have
|
a fully opposable thumb.
|
|
|
Coral reefs are
|
hard external skeletons secreted by coral animals (Cnidaria)
|
|
|
Cyanobacteria
|
are the only prokaryotes with plantlike oxygen-generating photosynthesis
|
|
|
Diatoms
|
are autotrophs with a glassy cell wall that contains silica
|
|
|
Fungi contact and absorb food through the ________, a branching network of ________.
|
mycelium . . . hyphae
|
|
|
In plants, the vascular tissue that consists of living cells that distribute sugars throughout the plant is called
|
phloem.
|
|
|
Kelp, a seaweed that is anchored to the seafloor by rootlike structures and can grow to heights of 60 m, is a kind of
|
brown alga
|
|
|
Lampreys differ from fishes in that lampreys
|
lack jaws
|
|
|
Mammals
|
have hair and mammary glands
|
|
|
Most familiar types of mushrooms, along with puffballs and shelf fungi, are
|
basidiomycetes (club fungi)
|
|
|
Organisms with true radial symmetry
|
do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary or passive drifters
|
|
|
Prehensile tails are found among
|
New World monkeys
|
|
|
Rod-shaped bacteria are called
|
bacilli
|
|
|
The ________ is the protective chamber that houses the ovule and later matures to become the fruit
|
ovary
|
|
|
The angiosperm plant we see represents the ________ generation, and the flower produces ________
|
sporophyte . . . gametophytes
|
|
|
The dominant stage of the moss life cycle is the
|
gametophyte
|
|
|
The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they
|
lay eggs
|
|
|
The earliest hominin to be found outside of Africa belongs to which species?
|
Homo erectus
|
|
|
The flexible, longitudinal rod that is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord in chordates is called the
|
notochord
|
|
|
The forward-facing eyes shared by all primates help them in
|
depth perception as they navigate through forests
|
|
|
The hominin group includes ________
|
Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives
|
|
|
The intimate, mutually beneficial association formed between a fungus and the root of a plant is called a(n)
|
mycorrhiza
|
|
|
The largest group of prokaryotes is the ________, which obtain both energy and carbon from ________
|
chemoheterotrophs . . . organic molecules
|
|
|
The type of life cycle seen in plants is called
|
alternation of generations
|
|
|
There is a good chance you will eat carrageenan today and that you will eat nori at some point in your life, if you haven't already. In either case, you will be eating a product of
|
red algae
|
|
|
Typical animal embryos have ________, or external cell layer, and ________, which lines the digestive tract.
|
an ectoderm . . . an endoderm
|
|
|
What kind of organism is a lichen?
|
an association between a fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae
|
|
|
Which adaptation is a key characteristic of annelids that greatly increases their flexibility and mobility?
|
segmentation
|
|
|
Which animals are ectothermic?
|
turtles and lizards
|
|
|
Which mollusc group includes primarily sedentary animals that use mucus-coated gills to trap fine food particles?
|
bivalves
|
|
|
Which of the following animals is an ape?
|
orangutan
|
|
|
Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of amoebas?
|
pseudopodia
|
|
|
Which of the following groups includes both spiders and horseshoe crabs?
|
chelicerates
|
|
|
Which of the following groups includes the protists that reside within the cells of corals?
|
dinoflagellates
|
|
|
Which of the following is a member of the domain Archaea?
|
methanogens
|
|
|
Which of the following is a parasitic excavate that causes African sleeping sickness, a disease spread by the tsetse fly?
|
Trypanosoma
|
|
|
Which of the following is a unique feature of echinoderms?
|
a water vascular system
|
|
|
Which of the following organisms are common soil decomposers that grow in colonies of branched chains of cells that superficially resembles a fungus?
|
actinomycetes
|
|
|
Which of the following organisms is a marsupial?
|
kangaroo
|
|
|
Which of the following plants has a dominant sporophyte generation and a seed, but no fruit?
|
pine tree
|
|
|
Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is true?
|
The opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus
|
|
|
Which of the following statements regarding ferns is true?
|
Ferns have well-developed vascular tissue, roots, and stems.
|
|
|
Which structure is found in angiosperms but not gymnosperms?
|
fruit
|
|
|
A photograph of a Victorian trophy room shows the heads of 15 species of hoofed mammals, all shot within a day's walk of a single hunting camp in Africa. This camp was probably located in
|
savanna
|
|
|
Chaparral vegetation occurs around much of the central valley of central and southern California. This biome is very similar to that found
|
in the Mediterranean region
|
|
|
If you travel from west to east through Ecuador, you will pass through tundra, taiga, temperate forest, and tropical forest. Which of the following climatic factors remains constant on such a trip?
|
day length
|
|
|
The factor(s) that help to perpetuate temperate grasslands, such as the American prairies, and prevent them from becoming woodlands include
|
periodic drought and fires
|
|
|
Under the conditions known as El Niño, the mineral nutrient content of the seawater off the coast of Peru declines to very low levels. What effect will this likely have on marine life in the area?
|
It will reduce the abundance of phytoplankton and, consequently, the abundance of other organisms
|
|
|
Which of the following could be a topic for a community-level study of a hydrothermal vent ecosystem?
|
the interactions between Yeti crabs and other species near hydrothermal vents
|
|
|
Which of the following has the greatest impact on the global water cycle?
|
human destruction of forests
|
|
|
Which of the following statements about biomes, the major terrestrial ecosystems covering the Earth, is true?
|
Fire is very important in some biomes
|
|
|
Which of the following statements about coniferous forests is true?
|
Coniferous forests may experience considerable precipitation, but usually in the form of snow.
|
|
|
You are reading the journal of an amateur naturalist who visited the Sonoran Desert in the last century. Which of his descriptions of desert plants would you question?
|
a common annual that produces one large seed per plant
|
|
|
A sperm whale in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is in which oceanic zone?
|
pelagic
|
|
|
Fresh water and seawater mix in a(n)
|
estuary
|
|
|
In which of the following biomes would you expect to find the highest abundance of large, grazing mammals?
|
temperate grassland
|
|
|
The dominant herbivores in savannas are
|
insects
|
|
|
The greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation occurs in the
|
tropics
|
|
|
The kind of vegetation in a tropical rain forest is generally determined by the amount of
|
rainfall
|
|
|
The level of ecologic organization that incorporates abiotic factors is the
|
ecosystem
|
|
|
Which of the following biomes is dominated by coniferous trees adapted to surviving long, harsh winters and short, wet summers?
|
coniferous forests
|
|
|
Which of the following factors is fundamentally responsible for the character of arctic tundra soils?
|
permafrost
|
|
|
Which of the following is characteristic of the chaparral biome?
|
many plants with seeds that need fire to germinate
|
|
|
A newly mated queen ant establishes an ant nest in an unoccupied patch of suitable habitat. The population of the nest grows quickly at first, then levels off at carrying capacity. Which of the following types of equation will best describe its population growth?
|
logistic
|
|
|
A survivorship curve that involves producing very few offspring, each of which has a high probability of surviving to adulthood, is typical of
|
elephants
|
|
|
An ecologist hypothesizes that predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of a particular rabbit species. If this is the case, which of the following population effects could be expected in this rabbit-owl pair?
|
An increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population
|
|
|
Guppies from Trinidad form two distinct populations that differ in several life history traits that appear to relate to the local predator populations, pike-cichlids or killifish. Which of the following experiments would test the heritability of these traits?
|
Raise both populations without predators to see if they maintain their life history traits
|
|
|
If a population has a birth rate of 40 individuals per 1,000 per year and a death rate of 30 individuals per 1,000 per year, how will the population change each year? (Assume that the population is below carrying capacity and that there is no immigration or emigration.)
|
It will increase by 1%
|
|
|
If most of the individuals of a human population are in their pre-reproductive years, you would expect the population size to ________ after 20 years
|
increase
|
|
|
In terms of population dynamics, what is "boom-and-bust" cycling?
|
a situation in which a population moves back and forth between rapid growth and decline
|
|
|
Which of the following organisms best illustrates K-selection?
|
a polar bear producing one or two cubs every three years
|
|
|
Which of the following statements about human demographic trends is true?
|
A human population in which women reproduce at an later age will experience slower population growth
|
|
|
You drive through Iowa in the spring and notice that along a stretch of several kilometers, every third fence post has a male redwing blackbird perched on it defending its nesting territory. This is an example of
|
uniform dispersion
|
|
|
A Type I survivorship curve is associated with which of the following life history traits?
|
parents providing extended care for their young
|
|
|
A group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area defines a
|
population
|
|
|
A survivorship curve is a
|
graph that plots an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function of age
|
|
|
An ecological footprint
|
is a means of understanding resource availability and usage
|
|
|
An r-selected species typically
|
has an advantage in habitats that experience unpredictable disturbances
|
|
|
Assume that there are five alligators per acre in a swamp in northern Florida. This is a measure of the alligator population's
|
density
|
|
|
The death by bubonic plague of about one-third of Europe's population during the fourteenth century is a good example of
|
a density-dependent effect.
|
|
|
The maximum number of individuals a habitat can support is called its
|
carrying capacity
|
|
|
What is the age structure of a population?
|
the proportion of individuals in different age groups
|
|
|
A biology teacher takes fish, algae, pond weed, invertebrates, and bottom muck from a local pond and establishes them in an aquarium. When the system is stable, the teacher seals it into a large, airtight glass box and leaves the box in a sunny location. After three months, the organisms in the aquarium appear alive and healthy. Which of the following statements about the experiment is true?
|
Some of the energy in the system has moved from one organism to another during the three months
|
|
|
A hypothetical community on a barren mid-Atlantic island consists of two fish-eating seabirds (the booby and the noddy), the fungi and microorganisms that live on the birds' dung, a tick that feeds on these two birds, a cactus, a moth that feeds on cast-off feathers, a beetle that lives on dung organisms, and spiders that eat the other arthropods. There are no other plants and no lichens. Which of the following choices INCORRECTLY pairs a member of this assemblage with its position in the trophic structure?
|
booby, primary consumer
|
|
|
During ecological succession, the species composition of a plant community generally
|
changes gradually because each species responds differently to the changing environment
|
|
|
If an overlap develops between the ranges of two closely related species, and if the species occupy the same niche in the zone of overlap, what will probably happen in the zone of overlap?
|
One species will take over most or all of the zone of overlap
|
|
|
In an average ecosystem, about how much energy is present in the organisms at a given trophic level compared to the organisms at the next higher trophic level?
|
ten times as much
|
|
|
In an ecosystem, you would expect to find interspecific competition between
|
populations of two species that occupy the same niche
|
|
|
The flow of ________ into ecosystems occurs in one direction only, while ________ are recycled within the ecosystem itself
|
energy . . . chemicals
|
|
|
We expect that a keystone species that is a predator will
|
maintain the species diversity in a community
|
|
|
Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is true?
|
The nitrogen cycle requires different types of bacteria
|
|
|
Which of the following statements regarding food webs is true?
|
Several species of primary consumers may feed on the same species of producer
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About how much of the energy in the producers of an ecosystem will be available to secondary consumers in this ecosystem?
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about 1%
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Denitrifying bacteria convert ________ to ________
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nitrates . . . nitrogen gas
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Eutrophication of a lake could occur if
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phosphate-rich detergents were dumped into the lake
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For a given area and time period, the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy in organic compounds is called
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primary production
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Given that CO2 is produced by cellular respiration, why does the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere remain relatively constant? (When answering this question, exclude the impact of human activities on atmospheric CO2.)
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CO2 is converted in photosynthesis to carbohydrates
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In a food chain consisting of phytoplankton → zooplankton → fish → fishermen, the fishermen are
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tertiary consumers
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The number of species in a community is called the
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species richness
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The sum total of a population's use of the biotic and abiotic resources of its habitat constitutes its
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niche
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When two different populations in a community benefit from their relationship with each other, the result is called
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mutualism.
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Within an ecosystem, a tree is a
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producer
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