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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the steps in glycolysis
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1) With the help of the enzyme Hexokinase ATP phosphorylates (gives its phosphate group) Glucose and becomes ADP-- Glucose
becomes Glucose 6 Phosphate 2) ATP phosphorylates Glucose again to make it more breakable and the Glucose becomes Fructose 1 6 Biphosphate 3) Fructose 1 6 Biphosphate splits into 2 PGAL with the help of the enzyme Aldolase 4) Each PGAL reduces NAD+ and reduces 2ADP (so it makes NADH and 2 ATP which go to the fourth stage) and then each PGAL becomes Pyruvate-- so you end up with 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid |
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how many ATP do you make in glycolysis
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2
you use 2 and you make 4 |
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what does hexokinase do
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it is an enzyme that helps ATP phosphorylate glucose the first time
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what does aldolase do
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it splits the glucose into 2 PGAL
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what do you call glucose after it has been phosphorylated twice? (in glycolysis)
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Fructose 1 6 Biphosphate
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what do you call glucose when it has been phosphorylated once in glycolysis?
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Glucose 6 phosphate
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what type of ions are absorbed into the mitochondria to power the ATP synthase
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Hydrogen
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what are the steps to the transition reaction
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1) Each Pyruvate gets a CO2 taken away from them (so CO2 is a waste product) and becomes Acetate
2) NAD+ gets reduced by each Acetate and becomes NADH (which goes to the fourth stage) 3) Acetate joins with COA (coenzyme A) and the entire compound is called acetal coenzyme A-- acetal coenzyme A brings the Acetate to the mitochondria |
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how many ATP will eventually be made from glycolysis (includes NADH made AND ATP made)
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8 ATP
- b/c in glycolysis 2 NADH are made and sent to the fourth stage-- each NADH carries 3 ATP-- and 2 ATP are directly made |
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how many ATP are directly made in the transition reaction
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none
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how many ATP will eventually be made from the transition reaction
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6
- b/c 2 NADH are made and they go to the fourth stage-- each NADH carries 3 ATP |
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what is the difference between the investment stage in glycolysis and the payoff stage in glycolysis
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the investment is when you are using ATP
the payoff is when you are making ATP |
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what are the steps to the krebs cycle
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1) Acetate (2C) joins oxaloacetate (4C) to make Citrate (6C)
2) Citrate gets oxidized by NADP+ and gets decarboxylized (CO2 is getting taken away) and becomes Ketoglutarate (5C) 3) Ketoglutarate gets oxidized by NADP+ and gets decarboxylized and becomes Succinate (4C) 4) Succinate gets dephosphoralated and you make 1ATP in the process-- then it gets oxidized by FAD and becomes Fumarate 5) Fumarate gets oxidized by NAD+ and becomes oxaloacetate and the cycles starts over again |
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what is the order of the enzymes used in the krebs cycle and how many carbons are in their backbones
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Oxaloacetate (4C)
Citrate (6C) Ketoglutarate (5C) Succinate (4C) Fumarate (4C) Oxaloacetate (4C) |
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what is the pnumonic for remembering the order of the enzymes in the krebs cycle
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only
cool kids search for oreos |
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how many ATP are DIRECTLY made in the krebs cycle-- remember the krebs spins twice per glucose
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2
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how many ATP will EVENTUALLY be made in the krebs cycle-- remember the krebs spins twice per glucose
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24
6NADH are made-- so you make 18 ATP 2 FADH are made-- so you make 4 2ATP-- so you make 2 in the end you make 24 ATP which will go to the fourth stage |
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Glycolysis is what kind of reaction
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ANAEROBIC REACTION
doesn't need oxygen to operate |
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what is the order of cellular respiration
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glycolysis
transition reaction krebs cycle-- aka Citric acid cycle Electron Transport system |
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how many ATP are DIRECTLY made in each step
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glycolysis- 2
Transition- 0 Krebs- 2 Electron transfer system- 34 =38 ATP |
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what is an example of an anaerobic process
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fermentation-- you don't need oxygen to do it
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what is the formula for cellular respiration
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C6H12O6 + 6O2----> 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP
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how many ATP does one glucose make
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38
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which steps happen in the cytoplasm and which steps happen in the mitochondria
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cyto-- glycolysis and transition reaction
mito- krebs cycle and electron transfer system |
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which two coenzymes transport energy (in the form of H ions) from glucose to the mitochondria
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FAD
and NAD |
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how many ATP are produced from the NADH and the FADH made in the first three steps
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22
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how many ATP are DIRECLTY produced in the 4th step with no help from the NADH and the FADH and the other ATP made in the first 3 steps
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12
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how many ATP are directly made from the first three steps
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4
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how many ATP does FADH hold?
NADH? |
FADH- 2
NADH- 3 |
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where does the ETS take place?
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in the cristae membrane of the mitochondria
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what happens in the ETS
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NADH drops electrons off at the first protein complex and FADH drops electrons off at the first mobile carrier
The electrons bounce through the path of proteins- the energy created is used to pump H+ ions and power the ATP synthase (which makes ATP) At the end of the protein chain the electrons are collected by Oxygen and they make water |
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at the end of the ETS is oxygen which combines with the electrons to make water.....what is the formula for making water
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1/2 O2 + 2e- + 2H+---> H20
half oxygen plus 2 electrons plus 2 hydrogens ---> water |
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what kind of reaction is the ETS (aerobic or anaerobic) and why?
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aerobic!--- b/c at the end of the protein chain is an O2--- without the O2 to absorb the electrons from the chain the system would get backed up and it would not be able to keep running hence no ATP will be made
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what is the final electron acceptor in the ETS
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oxygen
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how many components make up the ETS and what are they
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5 components
3 protein complexes and 2 mobile carriers |
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what do mobile carriers do
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they transport electrons between the complexes
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what is chemiosmosis
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making ATP with a H+ ion gradient
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what pumps the H+ ions in the ETS
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the protein complexes
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what makes the ATP in the ETS
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the ATP synthase
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when does fermentation happen?
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after glycolysis (since glycolysis is an anaerobic reaction) if there is no oxygen present
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what happens in fermentation
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1) each pyruvate created in glycolysis reduces NAD and creates NADH
2) The NADH gives its 2H and its 2e- back to pyruvate (pyruvate becomes lactic acid) and the NAD gets sent to power Glycolysis 3) the lactic acid gets sent to the liver where it will get turned back into pyruvate when oxygen is present again |
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where is the ATP made when fermentation happens and how much ATP is made
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FERMENTATION DOESN"T MAKE ANY ATP------- it only makes NADH which is used to power Glycolysis------ITS THE GLYCOLYSIS that makes the ATP (which is 2)-----so if no oxygen is available you are only making 2 ATP (vrs 38)
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how efficient is fermentation compared to cellular respiration
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2.1% effective
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what is one benefit of fermentation
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it frees up NAD+ for future Glycolysis use
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where does fermentation occur
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in the cytoplasm
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what are the two types of fermentation and which type do we do?
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lactic acid fermentation (we do this one)
and alcoholic fermentation |
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what happens when too much lactic acid gets built up in a cell
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it lowers the PH since Lactic Acid is toxic and the cell will die (since cells only work within a certain PH range)
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lactic acid as a little or a lot of energy?
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a lot of energy
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