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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amphibia meaning |
"two lives" or "both lives" |
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Amphibia species |
6000+ |
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Amphibia (larva) |
Aquatic |
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Amphibia (adult) |
Terrestrial |
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Amphibia characteristics |
Ectothermal
Thin, flexible, moist skin; used as respiratory organ
Chromatophores & granular glands in skin
Mucus, pheromones & toxins (alkaloids)
Neurotoxin
Eyelids, tear glands, (lachrymal glands)
Sight/ smell & other senses very good
Lungs (most), paired internal nostrils
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Amphibia characteristics: webbed feet |
No claws*
*african clawed frog (exception) |
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Amphibia characteristics: invasive |
May be source of ww amph fungal epidemic |
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Amphibia characteristics: no tongue |
Fully aquatic (African clawed) |
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Metamorphosis |
Aquatic larvae vegetarian: fishlike
Land dwelling adult: carnivorous
Two chambered heart in larva
Three chambered heart in adults |
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Fairly efficient circulatory system |
Sends oxygen poor blood to lungs/skin
Double loop system
Ventricle - mixing of blood
Coelacanths have same type of heart
*diagram* |
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Three main groups of amphibians: apoda |
"No legs" 170+ species Legless amphibians of tropics Caecilians Wormlike, burrow underground Most species small (some up to 4 feet long) |
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Three main groups of amphibians: urodela |
"Visible tail" 550+ species Salamanders and newts Newts: aquatic salamanders Well developed tails Immature stages have external gills, develop lungs during metamorphosis Three toes on front, four toes on back |
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Three main groups of amphibians: anura |
"No tail" 8000+ species Frogs & toads |
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Frogs & toads |
No tails as adults
Very strong hind legs
Wide mouths, with "teeth"
Vocal sacs in males
Sticky tongue's attached at front of mouths |
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Frogs & toads characteristics: eyes |
Large press inward into mouth to help hold pray aids in swallowing |
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Frogs & toads characteristics: amplexus |
Mating process |
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Frogs & toads characteristics: hibernation |
Burrow into mud under ponds and streams |
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Frogs & toads characteristics: chemicals |
Store glucose & glycerol in tissues & body fluids
Acts like "anti-freeze"
Prevents damage to cells |
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Herpetology |
Study of reptiles |
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Reptile species |
8000 |
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Age of reptiles |
245 to 65 million years ago; dominant form of vertebrates (Mesozoic era) |
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Age of reptiles cont. |
Some dinosaurs largest terrestrial animals that ever existed
Tyrannosaurus; 20 feet tall, 50 feet long, 7.5 tons (Predator/scavenger?)
Brachiosaurus; 80 feet long, 35 tons (vegetarian)
Blue whale; 90-100 feet long, 200 tons
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Large size |
Water dwelling animals supported by buoyancy of water
Large body means less surface area per volume of animal (Fairly constant body temp.) (Endothermal?) (4 chambered hearts?)
The bigger the animal, the more efficient it uses energy |
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Disappeared |
65 million years ago
Still a mystery
Meteor? Disease? Temperature? Decreasing Oxygen?
35% pre meteor 28% pm 21% today |
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Snakes and lizards |
Squamata |
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Alligators, caimans and crocodiles |
Crocodilia |
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Tuatara |
Sphenodonta |
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Eight major differences between amphibians and reptiles: egg |
Reptiles developed an egg with a shell
Amniotic egg
Shell: prevents water loss; special membranes provide food, function in CO2 and O2 exchange
Amnion: reduces water loss, amniotic fluid cushions embryo from injury
Yolk: food supply
Chorion: gas exchange
Allantois: removes waste
*diagram* |
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Eight major differences between amphibians and reptiles: skin |
Relatively thick, dry skin covered with scales
Dead epidermal cells filled with beta keratin - A dense, fibrous protein
Modern reptiles ectothermal - use thermal regulation to maintain a fairly constant body temp |
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Present day reptiles |
Smaller, but similar in appearance |
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Turtles and tortoises |
Testudines |
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Eight major differences between amphibians and reptiles: born |
Young reptiles born on land
Breathe with lungs entire life
More efficient circulatory system - 3 1/2 chambered heart Partial septum
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Eight major differences between amphibians and reptiles: internal fertilization |
Egg cell fertilized inside females body before cell is deposited around embryo |
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Eight major differences between amphibians and reptiles: toes |
Five toes on all feet (if feet are present) Usually with claws |
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Eight major differences between amphibians and reptiles: nm |
No metamorphosis |
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Eight major differences between amphibians and reptiles: l&j |
Stronger legs and jaws |
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Eight major differences between amphibians and reptiles: nervous system |
More complex nervous system Larger cerebrum More complex behavior |
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Jacobson's organ |
Odor sensitive area in the roof of mouth of all vertebrates
Only well-developed in snakes and lizards
Tongue collects air sample and places it in organ
Forked tongue |
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Hemotoxin |
Snake venom
Venom that destroys blood cells and blood vessel tissues
Causes internal bleeding, tissue damage and severe pain (aka cytotoxins)
All pit vipers (rattlesnakes and others with longer, movable fangs in front of mouth)
"Pit" detects heat (IFR) |
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Neurotoxin |
Snake venom
Attacks the nervous system, causing paralysis
Snakes with smaller, fixed fangs further back in the mouth
Coral snakes, sea snakes, cobras, black mambas and others
Much faster acting than hemotoxins (cytotoxins) |
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Venomous |
Deliver toxins directly, through a bite or sting |
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Venomous |
Deliver toxins directly, through a bite or sting |
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Poisonous |
Secrete toxins through skin (or fur or feathers) as a defensive measure |
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Venomous |
Deliver toxins directly, through a bite or sting |
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Poisonous |
Secrete toxins through skin (or fur or feathers) as a defensive measure |
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Most common toxin |
Neurotoxin |
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Some snakes/spiders |
Use hemotoxin, kills blood cells and blood vessel tissues |
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Some snakes/spiders |
Use hemotoxin, kills blood cells and blood vessel tissues |
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Poisonous |
Sponges Flatworms Segmented worms Echinoderms Fish Amphibians |
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Some snakes/spiders |
Use hemotoxin, kills blood cells and blood vessel tissues |
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Poisonous |
Sponges Flatworms Segmented worms Echinoderms Fish Amphibians |
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Venomous |
Cnidarians Reptiles |
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Some snakes/spiders |
Use hemotoxin, kills blood cells and blood vessel tissues |
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Poisonous |
Sponges Flatworms Segmented worms Echinoderms Fish Amphibians |
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Venomous |
Cnidarians Reptiles |
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Poisonous & venomous |
Arthropods Mollusks |
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Some snakes/spiders |
Use hemotoxin, kills blood cells and blood vessel tissues |
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Poisonous |
Sponges Flatworms Segmented worms Echinoderms Fish Amphibians |
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Venomous |
Cnidarians Reptiles |
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Poisonous & venomous |
Arthropods Mollusks |
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None |
Roundworms |
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Hooded Pitohui |
New Guinea
Several related species
Neurotoxin: the bird eats certain beetles that provide the poison - passes through digestive system unharmed - in skin & feathers |
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Venomous mammals |
Several species of shrews Bite Saliva
Platypus Spur on leg Males only
European Mole Saliva |
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Venomous mammals |
Several species of shrews Bite Saliva
Platypus Spur on leg Males only
European Mole Saliva |
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Poisonous mammals |
Slow Loris (sort of) Hedgehogs (sort of) African Crested Rat (sort of) |
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Aves |
6th class of vertebrates |
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Aves |
6th class of vertebrates |
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Ornithology |
The study of birds |
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Aves |
6th class of vertebrates |
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Ornithology |
The study of birds |
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Ancient "birds": archeopteryx |
Ancient wing Fossils found in Germany 1861 147 million years Had some reptile and some bird traits Probably a poor flyer, better climber/glider Had asymmetrical feathers |
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Aves |
6th class of vertebrates |
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Ornithology |
The study of birds |
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Ancient "birds": archeopteryx |
Ancient wing Fossils found in Germany 1861 147 million years Had some reptile and some bird traits Probably a poor flyer, better climber/glider Had asymmetrical feathers |
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Ancient "birds": protovis |
First bird Fossils found in Texas 1980s 210 million years Controversial |
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Aves |
6th class of vertebrates |
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Ornithology |
The study of birds |
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Ancient "birds": archeopteryx |
Ancient wing Fossils found in Germany 1861 147 million years Had some reptile and some bird traits Probably a poor flyer, better climber/glider Had asymmetrical feathers |
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Ancient "birds": protovis |
First bird Fossils found in Texas 1980s 210 million years Controversial |
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Ancient "birds": protarcheopteryx |
Before ancient wing Fossils found in China 1996 Shorter tail, skeleton more birdlike, flightless Symmetrical feathers 125 million years |
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Ornithology |
The study of birds |
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Ancient "birds": archeopteryx |
Ancient wing Fossils found in Germany 1861 147 million years Had some reptile and some bird traits Probably a poor flyer, better climber/glider Had asymmetrical feathers |
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Ancient "birds": protovis |
First bird Fossils found in Texas 1980s 210 million years Controversial |
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Ancient "birds": protarcheopteryx |
Before ancient wing Fossils found in China 1996 Shorter tail, skeleton more birdlike, flightless Symmetrical feathers 125 million years |
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Present-day birds: Three visible reptilian traits |
Scales on skin of legs
Claws on toes Claws on wings (some) (like archaeopteryx) Hoatzin (South America), ostrich (Africa), emu (Australia), some storks, some waterfowl
Amniote (land) egg |
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Present day birds |
Very successful vertebrates Many species (9700+) Very numerous Adapted to many environments |
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Present day birds |
Very successful vertebrates Many species (9700+) Very numerous Adapted to many environments |
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Characteristics of Aves: Feathers |
Unique to birds Built in keratin (protein) Most birds molt once per year
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Present day birds |
Very successful vertebrates Many species (9700+) Very numerous Adapted to many environments |
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Characteristics of Aves: Feathers |
Unique to birds Built in keratin (protein) Most birds molt once per year
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Contour |
Tail & body |
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Present day birds |
Very successful vertebrates Many species (9700+) Very numerous Adapted to many environments |
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Characteristics of Aves: Feathers |
Unique to birds Built in keratin (protein) Most birds molt once per year
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Contour |
Tail & body |
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Flight |
Wings Asymmetrical |
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Present day birds |
Very successful vertebrates Many species (9700+) Very numerous Adapted to many environments |
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Characteristics of Aves: Feathers |
Unique to birds Built in keratin (protein) Most birds molt once per year
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Contour |
Tail & body |
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Flight |
Wings Asymmetrical |
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Filiplumes, down feathers |
Lack hooks |
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Present day birds |
Very successful vertebrates Many species (9700+) Very numerous Adapted to many environments |
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Characteristics of Aves: Feathers |
Unique to birds Built in keratin (protein) Most birds molt once per year
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Contour |
Tail & body |
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Flight |
Wings Asymmetrical |
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Filiplumes, down feathers |
Lack hooks |
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Powder down feathers |
Produce a powder that helps waterproof waterfowl and produce iridescence |
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Present day birds |
Very successful vertebrates Many species (9700+) Very numerous Adapted to many environments |
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Characteristics of Aves: Feathers |
Unique to birds Built in keratin (protein) Most birds molt once per year
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Contour |
Tail & body |
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Flight |
Wings Asymmetrical |
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Filiplumes, down feathers |
Lack hooks |
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Powder down feathers |
Produce a powder that helps waterproof waterfowl and produce iridescence |
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Feathers |
Flight; wings Primaries- on hand Secondaries- forearm Tertials- on upper arm Coverts- form airfoil |
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Present day birds |
Very successful vertebrates Many species (9700+) Very numerous Adapted to many environments |
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Characteristics of Aves: Feathers |
Unique to birds Built in keratin (protein) Most birds molt once per year
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Contour |
Tail & body |
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Flight |
Wings Asymmetrical |
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Filiplumes, down feathers |
Lack hooks |
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Powder down feathers |
Produce a powder that helps waterproof waterfowl and produce iridescence |
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Feathers |
Flight; wings Primaries- on hand Secondaries- forearm Tertials- on upper arm Coverts- form airfoil |
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Preening |
Fixes any gaps in the vanes by reattaching |
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Characteristics of Aves: bones |
Light, honeycombed bones with struts
Skull bones, other large leg and wing bones: pneumatic |
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Bird skeleton |
Long neck
Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae fused
Large sternum - attachment of flight muscles
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Bird skeleton |
Long neck
Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae fused
Large sternum - attachment of flight muscles
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Characteristics |
Wings (hand bones fused, lengthened)
No teeth
Amniote (land) egg, usually incubated
Endothermal
Four chambered heart
Gizzard
Nictitating membrane (eye lid) |
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Bird skeleton |
Long neck
Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae fused
Large sternum - attachment of flight muscles
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Characteristics |
Wings (hand bones fused, lengthened)
No teeth
Amniote (land) egg, usually incubated
Endothermal
Four chambered heart
Gizzard
Nictitating membrane (eye lid) |
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Adaptions for flight |
Inner half of wing is designed to provide lift
Tertials coverts and secondaries form air foil
Outer half acts as propeller - primaries move and twist during wingbeat
Tailfeathers help steer and balance |
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Bird skeleton |
Long neck
Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae fused
Large sternum - attachment of flight muscles
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Characteristics |
Wings (hand bones fused, lengthened)
No teeth
Amniote (land) egg, usually incubated
Endothermal
Four chambered heart
Gizzard
Nictitating membrane (eye lid) |
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Adaptions for flight |
Inner half of wing is designed to provide lift
Tertials coverts and secondaries form air foil
Outer half acts as propeller - primaries move and twist during wingbeat
Tailfeathers help steer and balance |
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Adaptions for flight: weight is reduced |
No sweat glands No teeth No urinary bladder Sex organs atrophy when not needed Females - one ovary Pneumonic bones: light |
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Bird skeleton |
Long neck
Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae fused
Large sternum - attachment of flight muscles
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Characteristics |
Wings (hand bones fused, lengthened)
No teeth
Amniote (land) egg, usually incubated
Endothermal
Four chambered heart
Gizzard
Nictitating membrane (eye lid) |
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Adaptions for flight |
Inner half of wing is designed to provide lift
Tertials coverts and secondaries form air foil
Outer half acts as propeller - primaries move and twist during wingbeat
Tailfeathers help steer and balance |
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Adaptions for flight: weight is reduced |
No sweat glands No teeth No urinary bladder Sex organs atrophy when not needed Females - one ovary Pneumonic bones: light |
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More adaptions |
Respiratory system large, very efficient
No diaphragm
Streamlined bodies - reduces drag
Large muscles
Blood sugar double that of mammals
Rapid metabolic rate
Body temp 104-107°F
Short lifespan |
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Bird skeleton |
Long neck
Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae fused
Large sternum - attachment of flight muscles
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Characteristics |
Wings (hand bones fused, lengthened)
No teeth
Amniote (land) egg, usually incubated
Endothermal
Four chambered heart
Gizzard
Nictitating membrane (eye lid) |
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Adaptions for flight |
Inner half of wing is designed to provide lift
Tertials coverts and secondaries form air foil
Outer half acts as propeller - primaries move and twist during wingbeat
Tailfeathers help steer and balance |
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Adaptions for flight: weight is reduced |
No sweat glands No teeth No urinary bladder Sex organs atrophy when not needed Females - one ovary Pneumonic bones: light |
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More adaptions |
Respiratory system large, very efficient
No diaphragm
Streamlined bodies - reduces drag
Large muscles
Blood sugar double that of mammals
Rapid metabolic rate
Body temp 104-107°F
Short lifespan |
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Mammalia species |
Approximately 5400 Diverse, very widespread and highly adaptable |
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Mammalia species |
Approximately 5400 Diverse, very widespread and highly adaptable |
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Mammary glands |
Modified sweat glands that produce milk to nourish young |
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Endothermal |
Homeothermal
Warm blooded condition maintained by hypothalamus; adjusts water balance, appetite and metabolism to maintain body temp |
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Endothermal |
Homeothermal
Warm blooded condition maintained by hypothalamus; adjusts water balance, appetite and metabolism to maintain body temp |
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Hair |
Insulates body by trapping air between skin and outer layer of hair - muscles capable of moving hairs to trap more or less air |
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Hair continued |
Dead epidermal cells filled with Keratin*: dense, fibrous type of protein
* also claws, horns, hooves and nails
Some mammals have hollow hair shafts for extra insulation Polar bears, reindeer, alpacas and wolverines (among others)
Shed regularly (molt once or twice per year)
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Sweat glands |
Help rid body of excess heat (evaporation)
Excretion of cell wastes (approximately 500ml/day) Urea, salts and electrolytes |
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Other characteristics |
Four chambered heart Scent glands |
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Other characteristics |
Four chambered heart Scent glands |
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Sebaceous glands |
Secrete sebum, keeps skin and hair soft and flexible |
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Other characteristics |
Four chambered heart Scent glands |
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Sebaceous glands |
Secrete sebum, keeps skin and hair soft and flexible |
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Subcutaneous fat |
Layer of fat cells under skin - helps conserve body heat |
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Other characteristics |
Four chambered heart Scent glands |
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Sebaceous glands |
Secrete sebum, keeps skin and hair soft and flexible |
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Subcutaneous fat |
Layer of fat cells under skin - helps conserve body heat |
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Highly developed brain |
Especially the cerebrum: Center of learning, thinking and complex behaviors |
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Other characteristics |
Four chambered heart Scent glands |
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Sebaceous glands |
Secrete sebum, keeps skin and hair soft and flexible |
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Subcutaneous fat |
Layer of fat cells under skin - helps conserve body heat |
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Highly developed brain |
Especially the cerebrum: Center of learning, thinking and complex behaviors |
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Specialized teeth (most) |
Heterodont - teeth specialized for different functions
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Diphyodont - milk teeth (deciduous) and permanent teeth
Fish and reptiles continually replaced |
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Mammals breathe with a diaphragm |
When mammals inhale, the muscles in the chest with the rib cage outward and the powerful muscle called the diaphragm pulls the bottom of the chest cavity downward |
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Mammals breathe with a diaphragm |
When mammals inhale, the muscles in the chest with the rib cage outward and the powerful muscle called the diaphragm pulls the bottom of the chest cavity downward
As the exhale, the process is reversed
Other animals do not have a diagram |
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Monotremes |
Egg laying mammals (oviparous)
Spiny anteater; (echidna) New Guinea & Australia
Platypus; only in Australia
Both simply secrete milk into fur of belly |
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Marsupials |
Pouched mammals Viviparous Young born after a very short pregnancy, crawl into pouch (marsupium), attach to a mammary gland and finish their development
Embryo gets food from a yolk sack before birth
Only Wisconsin marsupial |
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Placental mammals |
Most common type 95% of all mammals Viviparous
Female mammals develop a placenta when pregnant: A temporary structure in uterus (womb) that connects embryo to Mother
Allows O2, CO2, food and wastes to be exchanged between mother and embryo via an umbilical cord
Only animals with a belly button |
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Symbiosis |
Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Predation |
