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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a genetic map?
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A map that places the relative location of genes on chromosomes based on recombination frequency.
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What is a physical map?
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A maps constructed with restriction sites and DNA sequences to provide landmarks.
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What is the relationship between genome size and complexity
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Prokaryotes typically have smaller genomes than eukaryotes. However, it is not a deciding factor for complexity.
Example: Mice have a genome almost as big as humans, which are both surpassed by rice. |
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What is a single copy gene?
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Protein encoding genes found as a single copy on a single chromosome. Mutations occur as a result of recessive Mendelian inheritance.
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What is a segmental duplication?
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A whole block of genes copied from one chromosome to another. It is both protein-encoding DNA and non encoding DNA.
Example: Chromosome 19 shares blocks from sixteen different chromosomes. |
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What is a multigene family?
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Protein encoding DNA that groups many distinctly different genes together as they often occur together in clusters. May include pseudogenes.
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What is a pseudogenes?
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An inactive gene as a result of mutation.
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What is a tandem cluster?
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Protein encoding DNA that transcribes identical copies of a gene simultaneously, increasing the amount of mRNA available for protein production. May include genes which do not encode for proteins, such as clusters of rRNA genes.
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What is structural DNA?
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Highly condensed, tightly coiled, untranscribed DNA known as constitutive heterochromatin, which tends to be localized near the centromere or telomeres.
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What is a simple sequence repeat (SSR)?
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Non encoding DNA that is a 1 to 6 nucleotide sequence that repeats thousands of times. Can be a result of DNA replication errors. 3%
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What is a transposable element?
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Non encoding DNA that is able to move around within a chromosome.
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What is microRNA?
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Non encoding genes that play a role in gene expression and development, but are never translated. 21 to 23 nt long. Complementary to more than one mRNA.
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What is a polymorphism?
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The presence of more than one allele of a gene at a frequency greater than that of newly arising mutations.
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What is a SNP?
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A single nucleotide polymorphism. A site present in at least 1% of the population at which individuals differ by a single nucleotide. Can be used as a genetic marker to map unknown genes or traits.
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What is a genomic haplotype?
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A region of a chromosome that is usually inherited intact, that is, it does not undergo recombination. These are identified based on analysis of SNPs.
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What is a retrovirus?
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An RNA virus. When the genetic material enters a cell, a viral enzyme (reverse transcriptase), transcribes the viral RNA into a duplex DNA, which enters the cell's machinery then replicates and transcribes it as if it were its own.
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What is a DNA microarray?
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An array of DNA fragments used in hybridization experiments with labeled mRNA or DNA to identify active or inactive genes, or the presence or absence of particular genes?
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How might DNA microarrays help in the medical field?
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They help in the diagnosing or treatment of cancer. Specific cancer types and subtypes can be reliably distinguished from other cancers and normal tissues as a result of microarray data.
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What is the polynomial nomenclature system?
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Earlier used system in which a specific name was given to the species with a list of descriptive terms as the genus.
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What is the binomial nomenclature system?
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Uses a capitalized Genus, followed by a lowercase species name. Universal for taxonomists everywhere.
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What system of nomenclature is used today?
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Binomial nomenclature.
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What is taxonomy?
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The science of classifying living things, in which two different organisms cannot have the same scientific name.
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What is the hierarchy of taxonomy?
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Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, species.
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What are the kingdoms?
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Fungi, animalia, plantae, protista, archaea and bacteria
FAPPAB |
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What is systematics?
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The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships.
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What is a phylogeny?
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An evolutionary tree constructed based off the similarities and differences between species, representing a hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species.
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What is a derived trait?
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One that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group of organisms.
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What is an ancestral trait?
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One that is inherited prior to the most common ancestor of an entire group of organisms.
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What is a clade?
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A group of organisms who possess shared derived characters.
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What differentiates Archaea from the other domains?
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Introns are present in some genes, and their membrane lipid structure is branched.
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What differentiates bacteria from the other domains?
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Formyl-methionine is the amino acid which initiates protein synthesis, only one RNA polymerase, peptidoglycan present in cell walls, as well as a response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol.
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What differentiates eukarya from the other domains?
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Membrane-bound organelles and the presence of a nuclear envelope.
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What is a monophyletic group?
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A group of organisms that shares the most recent common ancestor and all descendants are present.
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What is a paraphyletic group?
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A group of organisms that shares the most recent common ancestor and only some of the descendants are present.
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What is a polyphyletic group?
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A group of organisms that does not share a common ancestor to all members of the group.
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What are the eight fundamental properties of extant life?
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Cellular organization, sensitivity, growth, development, reproduction, regulation, homeostasis and heredity.
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The fundamental properties: Homeostasis.
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All living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions, differing from their environment.
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The fundamental properties: Heredity.
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The possession of a genetic system reliant on DNA. Allows for the adaptation and evolution over time and is a distinguishing characteristic of living organisms.
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The fundamental properties: Regulation.
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All organisms have regulatory mechanisms that coordinate internal processes.
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The fundamental properties: Cellular organization.
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All organisms consist of one or more cells which are complex, organized assemblages of molecules enclosed within a membrane.
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The fundamental properties: Sensitivity.
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All organisms respond to stimuli, though not always in the same ways.
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The fundamental properties: Growth.
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All living things assimilate energy and use it to maintain internal order and to grow; a process called metabolism.
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The fundamental properties: Development.
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All organisms undergo systematic, gene-directed changes as they grow and mature.
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The fundamental properties: Reproduction.
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Organisms reproduce, passing genes from one generation to the next.
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What are the Miller-Urey experiments?
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Recreation of the reducing atmosphere under similar conditions, and bombarding it with lightning. It produced several new compounds than the ones originally present.
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What is a virus composed of?
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A core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein.
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What is a capsid?
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The protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core. Usually composed of one or more proteins repeated many times.
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What are the typical shapes of a virus?
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Typically helical or isosahedral shaped.
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What is bacteriophage?
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A virus that infects a bacterial host.
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What are the two reproductive cycles of viruses?
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The lytic cycle, and lysogenic cycle.
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Describe the lytic cycle.
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A virus attaches itself to the host cell and then injects its nucleic acid core inside. This nucleid acid then hijacks the cell's transcription and translation mechanism to synthesize the proteins and nucleic acids necessary for virus production. These viruses are assembled and then released to infect new cells.
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Describe the lysogenic cycle.
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The virus incises its nucleic acid core into the genome of the host cell, replicating both DNA when the host divides.
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What are tranmissible spongiform encephalopathies? (TSEs)
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Small cavities created as neurons die as result of particular brain diseases.
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What is a prion?
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A proteinaceous infectious particle that plays a role in TSEs.The misfolded prion acts as a template to misfold the normal prion protein. These catalyzing prions are resistant to degradation, allowing them to pass through the digestive track.
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What is a viroid?
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Tiny, naked circular RNA molecules only a few hundred nt long. Coatless molecules that play a role in infectious diseases in plants. Their structure seems to play a role in how they carry information, similar to proteins. It is believed they may use plant siRNA machinery to affect gene expression.
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Diplomonads and Parabasalids are what?
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Flagellated protists lacking mitochondria.
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What are diplomonads?
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Unicellular and have two nuclei.
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What are Parabasalids?
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Use undulating membranes for locomotion.
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What are Euglenazoa?
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A diverse group in which some members have chloroplasts.
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Euglenoids are what?
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Free-living eukaryotes with anterior flagella?
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What are Kinetoplasmids?
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A parasitic Euglenozoa.
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What are Alveolata?
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A group of protists with submembrane vesicles.
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What are dinoflagellates?
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Flagella spinning locomotion. Cause Red tide. Alveolata.
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Apicomplexans are what?
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Spore forming animal parasite of the Alveolata group.
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What are ciliates?
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Alveolata characterized by their locomotion, as they have lots of cilia for feeding and propulsion.
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What are stramenopila?
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A group of protists with fine hairs.
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What is brown algae?
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Large seaweed which undergo an alternation of generations, producing gametophytes and sporophyte stages. In the group stramenopila.
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What are Diatoms?
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Unicellular stramenopila-grouped protist with double shells.
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What are oomycetes?
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Water molds, some of which have pathenogenic members. Member of the group stramenopila.
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What are rhodophyta?
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Red algae, lacking centrioles and flagella. Alternation of generations.
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What are Choanoflagellida?
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A group of protists with possible animal ancestors. Structually similar to freshwater sponges.
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What are the protists outside this group?
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Amoebas, foraminifera, and slime molds.
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What are Amoebas?
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Amoebas are paraphyletic, formed through several lineages. The two main groups are Rhizopoda and Actinopoda. PODS.
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What are Forminafera?
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Heterotrophic marine protists with pore studded shells.
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What are slime molds?
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Protists exhibiting group behavior. Two of the three lineages of slime molds are the plasmodial slime molds and the cellular slime molds. They aggregate together to form a moving "slug" that produces spores.
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How does Plasmodium replicate?
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It experiences alternation of generations, between genetic hosts. A feeding mosquito injects sporozoites into the human. These enter the liver and produce merozoites through asexual reproduction, which infect red blood cells and continue to multiply. Some of these merozoites develop into gametocytes, which are taken up by previously uninfected mosquitoes.
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Why is it hard to prevent Plasmodium?
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Develop resistance to pesticides. Vaccines are in the making.
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Where is it assumed all green plants arose from?
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The clade chlorophytes, green plants, arose from a single freshwater green algae species.
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Of the land plants, which group has tracheids?
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Answer: a clade of plants known as tracheophytes, including a variety of plants such as ferns and angiosperms, which are flowering plants.
Tracheids, are specialized transport cells that have highly efficient transport systems: water-conducting xylem and food-conducting phloem tissues all throughout the plant. |
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What is a gametophyte?
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The "gamete plant" which is haploid. It replicates through mitosis. Two of these gametes come together during fertilization to form a zygote.
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What is sporophyte?
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The diploid generation which undergoes meiosis to produce spores, generally four in one meiotic cycle. These spores divide by mitosis to form a multicellular haploid gametophyte.
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What are the three major phyla of nonvascular plants?
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The clade bryophytes: the three phyla are liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.
Nonvascular, meaning the absence of xylem and phloem is usually found. |
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What are mosses?
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Nonvascular bryophyte which exhibits an alternation of generations. It's gamete phase is a leaflike structure anchored by rhizoids, which are cells that conduct water.
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What are liverworts?
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An ancient phylum in the category of nonvascular bryophyte. The haploid gametophyte stage is similar to mosses.
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What are hornworts?
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Nonvascular bryophyte that has developed stomata in the photosynthetic sporophyte which regulates gas exchange.
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What are the seedless, vascular plant phylum.
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The clade tracheophyte:
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What are the two types of tissues in plants?
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Embryonic tissue, and adult tissue.
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What are the two types of embryonic tissues?
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These undifferentiated cells are made up of the constantly dividing apical meristems and lateral meristems. They are the cells responsible for growth.
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What is the apical meristem?
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Located on the tips of stems and near the tips of roots which undergo primary growth, which is the lengthening of the plant.
First I get long, then I get wide. |
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What is the lateral meristem?
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Cells that add diameter, exhibiting secondary growth, or widening.
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What is the plant tissue known as wood?
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Secondary xylem.
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Sieve cells belong to what type of plant tissue?
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Phloem.
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What are gymnosperms?
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Naked seed plants.
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What are angiosperms?
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Flowering plants with encapsulated seeds.
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What are the three main categories of tissues in the plant body?
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Dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue.
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What are the two types of vascular tissue.
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Xylem and phloem
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What is the purpose of ground tissue?
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Many functions, including storage, photosynthesis and support.
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What are the three types of ground tissue?
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The chymas! Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
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Where are meristems located?
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Tips of stems and near the tips of roots.
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What is dermal tissue?
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Tissue derived from the apical meristem which provides a protective epidermis covering the plant.
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What are the three types of dermal tissue?
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Guard cells, root hairs and trichomes.
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Secondary phloem resides _______ of the vascular cambium, whereas secondary xylem resides _______ of it.
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Secondary phloem is outside, xylem is inside.
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What are examples of Basidomycota?
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Mushrooms, toadstools and rusts. FOUND IN MOON'S BASEMENT!
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Fungi consist of long filamentous chains of cells known as ______ which are connected by septa.
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Hyphae.
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What are the four basic parts of a complete flower?
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Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.
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How does a dicot stem compare to a monocot stem?
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A dicot stem is more organized, as the vascular bundles are arranged around the outside of the stem.
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How does a monocot stem differ from a dicot stem?
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Less organized, as vascular bundles are scattered throughout.
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Chytridiomycota are what?
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Aquatic, flagellated fungi. Produce haploids through sexual reproduction or diploid zoospores in asexual reproduction.
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Zygomycota are what?
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Multinucleate hyphae lack septa, except for reproductive structures. Undergoes mitosis mostly, but has a form of meiosis.
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Glomeromycota are what?
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Form arbuscular mycorrhizae. Multinucleate hyphae lack septa. Asexual reproduction.
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Ascomycota are what?
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In sexual reproduction, ascospores are formed inside a sac, an ascus. Asexual reproduction occurs as well.
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Basidiomycota are what?
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Mushrooms and rusts, found in moons basement. Sexual reproduction forms a club-shaped structure called basidia. Asexual occurs as well.
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Fungi have _____ in their cell walls.
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Chitin in fungi cell walls.
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Fungi are ____trophs.
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Heterotrophs.
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Most fungi reproduce _____ via _______.
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Sexually, nuclear exchange.
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_______ are filamentous body found in fungi.
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Hyphae.
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Humans use _______ to treat _______ infections.
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Fungi, bacterial infections.
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Yeast is a _______ from the phylum _____.
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Fungi, Ascomycota.
Asco as in "ascus," meaning cup. "I ascus for more, sirr." |
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What is the lichen?
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A form of symbiosis where a fungi works with a photosynthetic partner. Breaks things down leaving beneficial materials.
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A gametophyte is what?
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The haploid, n, stage in the alternation of generations of plants.
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What are the vascular seedless plants?
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Ferns (pterophyta), whisk ferns (psilophyta), horse tails (arthrophyta) and club mosses (lycophyta).
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What are the vascular plants with seeds.
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Gymnosperms (naked seeds), and the anthophyta or angiosperms.
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What are the different types of gymnosperms?
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Conifers (coniferophyta), cycads (cycadophyta), gnetophyta, and ginko (ginkophyta).
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What are angiosperms?
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Covered seeds, flowering plants.
Angeion meaning vessels, and sperma meaning seed. |
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What are the two groups of angiosperms?
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Monocots and dicots.
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Mosses tend to dominantly be in the _______ generation.
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The gametophyte is what is usually visible.
Contrary to that of the pine tree, or coniferophyta gymnosperm which is typically found in the sporophyte phase. |
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POop
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Pooop
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