Bio 3 Exam 2

Front 1

What 2 domains are made up of prokaryotic cells?

Back 1

Bacteria

Archaea

Front 2

Are prokaryotic organisms single or multi cellular?

Back 2

Single

Front 3

When were the first prokaryotes on earth?

Back 3

3.5 billion years ago

Front 4

What structures are present in prokaryotic cells?

Back 4

Capsule

Pilus

Nucleoid

Plasmids

Ribosomes

Flagellum

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Front 5

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back 5

Eukaryotic cells are 10x larger, more complex, contain organelles

Front 6

Define organelle

Back 6

Membrane enclosed structure with a special function within eukaryotic cells

Front 7

What types of organisms have eukaryotic cells?

Back 7

Animals

Fungus

Plants

Protists

Front 8

Composition and structure of the plasma membrane

Back 8

Composed of mostly phospholipids and proteins.

The phospholipids are in two layers called a phospholipid bilayer

Front 9

Why is the plasma membrane called a "fluid mosaic"?

Back 9

Molecules can move freely past one of the diversity of proteins that float like icebergs in the phospholipid sea.

Front 10

Role of membrane proteins?

Back 10

-Some help regulate passage of materials into and out of the cell.

-Others aid in communication between neighboring cells, facilitate enzymatic reactions, or help anchor the cell or its components.

-Some of these proteins are fixed in place, while others float within the phospholipid bilayer.

Front 11

What is cytoplasm?

Back 11

-Everything inside a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

-Consists of a semifluid medium and organelles.

-Can also refer to interior of a prokaryotic cell.

Front 12

What is Cytosol?

Back 12

The fluid part of the cytoplasm

Front 13

Passive transport?

Back 13

-Moves across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

-No energy requirement

Front 14

Active transport?

Back 14

-Moving of substance against concentration gradient from lower concentration to higher concentration

-requires energy

-driven by a protein within the membrane

Front 15

Diffusion?

Back 15

Spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Front 16

Osmosis?

Back 16

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 17

Facilitated diffusion?

Back 17

Passage of a substance across a biological membrane down it's concentration gradient aided by specific transport proteins

Front 18

Describe how active transport works

Back 18

Movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient aided by specific transport proteins and requiring the input of energy (often ATP)

Front 19

Endocytosis?

Back 19

Movement of materials from the external environment into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles

Front 20

Exocytosis?

Back 20

Movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell membrane via vesicles or vacuoles

Front 21

Nucleus?

Back 21

-atom's central core

-contains protons and neutrons

-genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell

Front 22

Chromatin?

Back 22

-The combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes

Front 23

Nucleolus?

Back 23

-Within the nucleus

-DNA from multiple chromosomes directs production of rRNA

-rRNA subunits exit through pores into cytoplasm where they join protein molecules to form a ribosome

Front 24

Nuclear envelope?

Back 24

-A double membrane

-perforated w/pores

Enclosed and separates nucleus in a eukaryotic cell

Front 25

Nuclear pores?

Back 25

-Protein lined opening in nuclear envelope

-Materials can pass between nucleus and cytoplasm

Front 26

Ribosomes?

Back 26

-Consists of RNA and protein

-2 subunits functioning as the site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm

-subunits constructed in nucleolus

Front 27

Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 27

-network of interconnected membranous sacs in cytoplasm

-rough ER membranes are studded w/ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins

-constructs membrane from phospholipids and proteins

Front 28

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 28

-Interconnected membranous tubules in cytoplasm

-lacks ribosomes

-Enzymes in Smooth ER function in synthesis of certain molecules such as lipids

Front 29

Golgi?

Back 29

-organelle in eukaryotic cells

-Consists of stacks of membranous sacs

-modify, store, and ship products of the ER

Front 30

Lysosomes?

Back 30

-digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells

-contains enzymes that digest the cell's food and waste

Front 31

Transport vesicle?

Back 31

Small bubbles of membrane that carry products of the cell to the plasma membrane for export

Front 32

Vacuoles?

Back 32

-membrane enclosed sac

-part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell

-diverse functions

Front 33

Chloroplast?

Back 33

-organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists

-enclosed by 2 concentric membranes

-absorbs sunlight and uses it to make sugars

Front 34

Mitochondria?

Back 34

-Organelle in eukaryotic cells

-where cell respiration occurs

-enclosed by 2 concentric membranes

-where most ATP is made

Front 35

Cilia?

Back 35

-short appendage

Front 36

Flagella?

Back 36

-Long appendage

-a cell may have 1 or more

Front 37

Cell wall?

Back 37

-Protective layer

-in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists

-protects cell

-maintains shape of cell

Front 38

Cytoskeleton?

Back 38

-Meshwork of fine fibers in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell

-Includes: Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, microtubules

Front 39

Extra cellular matrix?

Back 39

-Meshwork that surrounds animal cells

-web of protein and polysaccharide fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly, or solid

Front 40

What is Photosynthesis?

Back 40

-Transform light energy to chemical energy stored in bonds of sugars

-requires input of CO² & H²O and produces O²

Front 41

Cellular respiration?

Back 41

-Aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules

-involves glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.

Front 42

What is "work"?

Back 42

Movement of an object against opposing force through expenditure of energy.

Front 43

Energy?

Back 43

Capacity to cause change or move matter in a direction it wouldn't move if left alone

Front 44

Kinetic energy?

Back 44

-Energy of motion

-transfers its motion to other matter such as: leg muscles pushing bicycle pedals

Front 45

Potential energy?

Back 45

-Stored energy

-energy an object has due to its location and/or arrangement

-water behind a dam and chemical bonds possess potential energy

Front 46

Conversion of energy principle

Back 46

Energy can't be created or destroyed but transforms from one form to another

Front 47

What type of energy is heat?

Back 47

Kinetic energy

Front 48

What is entropy?

Back 48

Amount of disorder or randomness in a system

Front 49

How does entropy relate to energy conversions?

Back 49

Every time energy is converted, the entropy (randomness) increases.

Front 50

What is chemical energy?

Back 50

A form of potential energy

Front 51

Where is chemical energy found?

Back 51

Stored in the chemical bonds of molecules

Front 52

What is a producer?

Back 52

-Organism that makes food

Front 53

How do organisms in the ecosystem depend on the sun for energy?

Back 53

-Some capture energy through photosynthesis

-some eat these organisms

-all organisms use cellular respiration to burn energy

-As energy is converted, heat is given off

-heat exits the ecosystem

-heat flows thru ecosystems; enters as light, exits as heat

Front 54

Purpose of photosynthesis?

Back 54

Producers capture sunlight and converts it to chemical energy.

Front 55

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Back 55

In chloroplasts in plant and algae cells

Front 56

What is a consumer?

Back 56

Organism that obtains food by eating plants or animals

Front 57

Where does cellular respiration take place?

Back 57

In mitochondria

Front 58

How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

Back 58

-The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration.

-they are reciprocal of each other.

Front 59

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

Back 59

Front 60

Grana?

Back 60

Stacks of thylakoids

Front 61

Thylakoids?

Back 61

Individual disks

Front 62

Stroma?

Back 62

Fluid within the membrane

Front 63

What are stomata?

Back 63

Tiny pores in the leaf

Front 64

What is the function of stomata?

Back 64

Allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit

Front 65

What is the main pigment of photosynthesis?

Back 65

Chlorophyll

Front 66

What color light does chlorophyll reflect?

Back 66

Green/yellow

Front 67

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Back 67

The light reactions

The Calvin cycle

Front 68

What happens during the light reactions?

Back 68

Capture energy in sunlight and use it to produce high energy molecules

Front 69

What happens during the Calvin cycle?

Back 69

Uses the high-energy molecules to produce sugar

Front 70

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

Back 70

Visible light.

Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet wavelengths.

Front 71

Which part of the spectrum contains high energy wavelengths?

Back 71

The violet end

Front 72

Which part of the spectrum contains low energy wavelengths?

Back 72

The red end

Front 73

Which part of the spectrum contains short wavelengths?

Back 73

The violet end

Front 74

Which part of the spectrum contains long wavelengths?

Back 74

The red end

Front 75

Which portion of the spectrum do green plants use?

Back 75

Red and blue

Front 76

What is the purpose of accessory pigments?

Back 76

Assist chlorophyll in using other portions of the spectrum

Front 77

What impact does photosynthesis have on the atmosphere?

Back 77

Produces oxygen and removes carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas responsible for climate change

Front 78

Why do we eat and breathe?

Back 78

These processes provide the ingredients required to power cellular respiration

Front 79

Define calorie

Back 79

The amount of chemical energy stored in food.

Front 80

Define kilocalorie

Back 80

Kcal thousands of calories

Front 81

How do we measure energy in food?

Back 81

Measure of energy burned by your body as it performs activity

Front 82

How many kcal per gram do we get from fats?

Back 82

1 gram = 9 calories

Front 83

How many kcal per gram do we get from carbs?

Back 83

1 gram = 4 calories

Front 84

How many kcal per gram do we get from protein?

Back 84

1 gram = 4 calories.

Front 85

How are kcals burned off?

Back 85

Activity

Front 86

How is the energy stored in food related to ATP?

Back 86

Acts like an energy shuttle transferring chemical energy from bodily processes that provide energy(eating food) to ones that use energy (moving muscles)

Front 87

What is the structure of ATP and how is it used?

Back 87

3 phosphate groups linked together. The 3rd phosphate contains potential energy

Front 88

Describe the ATP cycle

Back 88

ATP from ADP plus a 3rd phosphate

Removing a phosphate group re forms ADP

& releases energy used for cellular work.

Front 89

The 3 steps of cellular respiration?

Back 89

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport chain

Front 90

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

Back 90

2

Front 91

How many ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle?

Back 91

2

Front 92

How many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain?

Back 92

28

Front 93

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 93

In the cytoplasm

Front 94

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Back 94

The fluid within mitochondria

Front 95

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

Back 95

Within the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 96

How are cellular respiration and breathing related?

Back 96

The carbon dioxide you breathe out comes from the reactions of cellular respiration and the oxygen needed for cellular respiration you breathe in.

Front 97

Trace the path of oxygen from the air to the cells and back

Back 97

Air, nose/mouth, lungs, blood, cells, mitochondria

Front 98

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Back 98

Front 99

What process occurs when there is a lack of sufficient oxygen?

Back 99

Lactic acid fermentation or alcohol fermentation

Front 100

Describe the lactic acid fermentation. what is produced?

Back 100

Glucose and other six carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate.

Front 101

Describe alcohol fermentation. What is produced?

Back 101

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol

Yeast in brewing, winemaking, and baking.

Front 102

What type of organisms undergo lactic acid fermentation?

Back 102

Humans and bacteria

Front 103

What type of organisms undergo alcohol fermentation?

Back 103

Yeast

Front 104

What is the basic pathway involved in fermentation?

Back 104

Energy harvested from sugar without oxygen

Front 105

What is metabolism?

Back 105

The total of all chemical reactions in your body

Front 106

How does metabolism relate to kCals and weight?

Back 106

Chemical reactions in your body require energy in the form of ATP. The energy we get from food is what we are breaking down through cellular respiration to produce ATP. If you take in more calories than you burn you store it as fat. If you burn off more than you take in you break down fat to power your cells.

Front 107

What other types of fuel can cellular respiration burn?

Back 107

Sugars, Fats other type of carbs and proteins