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297 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many human skeletal muscles are there?
|
600
|
|
What are five functions of muscles?
|
Movement
Maintain posture Communication Control of openings and passageways Body heat production |
|
What are the three connective tissues of a muscle?
|
Epimysium
Perimysium Endomysium |
|
Which connective tissue covers the whole muscle belly and blends into connective tissue that separates muscles?
|
Epimysium
|
|
What connective tissue is sleightly thicker and surrounds a bundle of cells called a fascicle?
|
Perimysium
|
|
What type of connective tissue is a thin layer of areolar tissue that surrounds each cell and allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers?
|
Endomysium
|
|
What type of a fascia is found between adjacent muscles?
|
Deep Fascia
|
|
What type of fascia is found between skin and muscles and contains adipose tissue?
|
Superficial Fascia (also known as hypodermis)
|
|
What are three types of muscle attachments?
|
Direct attachment to bone
Indirect attachment to bone Attachment to dermis |
|
The intercostal muscles is an example of what type of attachment?
|
Direct attachment to bone
|
|
The biceps brachii or abdominal muscle is an example of what type of muscle attachment?
|
Indirect attachment to bone
|
|
What type of muscle attachment involves tentons or aponeurosis?
|
Indirect attachment to bone.
|
|
Which part of the skeletal muscle attaches to the mobile end of the muscle?
|
The Insertion part
|
|
What part of the skeletal muscle attaches to the stationary end of the muscle?
|
The Origin
|
|
Which part of the muscle consists of the thicker middle region of muscle?
|
Belly
|
|
What type of skeletal muscle shape is thick in the middle and tapered at the ends?
|
Fusiform
|
|
What shape of muscle is the biceps brachii?
|
Fusiform
|
|
What muscle shape is broad at the origin and tapers into a narrow insertion?
|
Convergent
|
|
What shape of muscle is the pectoralis major?
|
Convergent
|
|
What shape of muscle has parallel fascicles?
|
Parallel
|
|
What shape of muscle is the rectus abdominis?
|
Parallel
|
|
What shape of muscle acts as sphincters?
|
Circular
|
|
What shape of muscle is the orbicularis oris?
|
Circular
|
|
What shape of muscle do the fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon?
|
Pennate
|
|
The deltoid has what muscle shape?
|
Pennate
|
|
During elbow flexion, what is the prime mover?
|
Biceps Brachii
|
|
During elbow flexion, what muscle is the synergist?
|
brachialis
|
|
During elbow flexion, what muscle is the antagonist?
|
Triceps brachii
|
|
What would be an example of a fixator muscle during elbow flexion?
|
Rhomboideus
|
|
What types of muscles are contained within a region?
|
Intrinsic Muscles
|
|
What types of muscles move the fingers but are found outside the region?
|
Extrinsic Muscles
|
|
Where do the cranial nerves from the brain exit the skull?
|
Foramina
|
|
What are the five universal characteristics of a muscle?
|
Responsiveness
Conductivity Extensibility Contractility Elasticity |
|
How long can myofibers get?
|
up to 30cm
|
|
What is the sequence of connective tissue that exists between muscle fiber and bone?
|
Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium, Fascia, Tendon
|
|
Where is Calcium stored in the muscle?
|
Terminal Cisternae
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
|
What types of cells can multiply to produce a small number of new myofibers?
|
Unfused satellite cells
|
|
What carries electric current to the cellular interior?
|
The T tubules
|
|
What is the sarcoplasm filled with?
|
myofibrils (which are protein microfilaments called myofilaments)
|
|
What are two important molecules in the muscle?
|
Glycogen and Myoglobin
|
|
What are the calcium storage sacs called?
|
Terminal cisternae
|
|
Thick filaments are made of?
|
myosin molecules
|
|
Thin filaments are made of?
|
Actin
|
|
What molecule blocks the active sites?
|
Tropomyosin
|
|
What is a huge springy protein found in elastic filaments?
|
titin
|
|
What connects thick filament to Z disc structure?
|
Titin
|
|
What helps to keep thick and thin filaments aligned, resists overstretching, and helps the cell recoil to its resting length?
|
titin
|
|
What are two contractile proteins?
|
Actin and Myosin
|
|
What are the two regulatory proteins?
|
Tropomyosin and Troponin.
|
|
Which band is the thick filament region?
|
the A band
|
|
Which band is the thin filament region?
|
The I band
|
|
Where can the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons found?
|
The Brainstem or Spinal Cord
|
|
What is the name for each motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates?
|
Motor unit
|
|
What is the name of the region where nerve fibers make a functional contact with its target cell?
|
Synapse
|
|
Where are the vesicles filled with ACh located?
|
In the synaptic knob
|
|
Where is the region with all of the muscle cell surface?
|
Motor end plate.
|
|
Which enzyme breaks down ACh and causes relaxation?
|
Acetylcholineesterase
|
|
What binds to cholinesterase inhibitors and renders their use inoperable?
|
Pesticides
|
|
What causes tetanus or lockjaw?
|
Clostridium tetani bacteria
|
|
What substance blocks glycine release in the spinal cord?
|
Tetanus
|
|
What is the difference in charge across the membrane potential of a muscle cell?
|
-90mV
|
|
What type of actin makes up the two intertwined strands?
|
F or fibrous actin
|
|
What makes up each subunit of actin that has an active site?
|
G or globular actin
|
|
What does the A and I stand for in the bands?
|
Anisotrophic and Isotropic
|
|
What constitutes a sarcomere?
|
One complete Z disc
|
|
Do the thick or thin filaments change length during shortening?
|
No
|
|
Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?
|
The brainstem or spinal cord
|
|
What are the axons of somatic motor neurons called?
|
Somatic Motor fibers
|
|
What is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates called?
|
A Motor Unit
|
|
What provides the ability to sustain long-term contraction?
|
A motor unit
|
|
What how many muscle fibers per nerve fiber would constitute fine control?
|
20 muscle fibers per nerve fiber
|
|
What is the average normal muscle fibers per one nerve fiber?
|
200
|
|
How many muscle fibers does the gastrocnemius muscle have per nerve fiber?
|
1000
|
|
What is release from a neuromuscular junction?
|
A Neurotransmitter
|
|
What is the neurotransmitter of the muscle cell?
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
What are two components of a synapse of a muscle cell?
|
A Synaptic knob (sender)
Motor end plate (reciever) |
|
What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine and causes relaxation?
|
Acetylcholinesterase
|
|
What envelopes and isolates the NMJ?
|
Schwann cell
|
|
What contains cholinesterase inhibitors that prevent acetylcholinesterase from degrading ACh?
|
Pesticides
|
|
What causes tetanus or lockjaw?
|
A toxin of Clostridium tetani
|
|
What does the toxin of Clostridium tetani block the release of?
|
Glycine
|
|
What causes flaccid paralysis unable to contract because of a competition with ACh?
|
curare
|
|
Name the step of excitation:
Nerve signal stimulates voltage-gated calcium channels and cause the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles with ACh |
Steps 1 & 2
|
|
Name the step of muscle excitation:
Binding of ACh opens Sodium and Potassium channels causing an end-plate potential (EPP) |
Steps 3 and 4
|
|
Name the step of muscle excitation:
Voltage change in EPP open voltage gated channels in plasme membrane causing an action potential |
Step 5
|
|
Name the step in excitation of muscle contraction:
Action potential spreads over sarcolemma into the T tubules where voltage-gated channels open causing calcium gates to open in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
Steps 6 & 7
|
|
What is the step of excitation:
Calcium release causes the binding of myosin to active sites on actin. |
Steps 8 & 9
|
|
Name the step of muscle excitation contraction:
Myosin head with ATP can form a cross-bridge |
Steps 10 & 11
|
|
What enzyme causes the release of energy for the myosin head to move into position?
|
myosin ATPase
|
|
What step of contraction is this:
Power stroke shows myosin head releasing ADP and phosphate as it pulls the actin filament and later releases as myosin binds another ATP |
Steps 12 & 13
|
|
What step is this in relaxation:
Stimulation ceases and acrtylcholinesterase removes ACh from receptors |
Steps 14 & 15
|
|
What step of relaxation is this:
Active transport pumps calcium back into SR where it binds to calsequestrin |
Step 16
|
|
True/False:
ATP is needed for muscle relaxation AND contration |
True
|
|
What does calcium bind to in the SR?
|
Calsequestrin
|
|
What is this step of relaxation:
Loss of calcium from sarcoplasm results in hiding of active sites and cessation of the production or maintenance of tension. |
Steps 17 & 18
|
|
What does the amount of tension generated depend on?
|
Length of muscle before it was stimulated
|
|
What does an overly contracted muscle produce?
|
Weak contraction
|
|
Why does a too stretched muscle generate weak contraction?
|
The lack of overlap hinders cross bridge formation
|
|
What length produces the greatest force in contraction?
|
Optimum resting length
|
|
What maintains the optimum length?
|
Muscle tone or partial contraction
|
|
What is the term for the stiffening of the body about 3-4 hours after death?
|
Rigor Mortis
|
|
How long does rigor mortis last?
|
48 hours
|
|
Why does rigor mortis occur?
|
Influx of Calcium from dead SR and lack of ATP for relaxation
|
|
What causes the rigor mortis to dissipate?
|
Decay of the myofilaments
|
|
What is the term for the minimum voltage necessary to produce contraction?
|
Threshold
|
|
What is a single brief stimulus that allows for a quick contraction and relaxation called?
|
a Twitch
|
|
What are the three phases of twitch contraction?
|
Latent period
Contraction Phase Relaxation Phase Refractory period |
|
What influences twitch strength?
|
Stimulation frequency
Concentration of Calcium Length-tonus Temperature pH Hydration of muscle fibers |
|
What type of contraction develops tension without changing length?
|
Isometric Contraction
|
|
What type of contraction involves changing the length of the muscle?
|
Isotonic Contraction
|
|
What is the term for tension development while shortening?
|
concentric
|
|
What is the term for tension development while lengthening?
|
eccentric
|
|
What is the enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from one ADP to another?
|
myokinase
|
|
What enzyme removes phospates from creatine phosphate?
|
Creatine kinase
|
|
What are the causes of fatigue?
|
ATP synthesis declines to lack of glycogen
sodium-potassium pumps fail to work due to lack of ATP Lactic acid lowers pH inhibiting enzyme function Motor nerve fibers use up acetylcholine |
|
What is the ability to maintain high-intensity exercise determined by?
|
Maximum oxygen uptake
|
|
What is the maximum oxygen uptake proportional to?
|
Body size
|
|
What is carbohydrate loading?
|
Diet to pack glycogen into muscle cells
|
|
What is a typical amount of oxygen debt?
|
11 liters
|
|
What does the extra oxygen obtained during oxygen debt allow for?
|
Replaces reserves
Replenishes phosphagen system Reconverts lactic acid to glucose Serves the elevated metabolic rate |
|
What type of fiber has more mitochodria, myoglobin, and capillaries?
|
Slow twitch
|
|
What type of fiber is adapted for aerobic respiration and is resistant to fatigue?
|
Slow twitch
|
|
The soleus and postural muscles are what type of muscle fiber?
|
Slow twitch
|
|
What type of muscle fibers are rich in enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems?
|
Fast twitch
|
|
In which type of muscle fibers does the sarcoplasmic reticulus release calcium quickly?
|
Fast twitch
|
|
The gastrocnemius muscle is an example of what type of muscle fiber?
|
Fast twitch
|
|
What are factors that increase strength of contraction?
|
Muscle size and fascicle arrangement
Size of motor units and motor unit recruitment frequency of stimulus length of muscle at the beginning of contraction |
|
How does weight lifting increase muscle mass?
|
It stimulates cell enlargement due to synthesis of more myofilaments
|
|
How does endurance training affect the muscle cells?
|
It produces an increase in mitochondria, glycogen and density of capillaries
|
|
How does the cardiac muscle compare to the skeleton muscle?
|
The cells are shorter, thicker, branched, and are linked at intercalated discs
|
|
What allows cells to stimulate their neighbors in a cardiac muscle?
|
electrical gap
|
|
What keep cells from pulling apart in cardic muscles?
|
mechanical junctions
|
|
What part of the cardic muscle is larger?
|
The T tubules
|
|
What allow the cardic muscle to be autorhythmic?
|
Pacemaker cells
|
|
How many nuclei does a smooth muscle contain?
|
one nucleus
|
|
Does a smooth muscle have striations?
|
No
|
|
What is lacking from a smooth muscle?
|
T Tubules
|
|
Where does calcium come from for smooth muscle contraction?
|
extracellular fluid
|
|
The muscles of the arteries, iris, air passages, etc are examples of what type of smooth muscle?
|
Multiunit smooth
|
|
What type of smooth muscle is found in most blood vessels and viscera?
|
Single-unit smooth
|
|
What causes a smooth muscle to twitch?
|
hormones, CO2, low pH, stretch
|
|
What type of stimulation of a smooth muscle opens mechanically-gated calcium channels?
|
Stretch
|
|
What type of stimulus is food entering the esophagus?
|
Stretch
|
|
Where is a stress-relaxation response found?
|
urinary bladder
|
|
What is joint luxation? Does it occur in zero gravity?
|
Dislocation of the joint, and does not occur due to zero gravity
|
|
What is the main form of muscular distrophy?
|
Duchenne MD
|
|
What does fascioscapulohumeral MD affect?
|
Face and shoulder only
|
|
What is an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack the NMJ and bind to ACh receptors?
|
Myesthenia Gravis
|
|
What are some symptoms of Myesthenia Gravis?
|
Drooping eyelids and double vision
Difficulty swallowing Weakness of the limbs Respiratory failure |
|
What are shinsplints?
|
Pain in the front lower leg
|
|
What is lateral epicondylitis more commonly known as?
|
Tennis elbow
|
|
What are athletic injuries normally treated with?
|
Rest, ice, compression, and elevation
|
|
From where does the spinal cord extend?
|
Foramen Magnum
|
|
After a spinal nerve recieves sensory information, what does it do with it?
|
Relays motor signals to muscles and glands
|
|
What part of the nervous system is associated with the spinal cord?
|
Central Nervous System (CNS)
|
|
What are the spinal nerves apart of?
|
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
|
|
What are three functions of the spinal cord?
|
Conduction
Locomotion Reflexes |
|
In an adult, where does the spinal cord extend to?
|
L1 Vertebrae
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?
|
31
|
|
Where are the cauda equinae spinal nerves located?
|
L2 to S5
|
|
What are the three fibrous layers that enclose the spinal cord?
|
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater |
|
What is the dura mater surrounded by?
|
epidural space
|
|
What type of tissue is composed of that arachnoid mater?
|
Simple squamous epithelium
|
|
What is the delicate membrane that is adherent to the spinal cord?
|
Pia mater
|
|
What part of the pia mater anchors the cord to the coccyx?
|
Filium terminale
|
|
What part of the pia mater extends through the arachnoid to the dura to anchor the cord?
|
Denticulate ligaments
|
|
What is a neural tube defect called?
|
Spina Bifida
|
|
What is a sac protruding from the spine called?
|
Spina bifida cystica
|
|
What supplement can reduce the risk of spina bifida?
|
Folic acid supplements
|
|
What is composed of gray matter?
|
Neuron cell bodies
|
|
What is composed of white matter?
|
Myelinated axons
|
|
What does the dorsal root of the spinal nerve consist of?
|
Sensory fibers
|
|
What does the ventral root of the spinal nerve consist of?
|
Motor fibers
|
|
What connects the ventral and dorsal horns?
|
Gray commissure punctured by a central canal
|
|
What are the three pairs of columns or funiculi in the white matter?
|
Dorsal, lateral, and anterior
|
|
What fills the columns of white matter?
|
tracts or fasciculi
|
|
Which direction do the ascending and descending tracts travel?
|
Up or Down
|
|
What is the term for when fibers cross sides?
|
Decussation
|
|
What is the term for when the origin and destination are on the same side?
|
Ipsilateral
|
|
What is the term for when the origin and destination are on opposite sides?
|
Contralateral
|
|
What is the disease where motor neurons in the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord is destroyed?
|
Poliomyelitis
|
|
How is polio spread?
|
Fecal contamination in water
|
|
What is the disease that causes sclerosis of spinal cord due to astrocyte failure to reabsorb glutamate?
|
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) or Lou Gehrig
|
|
With Lou Gherig's disease what happens to the sensory and intellectual functions of an individual?
|
They remain unaffected
|
|
What are the three parts of a nerve?
|
Epineurium
Perineurium Endoneurium |
|
What part of a nerve covers the nerves?
|
Epineurium
|
|
What part of a nerve surrounds a fascicle?
|
Perineurium
|
|
What part of a nerve separates individual nerve fibers?
|
Endoneurium
|
|
What part of the nerve is penetrated by blood vessels?
|
Perineurium
|
|
Where can ganglia be found?
|
PNS
|
|
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
|
Sensory Cell Bodies
|
|
What are the three types of proximal branches of the spinal nerves?
|
Dorsal root
Ventral Root Cauda equina |
|
In the proximal branch, what par is sensory input to the spinal cord?
|
Dorsal Root
|
|
In the proximal branch, What is the motor output of the spinal cord?
|
Ventral Root
|
|
Where is the cauda equina located in the proximal branch?
|
L2 to C0
|
|
What are the three components of the distal branches of nerve fibers?
|
Dorsal Ramus
Ventral Ramus Meningeal Branch |
|
What distal branch supplies dorsal body muscle and skin?
|
Dorsal Ramus
|
|
What distal branch goes to ventral skin and muscles and limbs?
|
Ventral ramus
|
|
What distal branch goes to the meninges, vertebrae, and ligaments
|
Meningeal branch
|
|
How many spinal nerves are in the cervical portion?
|
8
|
|
How many spinal nerves are in the thoracic portion?
|
12
|
|
How many spinal nerves are in the lumbar portion?
|
5
|
|
How many spinal nerves are in the sacral region?
|
5
|
|
How many spinal nerves are in the coccygeal region?
|
1
|
|
What ventral nerve plexus supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm?
|
Cervical in neck C1-C5
|
|
What nerve plexus supplies the upper limb and some of the shoulder and neck?
|
Brachial in armpit C5 to T1
|
|
What nerve plexus supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh & genitalia?
|
Lumber in lower back - L1 to L4
|
|
What nerve plexus supplies the remainder of butt and lower limb?
|
Sacral in pelvis - L4, L5, S1 - S4
|
|
What is the longest nerve in the body?
|
Psiatic nerve
|
|
What is the psiatic nerve apart of?
|
Sacral Plexus
|
|
What is the tibial nerve part of?
|
Sacral Plexus
|
|
Where do spinal nerves recieve sensory input from?
|
Dermatome
|
|
What are skin eruption along the path of a nerve?
|
Shingles
|
|
Where do Vericells-zoster or Herpes-zoster (chicken pox) remain for life?
|
Dorsal root ganglia
|
|
What types of fibers carry signal to the brain/spinal cord?
|
Afferent
|
|
What types of fibers carry impulses to the muscles?
|
efferent
|
|
What is the sense organ that monitors length of musle and how fast muscles change in length?
|
Proprioceptors
|
|
What reflex helps to maintain posture and equilibrium?
|
Myotatic or Stretch Reflex
|
|
What prevents muscles from working against each other?
|
Reciprocal inhibition
|
|
What type of reflex is the withdrawl of foot from pain?
|
Flexor reflex
|
|
What allows us to maintain balance while lifting the other leg?
|
Crossed-extensor reflex
|
|
What are the early symptoms of spinal cord trauma called?
|
Spinal Shock
|
|
What follows tissue damage in spinal cord injury?
|
Post-traumatic infarction
|
|
What types of neurons process, store and retrieve information?
|
Interneurons
|
|
What type of neuron composes 90% of our neurons?
|
Interneurons
|
|
What are organs that carry out responses called?
|
effectors
|
|
What are the three fundamental properties of neurons?
|
Excitability
Conductivity Secretion |
|
In the brain which is deep, white matter or gray matter?
|
white matter
|
|
In the spinal cord, which is deep, white matter or gray matter?
|
Gray matter
|
|
What is another term for the cell body or soma?
|
Perikaryon
|
|
What is the compartmentalization of the ER called?
|
Nissl bodies
|
|
What is the most common neuron?
|
Multipolar
|
|
What neuron is composed of many dentrites and one axon?
|
Multipolar
|
|
What type of neuron is composed of one dendrite and one axon?
|
Bipolar
|
|
The olfactory, retina, and ear neurons are of which type?
|
Bipolar
|
|
What types of neurons are specialized for quick signaling?
|
Unipolar neurons
|
|
What type of neuron is a long myleninated fiber that bypasses soma?
|
Unipolar neuron
|
|
What type of neuron is found in sensory function of skin?
|
Unipolar neuron
|
|
What type of neuroglial cells for the myelin sheaths in the CNS?
|
Oligodendrocytes
|
|
What are the most abundant neuroglial cells?
|
Astrocytes
|
|
What contributes to the blood-brain barrier and regulates composition of tissue fluid?
|
Astrocytes
|
|
What are the cells that line cavities to form the cerebrial spinal fluid?
|
Ependymal cells
|
|
What are the macrophages found in the CNS called?
|
Microglia
|
|
What cells myelinate fibers of the PNS?
|
Schwann cells
|
|
What is a neuroglial cell that has an unknown function?
|
Satellite cell
|
|
What is the composition of a myelin sheath?
|
20% protein and 80% lipid
|
|
What is the outermost coil of a myelin sheath called?
|
Neurilemma or schwann ell
|
|
Does the CNS have a neurilemma or endoneurium?
|
No
|
|
What is the disease where the oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS degenerate?
|
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
|
|
What is a hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants of Jewish ancestory?
|
Tay-Sachs Disease
|
|
What must be present in order for the regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers?
|
Soma and Neurilemmal tube in tact
|
|
What is the resting membrane potential of living cells?
|
-70mV
|
|
What can stimulate disturbances in membrane potential?
|
chemicals, light, heat, or mechanical
|
|
What occurs when sodium gated channels open?
|
Depolarization
|
|
What are the three characteristics of action potentials?
|
Graded, Decremental, Reversible
|
|
What is the threshold potential?
|
-55mV
|
|
What is the peak voltage in an action potential?
|
+35mV
|
|
What type of refractory period will inhibit an action potential?
|
Absolute refractory period
|
|
What is a characteristic of an absolute refractory period?
|
Sodium gates are open
|
|
What is a characteristic of a relative refractory period?
|
Potassium gates are open
|
|
In the resting state which voltage gated channels are open?
|
None
|
|
At what speed does a nerve signal travel at in unmyelinated fibers?
|
2m/sec
|
|
What is the term of conduction with myelinated fibers?
|
Saltatory
|
|
What neuron is releasing the neurotransmitter?
|
Presynaptic Neuron
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What are the three types of synapses?
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Axodendritic
Axosomatic Axoaxonic |
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Who was the first to demonstrate the function of neurotransmitters?
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Otto Loewi
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How large is the gap at the synaptic cleft?
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20 to 40 nm
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What type of monoamine are epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine?
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Chatecholamines
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What types of monoamines are seratonin and histamine?
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Indolamines
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Where are neuropeptides stored?
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In dense-core vesicles in the axon terminal
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What peptide can cause food cravings?
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Gut-brain peptides
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What is the term for synaptic transmission of the direct transfer of ACh?
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Ionic synaptic transmission
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What type of synapse transmission relys on a second messanger?
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Metabotropic Synapse Transmission
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How can a signal be ceased or modified?
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Through diffusion, reabsorbtion, or degredation
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What can raise or lower the number of receptors or regulate neurotransmitter release, synthesis or breakdown?
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Neuromodulators
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Nitric oxide is a type of what?
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Neuromodulator
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What kinds of synapses are the decision making components of the nervous system?
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Chemical synapses
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What are two excitatory neurotransmitters?
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Glutamate and Aspartate
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What does in influx of Na+ flowing into the cell cause?
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
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What does an influx of Cl- flowing into the cell cause?
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
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What are two inhibitory neurotransmitters?
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Glycine and GABA
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What occurs when a single synapse receives many EPSPs in a short period of time?
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Temporal summation
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What occurs when a single synapse receives many ESPSs from many presynaptic cells?
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Spatial summation
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Salty vs sweet is an example of what type of information?
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Qualitative
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Mild vs strong is an example of what type of information?
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Quantitative
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How is qualitative information processed?
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The types of neurons that fire
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How is quantitative information processed?
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The strength of the stimuli (recruitment)
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How are memories stored?
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In memory traces or engrams
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What is the term for the modification of synapses to make transmission easier?
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Synaptic plasticity
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What causes memory to last longer?
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Facilitation
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What allows memory to be jogged?
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Posttetanic potentiation
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What type of long-term memory is the retention of facts as texts or words?
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declarative
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What type of memory is the retention of motor skills?
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procedural
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What percent of the population is affected by Alzheimers Disease?
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11% @ 65 and 47% @ 85
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What disease is characteristic of the atrophy of gyn in cerebral cortex, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques?
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Alzheimers Disease
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What disease is the progressive loss of motor function in the 50s or 60s
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Parkinsons Disease
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What is the disease that is the degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons?
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Parkinsons Disease
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