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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Lamarack's Idea of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics? Give an example |
-Organisms can pass on characteristics that were acquired through out the organisms life to their offspring - Giraffes stretching their necks
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What was Thomas Malthus writing about in his "Essay on the Principle of Population"? |
-Human growth is growing exponentially while food is growing arithmetically |
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What is the difference between Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism? |
-belief that in the fossil record that every layer was caused by a giant geologic event, like the big flood in the Bible
belief that geologic events are occurring continuously over time, the same geologic events that formed the grand canyon are still occurring today |
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What is the difference between Homologous and Analogous Structures? |
same limb with a different function because they have a common ancestor
different limbs that have the same function due to divergent evolution ( evolved in a similar environment) |
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What is a Clade? Example? |
Includes groups that come from a common ancestor
Clade #1 Primates: Humans, Gorillas and Chimpanzees |
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What is the difference between a monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic clade? Which can be used to determine a clade? |
consists of ancestral species and all the decedents (Chimps, gorillas, humans) and can be used to determine a clade
consists of ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants (Reptiles and birds)
consists of distantly related species but not their most common recent ancestor (animals with wings) |
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What are the characteristics of the Phylum Porifera? |
They are sponges They lack true tissues and are asymmetrical They are filter feeders |
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What two groups do we now use instead of Annelida? |
Clade Errantia and Clade Sedentaria |
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What are the four main types of Tissue? |
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve |
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What is the Founder Effect? |
When a small number of organisms leave a population and start a new one in a different area, because the new population is so small they have a limited gene frequency |
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What is the Bottleneck Effect? |
When the population of individuals is downsized and leaves only a few individuals thus leaving few to to represent genetic traits (ant colony stepped on except for a few black ants) |
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What are the Pre and Post Zygotic Barriers to Gene flow? |
Habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic
reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown
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What are the five supergroups of Protists? |
Escavata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archaeplastids
Unikonta |
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What group of protsist has two flagella, one possessing a crystalline rod? |
Euglenozoans |
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What group of protists causes the red tide? |
Dinoflagellates |
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What group of protists cause malaria? |
Apicomplexans |
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What group of protists causes African Sleeping Sickness? |
Kinetoplastids |
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What group of protists possess two nuclei and reproduces through conjugation? |
Ciliates |
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Which group of protists has two flagella, one fairy and one smooth? |
Stramenopiles |
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What group of protists is made of silicon dioxide and form diatomaceous earth? |
Diatom |
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__________Algae and ________ Algae and Oomycetes belong to Stramenopiles |
Golden and Brown |
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Which group of protists has thread like pseudopodia that radiate from a central body? |
Rhizarians |
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What super group does red algae, green algae, and land plants belong to? |
Archaeplastida
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What super group does animals and fungi belong to? |
Unikonts |
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Where did life begin? |
NO ONE KNOWS! |
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What was the first organisms to colonize land? |
Plants |
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What was the first multicellular organisms? |
Red Algae |
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What came along the first land colonizers?
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Ectomycorrhizae, fungus |
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What caused the Cretaceous Mass Extinction? |
A meteor |
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What is Paedomorphosis? |
An adult that retains traits they had in a juvenile or embryonic state |
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What is the difference between homeotic and Hox Genes? |
genes that turn other genes on or off
provide positional information in the embryo (where legs will form) |
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What is Oxygen Revolution? |
allowed life on land and created oxygen in the atmosphere |
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What is Gene Flow? |
any movement of gene from one population to another |
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What are the sources of inherited variation? |
Point Mutations:Substitution and Frameshift Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations:Duplications and Inversion
Sexual Reproduction:Independent assortment, Crossing Over, Fertilization |
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What is Convergent Evolution? |
Two organisms that look very similar, not because they have a common ancestor, but because they evolve in different environment s |
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What is Phylogeny? |
Like a wrote out history of an animals to all their ancestors and can see which animals have a common ancestor |
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What are Vestigial Parts? |
A body part that we have but doesn't have a purpose to us anymore; like the appendix |
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What is Anatomical Homology? |
Same body structure but serves a different function because the organisms have a common ancestor |
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What is Differential Reproductive Success? |
Individuals that are more adapted to their environment are going to reproduce more |
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What is Darwin's Mechanism of Natural Selection? |
In a population, a group of organisms of the same species in a given area vary in their inherited traits
All species have the potential to produce more offspring than can survive
Differential reproductive success
The organisms with the more favorable trait will reproduce more and pass on that said trait |
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What is Antibiotic Resistance? |
when bacteria adapts through natural selection and becomes resistant to antibiotics |
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What are the conditions that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to occur? |
No Mutations
Random Mating
No Gene Flow
Large Population
No Natural Selection |
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What is Genetic Drift? |
Change in gene frequencies out of random chance |
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What are the Different types of Natural Selection? |
Directional: the population will push to either one extreme or another (Either dark brown or white)
Disruptive: select against the intermediate phenotype (Dark brown and White)
Stabilizing: will select the intermediate phenotype (Medium Brown) |
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What is Sexual Selection? |
form of natural selection and it determined gy the other members of the species and not only just the environment (peacocks will mostly mate with males with the most colorful feather, thus the genetic variation will lean more towards colorful feathered peacocks) |
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What are the different definition of a species? |
Morphological Species Concept: how they look like (Linnaeus)
Biological Species Concept: species are reproductively isolates from other groups (Mayr)
Ecological Concept: reacts with an environment, how they fit in their ecological niche
Phylogenetic Concept: the smallest group of organisms that share a common ancestor |
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What is the difference between Allopatric Speciation and Sympatric Speciation? |
formation of a species that Geographically isolated
formation of a species that live in the same are (stronger barriers to gene flow) |
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What is Polyploidy? Allopolyploidy? |
there is doubling of genetic information
plants duplicate their chromosome |
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What is the Hybrid Zone? |
Region where members of different species come together and mate producing offspring with mixed ancestry |
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What is the difference between Reinforcement, Fusion and Stability? |
Reinforcement: barrier and there are very few hybrids and reinforces the barriers
Fusion: losing a parent species and rejoining to form a new species
Stability: keep both the hybrid and two parent species
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What is the difference between Punctuated and Gradual Equilibirum? |
one species and speciation occurs very rapidly and then won't undergo any changes for a long time
slow pattern of divergence to present day forms, the most common
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What is Primary Abiogenesis? |
theory of how the first cells were formed by abiotic conditions
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What was Perbiotic Earth Like? |
Reducing, not oxidizing atmosphere
no complex organic compounds
No O2
Heat (no standing water, water vapor) |
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What was the Miller Urey Experiment Testing? |
if it was possible to make organic compounds from inorganic compounds (it is possible) |
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What are Protocells? |
vesicle with a membrane and organic molecules inside of it |
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What type of organisms fossilize the most? |
Hard Bodied
Most abundant
Marine organisms
Form Sedimentary Rocks |
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How are fossils dated? |
Radiometric Dating: concentration of Carbon 14 |
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What are the four eons from the geologic record?What are the three era of Phanerozoic? |
Phanerozoic (Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic)
Proterozoic
Archaean
Hadean
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What are Stromatolites?
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layered biochemical rocks made from the earliest cells |
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What are the events that took place in the Cambrian, Permian, Ordovician and Cretaceous Periods? |
Cretaceous: flowering plants appear and diversify, many organisms go extinct
Permian: radiation of reptiles, origin of more present day insects; extinction of many marine and terrestrial organisms
Ordovician: marine algae abundant; colonization of land by fungi, plants and animals
Cambrian: sudden increase in diversity of animal phyla
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What is Continental Drift? |
Movement of the plates where the crust moves across the mantle |
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What is Adaptive Radiation? |
after a species goes extinct, there is an environmental niche that is empty, thus a few organisms diversifies and fill in the habitats and natural selection acts on them and creates different species |
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KNOW HARDY-WEINBERG! |
:) |
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Which groups of protists lack plastids and have modified mitochondria?
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Diplomonads and Parabasalids |
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Which group of protist have membrane bound sacs beneath the plasma membrane? |
Alveolata |
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What is the sister group of land plants? |
Charophytes |
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Why is a virus not considered a living organisms? |
Don't have metabolic machinery and can't reproduce on their own |
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What is a virus composed of? |
Genetic information, capsid and maybe glycoproteins |
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What is a capsid? |
protein shell that enclosed the viral genome |
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What is a bacteriophage? |
virus that infects bacteria with the viral genome |
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What is the difference between the Lytic and Lysogenic phages? |
Lytic: very quick and kills the cell; for virulent virus
Lysogenic: slow cycle and integrates dan into the cell and replicates with the cell and creates more phage DNA
Prophage: phage genome that has been inserted on a bacterial cell |
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What is a Retrovirus? What is Reverse Transcriptase? |
RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome
Reverse Transcriptase: enzyme encoded by certain viruses that uses RNA as template for DNA synthesis |
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What are viroids? |
genetic information and has no capsid around it
Can only infect plants and plant growth |
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What are prions? What illness doe they cause? |
misshapen protein that makes other proteins become prions
Mad Cow Disease |
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What traits of Charophytes and land plants have common? |
Ring shapes cellulose synthase complex
Formation of Phragmoplast
Structure of flagellated sperm
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What are derived traits of land plants? |
Multi-cellular Dependent Embryos
Walled spores that are produced in Sporangia
Multicellular Gametangia
Apical Meristems |
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What is Alternation of Generations? |
Multicellular haploid phase (sporophyte) and a multicellular diploid phase (gametophyte)
Sporophyte: produces spores by meiosis Gametophyte: produces haploid gametes by mitosis |
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What is the Apical Meristems?
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embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and shoots |
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What plants belong to the nonvascular plants, the seedless vascular plants and seed plants? |
Nonvascular Plants: Liverworts, mosses, horn warts
Seedless Vascular Plants: Lycophytes and Pterophytes
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
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What the 10 phyla of plants groups? |
Liverworts Mosses Hornwarts Lycophytes Pterophytes Ginkgo Cycads Gnetophytes Conifers Flowering Plants |
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What is the dominant generation and the ploidy of the following?
Non Vascular, Seedless Vascular, Seed Plants |
Non Vascular: Gametophyte and haploid
Vascular Seedless Plants: Sporophyte and diploid
Seed Plants: sporophyte and diploid |
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What is the definition of Homosporous and Heterosporous? |
Homo: plant species that has a single kind of spore, develops into a bisexual gametophyte
Hetero: plant species that has two kinds of spores |
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Which Phyla belong to Gymnosperms? |
Cycads, Gingko and Gnetophyta |
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What is the phyla for flowering plants? |
Angiosperms |
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Which structure in the pine life cycle is the female and male? |
Pollen and Ovary/Ovule |
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What are the parts of a flower? |
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What are the three types of bacteria? |
Bacillus: Rod
Coccus: Spherical
Spirillum: Spiral |
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What is the closest relative to animals? |
Choanoflaggelates |
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What is Primary and Secondary Endosymbiosis? |
Primary: organisms absorb a bacteria to form chloroplasts or mitochondria
Secondary: a eukaryote absorbs either red or green algae to become a protist |
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What are cilia and pseudopodia used for? |
Locomotion and feeding |
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What are Amoebozoans? |
lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia
Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds |
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What are Phloem and Xylem?
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Phloem: vascular tissue that transport sugars and other organic materials
Xylem: vascular tissue that transports water and minerals |
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What is the difference between a simple and compound leaf? |
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What is the function of the shoot system and root system? |
Shoot: growing up to the sunshine
Root: going down into the ground for water |
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What are the three organ systems of the plant? |
Roots, stems and leaves |
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What are the ground, vascular and dermal tissues? |
Ground: epidermis- storage, photosynthesis and support
Vascular: has xylem and phloem
Dermal: outer layer of plants |
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What are the three ground tissue cell types? |
Parenchyma: metabolic activity, photosynthesis and thin cell walls
Collenchyma: support the plant as it grows
Sclerenchyma: in older parts of the plant; gives support and is dead at maturity |
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What is the difference between primary and secondary growth? |
Primary: grow taller
Secondary: grow in circumference |
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What trends are evident as plants evolved from nonvascular to seed vascular to seed plants? |
Vascular Tissue
Seeds
Flowers and Fruits
Growing Taller and Dispersal
Coniferophyta |
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What are the differences between Monocot and Eudicot? |
Monocot: member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that one embryonic seed leaves or cotyledon
Eudicot: member of a clade that contains the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves or cotyledon |
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What does the multicellular dependent embryo depend for nourishment and protection? |
Archegonia or parent tissue |
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What is the megagametophyte in the angiosperm life cycle? |
Embryo sac |
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What is the microgametophyte in the angiosperm life cycle? |
Pollen |
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What type environment do archaeans live in? |
Extreme environments with high temperatures, high pH and high salt concentration
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What are methanogens and Extremophiles? |
Methanogens: an organisms that produces methane as a water product as a water product of the way it obtains energy
Extremophiles: an organism that lives environmental conditions so extreme few can survive there |
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What is the basic structure of a prokaryote? |
Nucleus is not present
DNA is circular
May have Pili and or Flagella |
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Know the parts of the Phylogenetic Tree
Branch Point, Sister taxa, Basal Taxa etc. |
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What is Phylogeny? |
Evolutionary history of a species or group of organisms |
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What is an out group? |
Has not of the traits |
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What is the difference between Shared Ancestral Character and Shares Derived Character? |
Shared Ancestral: trait that originated in the ancestor of the taxon
Shared Derived: evolutionary trait unique to a specific grouping (can be used to create the tree) |
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What is the difference between orthologous and Paralogous Genes? |
Orthologous: speciation; ancestral genes diverge into two different species
Paralogous: duplication; duplicate and have the gene many times in the generation |
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What are Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation? |
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What is the function of a walled spore? Sporopollenin? |
Walled Spore: protect spore from environmental conditions
Sporopollenin: walls of plant spores to prevent them from drying out |
