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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific Method |
1. Observation
2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Experimentation 6. Data Analysis 7. Conclusion |
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Scientific Theory |
Provides an explanation of the natural worldBased on testable hypotheses Supported by reproducible observations |
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Element |
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by normal chemical reactions |
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Elements of Life |
Organisms are comprised of 96% C, O, H, and N
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Essential Elements |
25 Elements are required for human life17 Elements are required for plant life |
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Atomic Number |
Number of protons |
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Atomic Mass |
Number of protons and neutrons |
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Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) |
mass of 1 proton or neutron |
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Isotope |
Element with the same number of protons |
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Radioactive Tracers |
Radioactive tracer (bright blue)added to cell/virus culture. Traceris labeled with 3H. Human cells are incubated atvarious temperatures. Cells from each incubator are placedin tubes; the newly synthesized DNAis isolated; and unused tracers areremoved. The test tubes are placed in a scintillation counter and data is collected. Thecounter will determine how much 3H is present, which indicates how much DNAwas synthesized. The more DNA synthesized, the more viral growth. more 3H was incorporated into the DNA at 36°C. Body temp is the optimum temperature |
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Ionic Bonds |
cation and anion interact and electron is "donated" bonds are strong |
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Covalent Bonds (single and double) |
atoms share valence electrons bonds are strong |
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Hydrogen Bonds |
Formed when a hydrogen atom with partial positive chargeis attracted to an atom with a partial negative charge weak bonds |
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Van derWaals |
based on fluctuating electric charges weak bonds |
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Polar Covalent Bonds |
electrons are shared unequally\ bonds are strong |
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Water Polarity |
Partial negative charge: oxygen partial positive charge: hydrogen |
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Phases of Water |
Gas: spread apart Solid: close together Liquid: Lattice structure |
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Cohesion |
hydrogen bonds between water molecules |
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Adhesion |
hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other substances |
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Emulsifier |
contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
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Acids |
proton donors dissociate in solution to yield H+ and an anion <7 |
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Bases |
proton acceptors
dissociate in solution to yield OH- and a cation >7 |
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Eukaryotes |
Have a membrane bound nucleus and multi-cellular organism |
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Prokryotes |
no nucleus and unicellular |
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Negative Control |
tests the standard. No change |
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Positive Control |
anticipated change. tests for change |
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Essential Elements |
25 elements for human life 17 for plant life |
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carbon |
backbone for all organic molecules |
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hydrogen and oxygen |
components of water |
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nitrogen |
component of proteins and nucleic acids |
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atoms |
smallest unit of an element |
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Atomic number |
number of protons |
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atomic mass |
sum of protons and neutrons mass of a single electron 1/2000 amu |
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isotope |
elements with the same number of protons, but different neutrons |
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radioactive isotopes |
label biological specimen for research and diagnostics (medical imaging) nucleus decays spontaneously |
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stable isotopes |
nucleus does not decay spontaneously |
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electron clouds |
approximation of electron location |
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valence electrons |
outer electron shell |
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periodic table |
rows gain electron shell column gains valence electron |
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solvent |
dissolves a substance |
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solute |
dissolved substance |
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aqueous |
dissolving a hydrophillic substance |
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buffers |
resist change in pH of a solution when acids and bases are added |
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theory of vitalism |
organic material can only be produced from living organisms |
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organic molecules |
defined by carbon backbone wiwth covalent bonds |
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carbon backbone |
forms bonds with atoms |
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properties of carbon |
always forms 4 bonds can bind to more types of atoms than other elements |
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functional group |
atoms that alter the chemical properties of organic molecules |
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hydroxyl |
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carboxyl |
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methyl |
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sulfhydryl |
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carboxylic acid |
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amino |
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genome |
2 meters of DNA arranged into chromosomes 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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central dogma |
replication -> transcription-> translation DNA-> RNA-> Protein |
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nucleus |
membrane bound organelle that stores DNA |
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nuclear envelope |
protective double membrane |
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nuclear pores |
allows communication with cytoplasm |
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chromatin |
DNA and protein relaxed stage of gene expression |
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chromasomes |
DNA condensed for cell division |
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Purines |
two ringed structure
adenine and guanine |
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pyrimidine |
one ringed structure containing nitrogen
cytosine and thymine or uracil |
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Phosphodiester Bond |
bonds dna and rna |
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DNA |
double helix anti parallel 3.4nm 3' to 5' |
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mismatch repair |
replaces a simple nucleotide error |
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excision repair |
replaces a stretch of nucleotides |
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telomeres |
non-coding repetitive DNA sequences that shorten with every replication telomerase creates telomeres |
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G2 of Interphase |
nuclear envelope still intact (92 chromosomes) centrosomes with centriole pairs nucleolus plasma membrane |
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Prophase |
early mitotic spindle centromere two sister chromatids of one chromosome |
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Pro-Metaphase |
nucleear envelope broken down kinetichore kinetichore microtubules chromosomes more condemsed |
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Metaphase |
chromosome at one spindle pole spindle metaphase plate |
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anaphase |
daughter chromosomes move toward poles |
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cytokinesis |
actin microfillaments and myosin contract cleave into two individual cells contractile ring of actin and myosin cause the cleavage to break |
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RNA transcription |
initiation promoter transportation elongation |
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amino acid |
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non polar |
hydrophobic amino acids folded into the middle of the final protein structure |
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polar |
hydrophillic amino acids get folded onto outside of the final protein structure |
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silent mutation |
wobble effect, if mutation is in third position |
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missence |
amino acid is changed |
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frame shift mutation |
a letter is deleted or added and the remaining sequence is changed |
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Translation |
initiation elongation termination |
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triacyglyceride (fat) |
energy storage ester linkage |
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phospholipids |
two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group ampipathic |
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steroids |
four ringed carbon backbone structural and chemical signaling cholesterol is the precurssor |
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Protein Synthesis |
nuclear envelope er golgi apparatues transport vesicle the cell membrane |
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intercellular junctions |
attach two adjacent cells desmosomes: elestic adhering junctions: cemented |
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tight junctions |
seals off body cavities (intestines, blood brain barrier) |
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gap junctions |
tunnel between two cells |
