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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A water sample from a tropical stream contains a single-called organism thought to cause sickness in nearby cattle. The organism has a cell wall and no membrane bound nucleus. What is its most likely classification? - Rhizopus nigricans, a multicellular fungus -Shigella boydii, a unicellular bacteria - Arabidopsis thaliana, a small multicellular flowering plant - Manta birostris, a multicellular animal (giant ocean manta ray) |
Shigella boydii, a unicellular bacteria |
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Why do researchers formulate a null hypothesis in addition to a hypothesis when designing an experimental study? |
A null hypothesis specifies what a research should observe when the hypothesis being tested is NOT supported by the data |
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The RNA World Hypothesis suggests that life on Earth began with RNA molecules. These RNA molecules could replicate, function as simple enzymes, and even evolve. When enclosed in a phospholipid bolster, these structures resembled cells. Why are they NOT considered cells? |
All cells have DNA as the genetic material |
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How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis? |
Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues. |
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Which of the following is a correct statement about growth and development? - A cell divides to form a ball of identical cells - The germination of a seed is an example of growth and development - A and B are both examples of growth and development - None of these statements represent growth and development |
The germination of a seed is an example of growth and development |
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Helicobacter is a type of bacteria that can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. Over time, they can cause ulcers and even stomach tumors (cancer). You are asked to determine how long a culture of stomach cells must be exposed to these bacteria to become infected. Which of the following experiments will provide the best data to address that question? - Determine the survival rate of Helicobacter when exposed to different concentrations of an antibiotic - Measure the number of tumors formed on a culture when exposed to various concentrations of Helicobacter - Measure the concentration of Helicobacter in different stomach samples where the tumors have been found - Measure the number of tumors formed in cultures exposed to Helicobacter for different lengths of time |
Measure the number of tumors formed in cultures exposed to Helicobacter for different lengths of time |
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A covalent chemical bond is one in which |
Valence electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill their respective orbitals |
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Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule depicted in the figure to the right is most likely |
Negatively charged |
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The illustration to the right shows formic acid. A molecule of formic acid |
Will form hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
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Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? |
The majority of their bonds are non polar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages |
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Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? |
The majority of their bonds are non polar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages |
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About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter? |
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
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Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? |
The majority of their bonds are non polar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages |
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About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter? |
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
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During digestion, pancreatic enzymes in your small intestine break down proteins by __________ reactions into __________ |
Hydrolysis, amino acids |
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Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? |
The majority of their bonds are non polar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages |
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About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter? |
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
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During digestion, pancreatic enzymes in your small intestine break down proteins by __________ reactions into __________ |
Hydrolysis, amino acids |
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Which one of the following is NOT a component of each monomer used to make proteins? |
Phosphorus (Amino functional group NH2, side chain R group, H atom, and carboxyl group COOH make up amino acids) |
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You have just sequenced a new protein found in mice and observe that sulfur-containing cysteine (an amino acid) residues occurs at regular intervals. What is the significance of this finding? |
Cysteine residues are involved in disulfide bridges that help from tertiary structure |
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You have just sequenced a new protein found in mice and observe that sulfur-containing cysteine (an amino acid) residues occurs at regular intervals. What is the significance of this finding? |
Cysteine residues are involved in disulfide bridges that help from tertiary structure |
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Nonpolar amino acid residues are typically found in the interior of globular proteins like chymotrypsin. Based on these nonpolar amino acids, which chemical force is most directly responsible for holding together the interior of a globular protein? |
Hydrophobic interactions |
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You have just sequenced a new protein found in mice and observe that sulfur-containing cysteine (an amino acid) residues occurs at regular intervals. What is the significance of this finding? |
Cysteine residues are involved in disulfide bridges that help from tertiary structure |
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Nonpolar amino acid residues are typically found in the interior of globular proteins like chymotrypsin. Based on these nonpolar amino acids, which chemical force is most directly responsible for holding together the interior of a globular protein? |
Hydrophobic interactions |
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Peptide bonds form between |
2 amino acids |
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If a DNA molecule has tertiary structure then it also has primary and secondary structure also |
True |
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If a DNA molecule has tertiary structure then it also has primary and secondary structure also |
True |
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The R-group, or side chain, of the amino acid serine is CH2OH The R- group, or side chain, of the amino acid leucine is CH2CH(CH3)2 Where would you expect to find these to amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? |
Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein |
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The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a protein’s 3-D shape, or conformation, due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, or ionic bonds? |
Denaturation |
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The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a protein’s 3-D shape, or conformation, due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, or ionic bonds? |
Denaturation |
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What purines are in RNA and DNA? |
Adenine and Guanine |
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The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a protein’s 3-D shape, or conformation, due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, or ionic bonds? |
Denaturation |
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What purines are in RNA and DNA? |
Adenine and Guanine |
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What pyrimidines are found in DNA? And RNA? |
DNA - Cytosine and Thymine RNA - Cytosine and Uracil |
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When nucleotides polymerize to from a nucleus acid ___________ |
A covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second |
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When nucleotides polymerize to from a nucleus acid ___________ |
A covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second |
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Glucose (C6H12O6) has a single carbonyl group (C double bond O) in its linear form. Based on the number of oxygen atoms in glucose, how many hydroxyl groups (OH) would you expect glucose to have |
5 |
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Plants store carbohydrate energy in the form of ______ and animals store carbohydrate energy in the form of _______ |
Amylose, glycogen |
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Sucrose is a disaccharide produced in plants. Which statement most accurately describes its function? |
Sucrose transports carbohydrates from the site of synthesis to the site of storage |
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Both starch and cellulose are glucose polymers. Why can animals easily degrade starch, but not cellulose? |
Animals have the enzymes to degrade alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds, but not beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds |
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What monomers compromise a glycoprotein and what if a glycoprotein’s function in the cell? |
Amino acids and monosaccharides.... cell identification |
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What is the major difference between amylose and amylopectin? |
Amylose is a straight chain polymer of glucose, whereas amylopectin is highly branched |
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Using the helical structure to the right, which of the following statements is FALSE ? |
The linear form will fold into a disaccharide |
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Describe the net movement of water if a solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic relative to the inside of the cell |
Water will move out of the cell via osmosis |
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Which type of molecule diffuses across a cell membrane most easily? |
Lipid soluble, nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity? |
A greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids |
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What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate? |
Complementary base pairing of the nitrogenous bases |
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Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy? |
Whenever a solute is moved against its concentration/electrochemical gradient |
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Which of the following is the best explanation for why cholesterol decreases the permeability of biological membranes? |
Because cholesterol is amphipathic, it fits in between the phospholipids and blocks diffusion through the membrane |
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For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be |
Amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region |
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Which of the following statements best describes the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure? |
The phospholipid bilayer contain diverse proteins, including some embedded amphipathic proteins that span the bilayer |
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How does he sodium-potassium pump work to transport sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient? |
ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to transport ions against their concentrations gradients |
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Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze he hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with such enzymes? |
The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken |
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Compare proteins to nucleic acids. Which of the following is true? |
Both have primary and secondary structure. |
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Which statements about DNA molecules and RNA molecules are true? |
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded |
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Nucleic acids have a definite polarity, or directionality. This means that one end of the molecule is different from the other end. How are these ends described? |
One end has an unlinked 3’ carbon; the other end has an unlinked 5’ carbon |
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If a DNA sample were composed of 20% cytosine, what would be the percentage of adenine? |
30% |
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What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide? |
Ribonucleotides had a hydroxyl group of the 2 carbon of their sugar subunit? |
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What feature of single nucleotides provides energy needed for polymerization when nucleic acids are formed? |
Their phosphate groups |
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If one strand of DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5’ TATGCA 3’ The other complementary strand would have the sequence |
5’ TGCATA 3’ |
