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634 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Process of changing the shape of the lens in order to focus the eyes
accommodation of the lens
to which "layer" of the eye does the cilliary processes belong
Vascular layer
the muscle which contracts or closes the pupil
sphincter pupillae
processes by which the pupils contract or dilate in response to amount of light the eyes are exposed to
accomodation pupillary reflex or pupillary reflex
which of the papillae are very large and located on the posterior part of the tongue
circumvallate papillae
the cilliary processes and muscle make up what structure
cilliary body
where is the primary visual center of the brain located
occipital lobe
the hole through the iris through which light must pass
pupil
part of the eye which gives the eye their externally seen color
iris
what happens to the photoreceptor's cell membranes once the cation channels close
hyperpolarization
in the spiral organ of corti, the lower chamber is known as:
scala tympani
which of the autonomic nervous systems causes the pupil to dilate
sympathetic
what is the function of the cGMP in the retina
locks cation channels OPEN
another name for the cilliary zonule is:
suspensory ligament
outer clear layer of the eye is known as the
cornea
these muscles change the shape of the lens to regulate focusing
cilliary muscles
the clinical term for nearsightedness
myopia
which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the sphincter pupillae
parasympathetic
the degeneration of the ossicles making them immobile is a condition known as
ostosclerosis
the muscle which opens or widens the pupill
dilator pupillae
in the photoreceptors, this compund bins to an locks open special cation channels
cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP
the cord-like structures that hold the lens in place are known as
cilliary zonule or suspensory ligament
during close-in focusing, do the zonule fibers contract or loosen
loosen
during close-in focusing, do the cilliary muscles contract or relax
contract
in the photoreceptors, cyclic guanosine monophosphate causes the influx of which ions
sodium and calcium
do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to an increase in light intensity
constrict
which of the three layers of the retina is closest to the light source (lines the inside of the vitreous chamber)
ganglion cells
what is produced by the cilliary processes
aqueous humor
in the spiral organ of corti, the floor of scala vestibuli or roof of the cochlear duct is known as
vestibular
for distant focusing, does the lens flatten or become more rounded
flattens
which structures moves aqueous humor
scleral venous sinus
the point of the retina which possesses the highest concentration of cones for detailed color analysis
fovea centralis
which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the dilator pupillae
sympathetic
in the spiral organ of corti, the upper chamber is known as
scala vestibuli
where ever you look, the lens changes shape to place the focal point on the eye
fovea centralis
specialized cells which respond to light
photoreceptors
receptors that monitor blood pressure
baroreceptors
the small finger like protrusion from the cilliary body
cilliary processes
what nerve innervates the vestibule
vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve
for close-in focusing, do the eyes converge medially or are the directed straight ahead
converge medially
the space between the cornea and the iris is called
anterior chamber
the cone-shaped indentation of the retina
macula lutea
a disease of the inner ear leading to vertigo, nausea, and vomiting all due to disruption of balance centers
menier's syndrome
specifically, which muscle causes the pupil to dilate
dilator pupillae
to which "layer" of the eye does the cilliary body belong
vascular layer
once glutamate is NOT released from the photoreceptor, what effect is seen in the bipolar cells
they aren't allowed to stimulate the ganglion cells
these are located in the external auditory canal and produce ear wax
cerumenous glands
the eare where the optic nerve exits the eye is known as
optic disc or blind spot
name the fluid that fills the osseous labyrinth
perilymph
the sensory receptors within the spiral organ of corti, which send an action potential to the spiral ganglion
hair cells
what are the most common causes of sensoineural deafness
chronic infection or exposure to loud noises
the apex of the cone shaped indentation of the retina is known as the
fovea centralis
the sclera and the cornea make up what "layer" of the eye
fibrous layer
the large chamber in the back of the eye is filled by a gelatinous material
posterior segment or vitreous chamber
when the cilliary muscles contract, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen
loosen
to which "layer" of the eye does the choroid belong
vascular layer
without the cGMP, what happens to the photoreceptors cell membranes
cation channels close
the process by which, when in the dark, the eyes become more sensitive to light
dark adaption
the external ear is known as
auricle or pinna
in which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located
temporal lobe
chambers within bone that contain the membranous labyrinth
osseous labyrinth
an increase in which of the autonomic nervous systems control distant focusing
sympathetic
what is the function of the utricle and saccule
static equilibrium
the scientific name of the eardrum is
tympanic membrane
which structures in the inner ear regulate dynamic equilibrium
semicircular canals
which of the photoreceptor cells respond to colors
cones
tiny equilibrium receptors containing stone-like structures, used to detect body positions while stationary are known as
macule
which of the photoreceptor cells are more numerous in the periphery of the retina
rods
name the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth
endolymph
do the pupils constrict of dilate in response to close-in focusing
constrict
which compound is broken down by light in the photoreceptors
rhodopsin
to which "layer" of the eye do the photoreceptors belong
inner
the chamber(s) that are filled with aqueous humor are collectively known as
anterior segment
a function which detects motion or acceleration/deceleration
dynamic equilibrium
to which "layer" of the eye do the cones belong
inner
tiny bones in the middle ear are known as
auditory ossicles
for distant focusing, do the eyes converge medially or are they directed straight ahead
directed straight ahead
an increasing in which of the autonomic nervous systems controls close-in focusing
parasympathetic
the process of converting light to the graded (local) potential
phototransduction
what compound activates phosphodiesterase
transducin
which component of rhodopsin is a derivative from vitamine A
retinal
which of the photoreceptor cells respond best in day-light conditions
cones
when the cilliary muscles relax, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen
tighten
what compound is activates by transducin
phosphodiesterase
to which "layer" of the eye does the cilliary muscles belong
vascular layer
to which "layer" of the eye does the pupil belong
vascular layer
which two compounds combine to make rhodopsin
opsin + retinal
what does continuous influx of calcium and depolarization of the photoreceptor cell membrane cause
neurotransmittler release
name the two structures that makes up the fibrous layer of the eye
sclera and cornea
to which "layer" of the eye does the cilliary zonule belong
vascular layer
which of the photoreceptor cells are most numerous in the macula lutea
cones
inflammation of the conjunctiva
conjunctivitis
what nerve do the axons of the hair cells of the spiral organ of corti synapse with
cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve
stone-like structures which float in a gel and settle due to gravity to stimulate hair cells
otoliths
this is caused by a vitamin A deficiency
night blindness
which of the ossicles is attched to the oval window
stapes
the lens functions by keeping the focal point of the image directly on what structure
fovea centralis
is rhodopsin produced in the light or in the dark
dark
do we see dimly lit objects best when looking directly or NOT directly at them
NOT directly
the involuntary jerky movement of eye
nystagmus
what compund is destroyed by phosphodiesterase
cyclic guanosine monophosphate
the outer white layer of the eye is known as
sclera
dizziness and the false preception of movement is
vertigo
which structure of the brain leads to the pineal gland
suprachiasmatic nucleus
the clinical name for double vision
diplopia
ability to monitor position and movement of body
proprioception
the process by which the eyes become more sensitive to light in the dark and less sensitive to light, in the light
light-dark adaptation
once through the optic tract, which structures sends the impulses to the primary visual center of the brain
lateral geniculate body
sense of taste is
gustation
scientific name for the middle ear is
tympanic cavity
the process by which light breaks down rhodopsin
bleaching
ringing of the ears is
tinnitis
which of the autonomic nervous systems causes pupil to contract
parasympathetic
which major component of the cochlear actually functions in hearing
spiral organ of corti
what neurotransmitter is released by photoreceptors
glutamate
a clear ovoid structure changes shape in order to focus images on the retina
lens
sense of pain is
nociceptors
what compund is activated by opsin
transducin
loss of olfaction
anosmia
what compound destroys cyclic guanosine monophosphate
phosphodiesterase
the axons of the neurons make up the optic nerve
ganglion cells
a condition caused by refractive error in the eye
astigmatism
deafness due to blockage of the pathway that sounds travels is known as
conduction deafness
inability to focus close up due to a much less elastic lens which occurs with age
presbyopia
which structural of the brain controls the pupillary reflexes
pretectal nuclei
lancing the tympanic membrane to drain pus of place ear tubes is known as
myrinotomy
sense of smell
olfaction
term describing bumps or elevations
papillae
during distant focusing, do cilliary muscles contract or relax
relax
part of osseous labyrinth which contains the utricle and saccule is known as
vestibule
which major component of inner ear actually functions in hearing
cochlea
space between iris and lens is called
posterior chamber
equilibrium receptors in ampulla of the semicircular ducts composed of groups of hair cells are known as
crista ampullaris
point where images is most focused
fovea centralis
type of receptor that is activated by molecules
chemoreceptors
chemoreceptors for taste found within papillae o the tongue
taste buds
tern for earwax
cerumen
specifically, which muscle causes the pupil to contract
sphincter pupillae
term for the sense of touch
tactile
which structure in the brain regulates the extrinsic muscles of the eye
superior colliculi
how does rhodopsin effect the eyes
makes them more sensitive to light
which of the photoreceptor cells are absent from the macula lutea
rods
receptors such as touch, pressure, and stretch are known as
mechanoreceptors
during distant focusing, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen
tighten
process by which, when in the light, the eye become less sensitive to the light
light adaptation
this connects the pharynx with the tympanic cavity
pharyngotympanic tube
for close-in focusing, does the lens flatten or become more rounded
becomes more rounded
what type of frequency travels farthest in the cochlea
low frequency
which of the papillae are mushroom shaped and located on the tip, sides, and dorsum of tongue
fungiform papillae
condition caused by the inability of scleral venous sinus to drain aqueous humor
glaucoma
which of the photoreceptor cells respond to low light conditions
rods
which 2 parts of the membranous labyrinth are located within the vestibule of the inner ear
utricle and saccule
2 muscles which contract in response to very loud sounds to prevent over vibration of the middle ear, resulting in hearing loss
tensor tympany and stapedius
another name for the suspensory ligament
cilliary zonule
a biconvex, transparent structure composed of protein fibers which changes shape in order to focus the eye
lens
what produces aqueous humor
cilliary processes
what compound activates transducin
opsin
do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to a decrease in light intensity
dilate
damage to nerves or sensory receptors of the inner ear leading to hearing loss is known as
sensoineural
inflammation of tympanic cavity or middle ear is known as
otitis media
condition caused when ossicles fused together or to the oval window is known as
otosclerosis
which of the 3 layers of the retina is farthest away from the light source
photoreceptors
the point of the retina where it is thinnest so the image travels through the least amount of tissue
fovea centralis
name the middle ossicle
incus
which of the ossicles is attracted to the tympanic membrane
malleus
the gelatinous material that fills the large chamber in the back of the eye is known as
vitreous humor
the beef taste is known as
umami
area of the retina which has no rods or cones is
optic disc or blind spot
what type of frequency travels the least distance in the cochlea
high frequency
the spiral organ of corti, the small membrane within the cochlear duct that lies just above the hair cells
tectorial
clinical term for far-sightedness
hyperopia
a function which detects positions while stationary is known as
static equilibrium
how much more sensitive to light do the eyes become after 40 minutes in the dark
25,000
what does the influx of cation cause in the retina
depolarizes the cell membranes
which of the photoreceptor cells are less sensitive
cones
which of the papillae are found on the sides of the tongue
foliate papillae
to which "layer" of the eye does the suspensory ligament belong
vascular layer
once the action potentials for hearing leave the inferior colliculus, what structure do they enter next
auditory cortex
the external wall of the cochlear duct which produce the endolymph
stria vascularis
membranous sacs and tubes within the osseous labyrinth are known as
membranous labyrinth
to which "layer" of the eye does the iris belong
vascular layer
which of the photoreceptor cells are most sensitive
rods
a condition in which the lens becomes opaque, therefore light is unable to pass through
cataracts
in the spiral organ of corti, the floor of the cochlear duct or roof of the scala tympani is known as
basilar
in the spiral organ of corti, the middle chamber is known as
cochlear duct or scala media
what effect does glutamate have on the bipolar cells
inhibition
clinical name for being cross eyes
strabismus
to which layer of the eyes do the rod belong
inner
what breaks down rhodopsin
light
the swollen bases of the semicircular ducts/canals
ampulla
which compound makes the eyes more sensitive to light
rhodopsin
once the action potentials for hearing leave the auditory nerve, what structure do they enter next
inferior colliculus
what is the name for the middle layer of the retina
bipolar cells
a dark brown/black layer surrounding of the eye which prevents light scatter within
choroid
do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to distant focusing
dilate
a person with type "A" blood has which type of antigens on their RBC's cell membrane
A
a solution with a low concentration of solute compared ti another solution
hyptonic
which of the formed elements initiate blood
plpatelets
a liver disease does the plasma become "hypotonic" or "hypertonic" compared to the interstitium
hypotonic
a condition in which the arteries become clogged by plaque
atherosclerosis
in what form is glucose stored in tissues
glycogen
damages to which organ results in diabetes mellitus in hemochromatosis
pancreas
the cellular components of the blood are collectively known as
formed elements
what is the average hemoglobin content for an adult female
12-16 g/dl
an abnormal oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is known as
anemia
a term that describes hemoglobin without oxygen
deoxyhemoglobin
intracellular proteins that stores iron in a safe form
ferritin & hemosiderin
which of the WBCs is described as having abundant cytoplasm, sometimes horseshoe shaped nucleus, and a nucleus that stains just a bit lighter than the nuclei of other WBC
monocytes
an overwhelming majority of proteins found in the plasma are made by which organ
liver
which of the formed elements transport oxygen
eryhtocytes
which are the most abundant proteins found in plasma
albumins
the followinf triad of symptoms indicate which disease: weakness, sore tongue, numb/tingling extremities
pernicious anemia
a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a liquid is
osmilarity
which virus causes mononucleosis
epstein-barr virus (EBV)
a combination of protein and lipid that is associated with arteriosclerosis
low-density lipoproteins
what is the scientific name for WBCs
leukocyte
what fraction of the African-American infants are born with SCA
1/625
under what conditions would your body make more erythropoietin
low oxygen
after the age 20 where are the primary locations for the production of RBCs
membranous bones
what % of the WBCs are represented by eosinophils
2-4%
what is the normal hematocrit value for an adult male
47%
prior to clotting, the fluid, extracellular portion of blood is known as
plasma
a condition in which the wall of the arteries "harden" or lose their elasticity
arteriosclerosis
what procedure/test determines the percent of packed RBCs for a patient
hematocrit
specialized proteins produced by WBC that mark pathogens for destruction by immune system
antibodies
other than the liver, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts
muscles
the general classes of globulin which transport lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins
alpha and beta
a type of leukemia seen most often in adult
chronic myelogenic
which are the most abundant WBCs
neutrophils
a condition in which there are equal concentrations of solute on both sides of a membrane
isotonic
cations and anions such as Na+ and Cl- found in the plasma are known as
electrolytes
which proteins make up 60% of plasma proteins
albumins
for patients that have been diagnosed as "high risk", plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins should be kept below what value
70mg/dl
a measure of the contribution to total osmolarity of the blood that is made by over 2000 plasma proteins
colloid osmotic pressure
0.9% is said to be "____________" for plasma NaCl
isotonic
similar to SCA this condition affects people from areas such as Greece, Italy, and the southern Mediterranean area
beta thalassemia
which of the following best describes the normal range for plasma levels of high density lipoproteins
30-80 mg/dl
which compound removes cholesterol from the cells and takes it to the liver to be processed
high-density lipoproteins
where is intrinsic factor produced
stomach
the manner in which LDL's get lipids inside the cells is
receptor mediated endocytosis
which toxic compound is the body's major nitrogenous waste
urea
also known as "kissing disease", this virus causes enlarged atypical lymphocytes, extreme fatigue, lethargy, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands
mononucleosis
what value represents isotonic conditions for glucose
5.0%
which of the compounds is critical in the production of DNA in RBCs and is NOT typically found in plants
vitamin B12
which of the WBC is best described as having abundant cytoplasm and multiobular (often 2-lobed) nucleus and red or pink granules (freckles)
eosinophils
which of the posterior NTD's usually had the best prognosis
spina bifida occulta
which of the white blood cells is slightly larger than a RBC
lymphocytes
how much of the body's cholesterol is obtained from diet
15%
a person with type "A" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood
anti B
above what level is it said that HDL's are protective against heart disease
60 mg/dl
what is the normal hematocrit value for an adult female
42%
at what age are the blood cell synthesized in the yolk sac
7 wks
which proteins are the most abundant regulators of plasma's COP & viscosity
albumins
when the leakage of blood is stopped, the vasoconstriction of blood vessels following damage is known as
vascular spasms
maternal dietary deficiencies in which of the following indicates and increased risk of neural tube defects
folate
plasma levels of triglycerides should be kept below what value
150 mg/dl
which compound, used clinically, blocks thrombin and clotting factor Xa
heparin
water always diffused towards a "________" solution
hypertonic
which organs are the primary removers if urea from the body
kidneys
which of the WBCs is best describes as having abundant cytoplasm and a multiobular nucleus, and dark blue/purple granules of freckles
basophils
for erythroblastosis fetalis, the factor Rh positive or negative
positive
a posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater is forced out of its normal position often resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby's spine
meningocele
what is the average hemoglobin content for an adult male
13-18 g/dl
a combination of protein and lipid what is associated with atherosclerosis
low-density lipoproteins
how much of our body weight does blood makes up
8%
from what cell are platelets derived
megakaryocytes
pigment from urobilinogen break-down that gives feces a brown car
stercobilin
which protein makes up 4% of the plasma proteins
fibrinogen
a condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause hemorrhage, infarcts and congestion of various organs, however, little damage that is permanent
hemosiderosis
the distended abdomens noted in starving children indicate the dysfunction of which organ
liver
the person with type "o" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood
anti A and anti B
what is the first structure to produce blood cells
yolk sac
according to our notes, a value of 280-296 mOSM is isotonic for which components
all plasma solutes
what are normal plasma glucose levels
70-110 mg/dl
a person with type "O" blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane
none
a person with type "AB" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood
none
a disease marked by too much iron stored as ferritin
hemosiderosis
a person with type "B" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling through their blood
anti A
yellowish pigment made and released when hemoglobin is degraded by macrophages
bilirubin
the by-product from bile breakdown
urobilinogen
the diffusion of water always proceeds from "_____" to "_____" solute
low to high
the elevation of which protein is maternal plasma may indicate a neural tube defect
alpha fetal protein
a condition in which fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity causing it to distend significantly
ascites
when a blood vessel is damaged (cut), which compound is exposed to the blood, thereby initiating clot formation
collagen
the production of formed elements (blood cells and platelets)
hemopoiesis
a term that describes hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen
oxyhemoglobin
what organ releases glucose to the blood the elevate plasma glucose levels
liver
when looking at all solute particles for plasma/blood 280-296 mOSM is said to be
isotonic
a term that means the make worse
exacerbate
what organ is the primary remover of dead and dying RBC
spleen
what values represent the range for isotonic conditions when looking at all the solutes in plasma combined
280-296 mOSM
which cells produce antibodies
plasma cells
what is the range for total blood volume for a typical male
5-6 L
by what age does hemopoiesis occur in only the membranous (flat) bones such as ilium, sternum, vertebrae, and ribs
20 yrs old
which protein is the primary extracellular carrier of iron and transfers it to the cell
transferrin
an elevated WBCs is known as
leukocytosis
how many WBCs are there in an average human
4000,11000 per ul
other than the muscles, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts
liver
what is the process by which RBC are produced
erythropoiesis
what organ breaks bilirubin into bile
liver
at what age are RBC produced in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
tween 2nd-3rd trimester
toxic compounds produced as a result of breaking down the amnio acids from various proteins and nucleic acids
nitrogenous wastes
5.0% is said to be isotonic for "____"
glucose
a plasma protein that is an important factor in blood clotting
fibrinogen
dietary iron exists as Fe++ and Fe+++, bu which is the only form that can be absorbed
Fe++
which organ converts Fe+++ into Fe++
stomach
which compound, used clinically, blocks the effect of vitamin K to prevent blood clot formation
warfarin
how much of the body's cholesterol is made by the liver
85%
a combination of protein and lipid that is associated with coronary artery disease
low-density lipoproteins
people who have Rh factor on the cell membranes of their RBC's are said to be Rh "__"
positive
which of the blood cells is best described as having an abundant, clear cytoplasm and a multiobular nucleus
neutrophils
what percent of plasma proteins are made up by the albumins
60%
what does the mother's immune system make which attacks 2nd baby in erythroblastosis fetalis
antibodies
type of leukemia derived from cells gicing rise to neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
myelogenic
what compound doe the liver convert cholesterol into, which is eventually eliminated with the feces
Bile
what percent of plasma proteins is made up by fibrinogens
4%
inability to form blood clots may reflect a general loss of which of the formed elements
platelets
what percent of the general U.S. population has type B blood
16%
which of the leukocytes are commonly increased in number in response to allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections
eosinophils
the method og locomotion used by WBCs to move within the insterstitium
amoeboid movement
which of the formed elements compromise a major component of the immune system
leukocytes
what percent of plasma proteins is make up by the globulins
36%
approximately how many RBCs are found in human males
5.1-5.8 million/ul
these are cancers of the lymphoid tissue such as thymus, lymph nodes, and symptoms included enlarged, painless masses, fever, weight loss
lymphomas
when does the neural tube begin and end closing
days 9-27 of gestation
a person with type "B" blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane
B antigens
this dangerous condition in the fetus is indicated by an increase in alpha fetal protein
neural tube closure defects (NTD)
the process by which WBCs are attached to locations by following the "scent" of various chemicals used to attract them
chemotaxis
the scientific name for the process by which the leakage of blood is stopped
hemostasis
long fibrous strands which glue platelets together to form blood clots
fibrin
which of the following is critical in the production of DNA in RBCs and is found in plants such as greens
folate
what is the avg diameter of RBCs
7.5 ul
2 other names for antibodies
gammaglobulins ot immunoglobulins
dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 results in which disease
pernicious anemia
a non-functional condensed X chromosome sometimes found in certain WBC
Drumstick
inability to synthesize blood cells in bone marrow is a condition known as
aplastic anemia
what percentage of the WBC are represented by monocytes
3-8%
what is the scientific name for RBC
erythrocyte
what condition is diagnosed by maternal deficiency in folate (or folic acid)
neural tube defects
which compound carries cholesterol to the cells
low density lipoproteins
episodes of hypoxic injury (ischemia) and infarction/necrosis are symptoms of
sickle cell anemia
a condition of SCA in which the patient suffers extreme and widespread pain, often referred to several areas of the body
pain crisis
a condition characterized by rupturing or hemolysis of RBC
hemolytic anemia
the diffusion of water always proceeds from "___" to "__"
high to low
what compound prevents platelets from adhering to the undamaged endothelium of a blood vessel
prostacyclin
approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC
280 million
which represents the 2nd sites for the production of RBCs
spleen, liver, lymphatic tissue
which compound allows the intestines to absorb vitamin B12
intrinsic factor
which of the leukocytes releases heparin
basophils
which of the leukocytes typically releases compounds that cause allergic reactions
basophils
plasma levels of cholesterol should be kept below what value
180 mg/dl
a term reflects a condition contracted in hospital
nosocomial
what percentage of WBC are represented by basophils
0.5-1%
a posterior neural tube closure defect that may cause minimal damage and may be indicated by a tuft hair growing on the lower lumbar/sacral skin over the spinal cord
spina bifida occulta
a general reduction in WBCs will lead to a patient that is
immunosurpressed
a term that describes hemoglobin that is carrying carbon dioxide
carbaminohemoglobin
how many platelets are there
150,000-400,000/ul
a reduction in the levels of WBCs is known as
leukocytopenia
people who DO NOT have Rh factor on the cell membranes of their RBC are said to be Rh "__"
negative
an anterior neural tube closure defect in which the forebrain fails to develop resulting in a very large defects in the skull and the absence of most or all of the cerebral cortex
anencephaly
what percent of the general U.S. population has type AB blood
4%
what is the term that describes a white blood cell as having a multilobular nucleus
polymorphonuclear
for patients that have not been diagnosed as "high risk", plasma levels of low density lipoproteins should be kept below value
100 mg/dl
what percent of the general U.S. population has type A blood
32%
which of the WBCs give rise to the macrophages
monocytes
a term that means to make better
ameliorate
what hormone is the primary inducer of the production of RBCs
erythropoietin
what percentage of WBCs are represented by lymphocytes
25%
where is the hormone that is the primary inducer of the production of RBCs produced
kidneys and liver
what are the primary locations where lymphocytes are made in the adult
spleen and lymphatic tissue
what compound changed prothrombin into thrombin
prothrombin activator
lack of intrinsic factor results in which disease
pernicious anemia
which of the following is the primary cause for jaundice
liver disease
plasma levels of phospholipids should be kept below what value
6-12 mg/dl
which of the leukocytes is described as the body's primary phagocyte and inflammatory cell
neutrophils
blood typing is based on the type of organic molecule attached to the cell membrane proteins of RBCs
carbohydrate
what is another name for platelets
thrombocytes
when collagen is exposed to blood, what compound helps the platelets aggregate
Von Willenbrand factor or VWF
you are born with "_______" that attack the blood types you do not have
antibodies
a person with type "AB" blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane
AB
a term that describes RBCs as being without nucleus
anucleated
compounds that activate and are attacked by the immune system
antigens
the process by which the WBcs leave the blood vessels into the interstitium
diapedesis
what percentage of the WBCs are represented by neurophils
50-70%
what is the life span of an average RBC
120 days
which of the WBC is best described as having a dark purple, round nucleus and often a small crescent of visible cytoplasm
lymphocytes
a posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater as well as the spinal cord are forced out of their normal position resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby's spine
myelomeningocele
what percent of the general U.S. population has type "O" blood
48%
what compound keep platelets coming to a damage site of a blood vessel
Thromboxane A2
what percent of the adult U.S. population suffers from iron deficiency anemia
10-30%
a type of lymphoblastic leukemia especially seen in adults
chronic lymphoblastic
liver disease may be marked bu an increase or decrease of plasma osmolarity
decrease
a type of leukemia that involves B cells which fail to mature to plasma cells
chronic lymphoblastic
yellow coloring of skin and whites of eyes due to build up of bilirubin die to liver disease
jaundice
which compound, used clinically, blocks the productions of thromboxane A2
aspirin
what organ produces the overwhelming majority of the plasma's proteins
liver
a term meaning "of unknown origins"
idiopathic
another name for hemolytic disease of the newborn is
erythroblastosis fetalis
until what age does hemopoiesis continue in all bones
5 yrs
which vitamin is required for blood clot formation
Vitamin K
of the approximately 146 amino acids found in hemoglobin beta, which one is incorrect for sickle cell anemia
sixth
reduced levels of platelets is called
thrombocytopenia
give the normal range for blood pH
7.35-7.45
of all the NTD's (posterior and anterior), which has the poorest prognosis
anencephaly
for erythroblastosis fetalis, is the fetus Rh positive or negative
positive
5.0% is said to be "_____" for plasma glucose
isotonic
a term that reflects a condition caused by a clinician (doc leaves forceps in patient)
iatrogenic
a condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause liver damage, diabetes mellitus, and skin pigmentation
hemochromatosis
reduction in RBCs wil leas to which disorder reflecting a loss of hemoglobin
anemia
what is the major function of platelets
blood clotting
approximately how many RBCs are found in human females
4.3-5.2 million/ul
which compound causes fibrinogen to combine with a fibrin mesh
thrombin
a condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause pancreatic fibrosis, heart failure, and carcinoma of the liver
hemochromatosis
the "+" or "-" for blood types comes from yet another RBC membrane glycoprotein known as
Rh or Rhesus Group
what happens to bile
excreted
another name for iron overload disease or bronze diabetes which causes permanent damage is
hemochromatosis
a life threatening condition due to SCA in which small blood vessels clogg
vaso-occulsive crisis
which of the posterior NTDs usually has the poorest prognosis
myelomeningocele
any decease in quality of RBCs or hemoglobin is known as
anemia
what is the range for total blood volume for a typical female
4-5L
which compound is activated by thrombin
fibrinogen
name the hormone that regulates the formation of the platelets
thrombopoietin
similar to SCA, this condition affects people from area such as china, vietnam, cambodia, laos
alpha thalassemia
a condition of greatly swollen lymph nodes especially seen in the neck is
lymphadenopathy
neoplasm of leukocytes
leukemia
type of leukemia often caused by high doses of chemotherapy
acute myelogenic
a bleeding disorder caused by a mutaion in the gene for clotting factor VIII
hemophilia A
the presence of a drumstick in the nucleus f a cell normally indicates what about the cell
it came from a female
maternal dietary reduction in this compound is associated with NTDs
folate or follic acid
long term athletic training in high altitudes results in elevated levels of erythropoietin, a process known as natural:
blood doping
which of the leukocytes releases histamine
basophils
what organelles found in neutrophils functions as the body's detoxifyers
peroxysomes
deficiency in this is indicated in 10-30% adults and results in hemorrhage
iron deficiency anemia
for erythroblastosis fetalis, is the mother Rh positive or negative
negative
a reduction of all blood cells is called
pancytopenia
another name for eythroblastosis fetalis is
hemolytic disease of newborn
which compound becomes thrombin
prothrombin
liver disease may be marked by a significant reduction in plasma proteins. Will this cause water to move in or out of the blood vessels
out
a type of leukemia in which no proper antibodies are formed so the patient is immunosurppression allowing opportunistic and autoimmune diseases to gain a foothold
chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
for erythroblastosis fetalis, the first baby always at significant risk
no
a type of mutation in which only 1 base pair on the entire gene is incorrect
point mutation
what is a term that describes a WBC as having a smooth round nucleus
mononuclear
organelles found in various cells such as neutrophils which are the cells digestive system
lysosomes
a type of leukemia that is derived from the cells giving rise to the lymphocytes
lymphoblastic
0.9% is said to be isotonic for "____"
NaCl
these proteins may spill out of dead cells and therefore provide a diagnostic tool for some diseases
enzymes
what is bilirubin broken down into by the liver
bile
a solution with a HIGH concentration of solute compared to another solution
hypertonic
what value represents isotonic conditions for NaCl
0.9%
type of leukemia seen most often in pediatric cases
acute leukemia
which proteins makes up 36% of plasma proteins
globulins
what condition characterized by a mutated form of hemoglobin which may result in abnormally shaped RBCs which clog certain blood vessels
sickle cell anemia
universal doner
O negative
these cancers are neoplasm of plasma cells, with tumors usually seen in bone
myelomas
after clotting the fluid portion of blood is known as
serum
A disease in which antibodies are made against the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Myasthenia Gravis
Which type of cells populate the inner portion of the lymphoid follicles
B lymphocytes
These specialized fatty acids cause pain associated with headaches
Prostaglandins
A condition caused by the clogging of lymphatic vessels in which the extremities (usually lower) swell to gigantic proportions
Elephantiasis
for the immune system the skin the considered to be an ______
external barrier
what do plasma cells produce
antibodies
name the inner portion of the lymphoid follicles
germinal centers
two enzymes which break hydrogen peroxide down into water and oxygen
peroxidase and catalase
these are released from cytotoxic T cells and works against viruses
interferon
B lymphocytes mature to become which cells
plasma cells
another name for the pharyngeal tonsils is
adenoids
a genetic condition in which children are born with inherent susceptibility to diseases due to a non-functioning immune system
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
a general term for the sites for lymphocyte proliferation and maturation is:
Lymphoid tissues
these are the very first antibodies produced and will be replaced by IgG's
IgM
the reaction to poison ivy is a type of:
delayed hypersensitivity
an auto immune disease in which the acetylcholine receptors are destroyed in the skeletal muscles
Myasthenia gravis
special proteins made by basophils and mast cells that stimulate several immune responses
leukotrienes
these specialized acids cause pain associated with ovulation
prostoglandins
what does a significant increase in vascular permeability cause?
edema
these specialized fatty acids cause pain associated with endometriosis
prostoglandins
specialized leukocytes that turn the immune system off from the specific threat
Suppressor T lymphocytes
specialized leukocytes that keep the immune system "fired-up" or activated as long as the specific threat remains
inducer T lymphocytes
for the immune system the saliva is considered to be an _________
external barrier
a general term for the sites for lymphocyte proliferation and maturation which are scattered throughout the body
diffuse lymphatic tissues
once in the thoracic duct, what fo lipid soluble compounds go next
left subclavian vein
one of the more common free radicals, this one is particularly reactive
speroxide radical
once absorbed by the intestinal veins, where do water soluble compounds go next
superior mesenteric vein
these specialized fatter acids cause vasodilation
prostoglandins
an organelle that consists of an engulfed cell, virus etc
phagosome
the major lymphatic vessel draining the abdomen and thorax is known as
thoracic duct
once through the hepatic veins, where do water soluble compounds go next
inferior vena cava
a self-destruct mechanism employed by infected or mutated cells
apoptosis
which class of antibodies are the most abundant antibodies
IgG
which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as tears
IgA
the principal lymphoid organs of the body which filter lymph being returned to the blood
lymph nodes
another name for the adenoids is
pharyngeal tonsils
drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen which can reduce the symptoms of inflammation are generally known as
NSAIDS
which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as saliva
IgA
once through the sinusoids, where do water soluble compounds go next
central veins
for the immune system mucus is considered to be an _________
external barriers
an increase in the number of WBC's is known as
leukocytosis
redness of inflamed areas due to vasodilation is known as
erythemia
the digestive system of a cell is an organelle known as
lysosome
specialized enzymes produced by natural killer cells that digest holes in cell membranes
perforins
cells that partially digest antigens and place parts of them on cell membranes for identification by the rest of the immune system. In this function, these cells are known as
antigen-presenting cells
a specific compound that is released by cytotoxic T cells that destroys cancer cells is called
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
a type of resistance or immunity that you are born with is known as
nonspecific or innate immunity
macrophages, reticular cells, and dendritic cells partially digest antigens and place part of them on their cell membranes for identification by the rest of the immune system. in this function these cells are known as
antigen-presenting cells
once in the lacteals, where do lipid soluble compounds go next
thoracic duct
Lymphocytes with lysosomes that contain bacteria-killing enzymes which make highly reactive free radicals
neutrophils
a type of cell that engulf foreign materials including pathogens are known as
phagocytes
lymphoid tissue that is found in the oral cavity, at the base of the tongue and on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
tonsils
the process by which a phagocyte engulfs particles such as cells, etc
phagocytosis
which of the tonsils are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
pharyngeal or adenoids
allergins cause which cells to produce histamine
mast cells
these cells remember the ID of the antigen in case of future exposure for faster response often before a patient feels sick
memory cells
a raised rash caused histamine, etc as seen in jellyfish stings
urticaria
for the immune system oil is considered an:
external barrier
the body's first line of defense are known as the:
external barriers
a phagosome that has fused with a lysosome is known as
phagolysosome
terms that indicate a condition of having a fever
pyrexia or febrile
which of the organs is both a major site for lymphocyte proliferation as well as the major site for removal of dead or dying erythrocytes
spleen
body's response to cell/tissue damage is generally known as
inflammation
made by macrophages and lymphocytes, these proteins stimulate many leukocyte immune responses
interleukins
a structure rich in lymphatic tissue that is attached to the beginning of the colon
vermiform appendix
the process by which a cell expels the undigested remains from phagocytosis
exocytosis
inflammation and it's cells are considered your body's ________ line of defense
second
a general class of proteins that regulate immune responses
cytokines
which 3 compounds cause most of the pain during an inflammatory response
bradykinin, histamine, prostoglandins
the undigested remains from phagocytosis are located in an organelle known as
residual body
a series of many proteins which destroy pathogens that are marked by antibodies
complement
once in the intestines, where do water soluble compounds go next
intestinal veins
a tissue transplant within same individual is known as
autograft or autotranslant
this compound is produced by out own cells to fight microbes and is broken down by the enzyme catalase
hydrogen peroxide
these specialized fatty acids cause uterine contraction
prostoglandins
these specialized fatty acids cause pain associated with the menstrual cycle
prostoglandins
these specialized fatty acids cause inflammation
prostoglandins
once the hepatic portal vein, where fo water soluble compounds percohlate through for the detoxification process
sinusoids
give the names for the condition of having pus
purulent of supurative
for the immune system the urine is considered to be an ___________
external barriers
which of the tonsils tend to be the largest and most often infected
palantine
an enzyme found in mucus, tears, and saliva that kills bacteria
lysosome
lymphatic tissue found in the walls of the intestine
peyer's patches
another name for nonspecific resistance
innate resistance
the potential problem with lipid soluble toxins if taken orally (per os) is that they _______ the livers detoxification process on the first pass
bypass
a type of resistance or immunity that the body mounts against any antigen or pathogen and doesn't mount a highly focused attack against a uniquely targets antigen or pathogen
nonspecific or innate
an auto-immune disease in which antibodies are made against the joint cartilages etc
rheumatoid arthritis
specialized leukocytes that communicate with B lymphocytes
helper T lymphocytes
the fluid that causes edema is known as
exudate
proteins that are embedded in cell membranes to present antigens to the immune system to be destroyed are known as
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
other than heparin this is produced by basophils, this compound causes inflammation
bradykinin
a tissue transplant to a different species is known as
xenograft or heterograft
which class of antibodies are similar ti B cell receptors that bind to antigens
IgD
these cell come from B lymphocytes and produce antibodies that directly target specific antigens in case of subsequent exposure
plasma cells
once in the superior mesenteric vein, where do water soluble compounds go next
hepatic portal vein
cellular and microbial debris caused by inflammatory responses is known as
Pus
another name for innate resistance is
nonspecific
which of the tonsils are located at the base of the tongue
lingual
specialized proteins found on the surfaces of the cell membranes of various immune system cells known as antigen presenting cells that identify self and non-self
major histocompatibility complex MHC-II
what tern describes various forms of swelling
edema
these proteins specifically isolate and surrounds pathogens with an extravascular "clot"
clotting proteins
the part of an antigen that stimulates the immune response
antigenic determinate or epitope
a fluid causing edema that contains cellular and microbial debris caused by inflammatory responses is known as
purulent or supperative exudate
any compound that causes a fever is known as
pyrogen
a type of resistance of immunity that you acquire after you are born
specific adaptive
proteins produced by plasma cells, are produced to mark specific foreign proteins for destruction by the immune system
antibodies
drugs that inhibit protoglandin synthesis by stopping cyclooxygenase
NSAIDS
what happens to water soluble compounds as they percholate through the liver's sinusiods
detoxification
a type of lymphocyte that destroy our cells that become cancerous or that contain viruses
natural killer cells
drugs that cause vasoconstriction allowing lymphatic drainage to reduce swelling of tissues
decongestants
the body's external barrier is it's ____ line of defense
first
compounds which are not antigenic by themselves, but when combined w/ other proteins, become antigenic
hapten
what is the name for the tonsild surrounding the opening of the pharyngotynpanic tube
tubal
what is the standard emergency treatment for an anaphylaxic reaction
epinepherine or adrenalin
a certain type of leukocyte that takes the identity of the antigens from the APC's (antigen presenting cells) and present this to the rest of the immune system
helper T lymphocytes
once in the intestines where do lipid soluble compounds go next
lacteals
transplant rejection is a type of
delayed hypersensitivity
rxn's to penicillin can be deadly when the drug binds to certain proteins, in this instance penicillin is known as
hapten
what compound, produced by neutrophils and macrophages causes fever
interleukin-1
substances such as pollen, dander, etch which cause plasma cells to produce IgE's are known as
allergins
pathogens or any molecule stimulating an immune response are called
antigen
the eventual symptom of mysathenia gravis is
flacid paralysis
proteins that mark your cells as friendly, to prevent your immune system from attacking them is known as
major histocompatibiliy complex MHC
a harmful immune rxn to antigens that usually do not cause this type of reaction is known as
hypersensitivity
a disease in which antibodies made against the myeline sheath thereby destroying neurons
multiple sclerosis
a process by which certain cell produce a large amount of highly reactive and toxic compounds
respiratory burst
the seek and destroy leukocytes that target antigen by docking with diseased cells and injecting lethal chemicals
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
these prevent lysosomes of WBC's from releasing enzymes
SAID's
the most common chronic illness of children is
asthma
once through the central veins where do water soluble compounds go next
hepatic veins
a fast and severe rxn resulting in massive edema, mucus production, bronchoconstriction, dyspena and possibly sudden death
anaphalaxis
a type of proteins that has anti-viral and anti-cancer effects
interferons
released from basophils and mast cells and compound causes many symptoms of inflammation
histamine
this compound is released by basophils and mast cells and prevents blood clotting
heparin
an increased blood flow to damaged area caused by vasodilation is
hyperemia
rxns to MSG or monosodium glutamate can be deadly when the compound binds to certain proteins, in this instance the MSG is known as
hapten
which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as milk
IgA
for the immune system tears are considered to be an___________
external barrier
a major lymphoid organ which tends to regress with age
thymus
a tissue transplant between twins is known as
isograft
the abbreviated name for a group of medications used too inhibit protoglandin production
NSAIDs
an auto-immune disease in which antibodies are made against nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) thereby effecting several cell types
systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE)
a genetic condition in which children are born with suppressed immune system
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
the itching cause by histamine is
pruritis
a disease which antibodies made against DNA/RNA causing a wide variety of effects in many cell types
systemic lupus erythmatosus
for the immune system sweat is considered to be an ________
external barrier
a tissue transplant between non-identical siblings is known as
allograft or homograft
specific compounds released by cytotoxic T cells that destroy the target cells DNA
lymphotoxin
substances that stimulate mast cells to produce histamine are known as
allergins
which class of antibodies stimulate complement
IgG
a type of resistance or immunity that your body mounts against a uniquely identified antigen
specific or adaptive
for the immune system sloughed skin cells are considered to be an
external barrier
term meaning by way of mouth
per os
tissue transplant to members of the same species
allograft or homograft
from mom's milk this class of antibodies keep pathogens from getting into the baby's intestinal linings
IgA
which class of antibodies are found in secretions such as mucus
IgA
which class of antibodies are found in tonsils, skin and mucus membranes and cause basophils and mast cells to release histamine
IgE
which class of antibodies cross the placenta to bring mom's immunity to the fetus
IgG
the transplanting of a pig heart valve into a human is known as
xenograft or hetergraft
was is considered to be an ______ for the immune system
external barriers
an enzyme that breaks down the superoxide radical
superoxide dismutase
how much of the extracellular matrix fluid id returned to the general circulatory system by the lymphatic system
10%
allergins cause mast cells to release____
histamine
a type of allergic rxn occuring approx. 12-72 hrs after exposure is called
delayed hypersensitivity
a viral disease destroying helper T cells causing the loss of immune system and death by opportunistic diseases that would not kill a patient with an intact immune system
AIDS
the enzyme responsible for making prostoglandins
cyclooxygenase
highly reactive toxic compounds containing extra unpaired electrons
free radicals
fever is considered your body's _______ line of defense
second
round nodules of lymphatic tissue within the lymph nodes
lymphoid follicles
which of the tonsils are located on either side of the posterior oral cavity
palatine
compounds which become antigenic only when bound to certain proteins are known as
hapten
specialized proteins found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells, which identify self from non-self
MCH-I major histocompatibility complex
once activated by the helper cell the B cell matures into a plasma cell
b lymphocyte
which type of cells populate the outer portion of the lymphoid follicles
t lymphocytes
these specialized fatty acids are involved in blood clotting
protoglandins
the production of antibodies is referred to as the
humoral immune response
a condition that is described as your body's physiological response to cellular injury in which various leukocytes participate
inflammation
increased capillary permeability causes______
edema or swelling
an auto immune disease in which antibodies are made against the myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis