Bio 110 Final Exam Questions

Front 1

Whatare the three parts of a nucleotide? Which form the “backbone” of DNA?

Back 1

The three parts of a cellare a nitrogen base, and the backbone consisting of a alternating sugar andphosphate group

Front 2

Whichbases pair with one another in DNA? In RNA?

Back 2

The A pairs with the T inDNA and the U in RNA. The C and G always pair with each other.

Front 3

Whit is the function of tRNA

Back 3

Brings amino acids to themRNA for construction of the amino acids

Front 4

Describethe similarities and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, make sureto mention insulin and beta cells

Back 4

Type 1: Immune cellsattack beta cells that create insulin, eventually eliminating insulinproduction.Type 2: Decline in betacell function with insulin resistance.

Front 5

Why do cells divide? (3 Reasons)

Back 5

A. Development: Growth

B. Replacement/Maintenance

C. Reproduction (Sexual/Asexual

Front 6

Whathappens at each phase during the cell cycle (interphase, G1, G2, mitotic phase)?

Back 6

Interphase: Phase of growth and differentiation. G1: Synthesizes mRNA. Sduplicates DNA. Preparation for mitosis.

Front 7

hatare the checkpoints in the cell cycle? Why does the cell need to have thesecheckpoints

Back 7

G1: Check for DNA damage,sizeG2: Check DNA replicationaccuracy

Front 8

Howdoes p53 work to control the cell cycle? What happens when p53 isnon-functional (when a tumor suppressor gene mutates)

Back 8

P53 check for DNA damageat the G1 phase, can either intiate repair protein cells or apoptosis

Front 9

Understandthe difference between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes – they havevery different roles in the normal cell cycle and in cancer

Back 9

Proto oncogenes regulate how fast the cell division is allowed to happenwhile tumor suppressor genes find errors in the DNA and correct them

Front 10

Understandthe role of BRCA1 in breast cancer

Back 10

BRCA1repairs damaged DNA cells and destroys them if that is not possible

Front 11

What is evolution?

Back 11

A change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population

Front 12

Do individuals evolve or dopopulations evolve? Why?

Back 12

populationsbecause the organisms may be spread out over different environments

Front 13

Whatare the mechanisms that can cause evolutionary change

Back 13

Mutation,Gene Flow, Natural Selection, Genetic Drift

Front 14

Can populations evolve withoutnatural selection? If so, how?

Back 14

Itcan change by mutation, gene flow,genetic drift and natural selection

Front 15

Whatis natural selection? What “factors” exert selection

Back 15

Naturalselection is the process of evolution due to the survival because of a fewfactors. These could be: predators, food, temperature, rainfall, shelter, mates

Front 16

How does antibiotic resistanceoccur? In other words, what were the four steps described in class for theevolution of antibiotic resistance in M.tuberculosis?

Back 16

1. A chance mutation occurs

2.Drug therapy kills non mutated cells

3.Mutant cells proliferate

4.Drug Therapy ineffective

Front 17

Whatare the four necessary components for evolution by natural selection

Back 17

A. trait is variable

B.This variation is heritable.

C.Individual differences exist in reproductive success (& survival).

D.Differences in reproductive success are due to differences in the expression ofthe trait.

Front 18

How does the example of evolution inDarwin’s finches illustrate evolution by natural selection? Make sure to talkabout variation, heritability, natural selection, and fitness.

Back 18

Certain finches survived better than other because of their ability to adaptto their environment, diet, predators, and mates

Front 19

How is a species defined based onthe biological species concept?

Back 19

Agroup of organisms that can breed together.The other two aremorphological(dead) and phylogenetic(common ancestor)

Front 20

What is *required*for speciation? What is required for allopatric speciation? Explain the processof allopatric speciation

Back 20

Specializationrequires genetic isolation that would force the species to become unable toreproduce. Allopatric requires a geographical reason for it

Front 21

Howwas the earth different when life first formed on earth? (think about the gasesin the atmosphere, temperature, UV & sunlight intensity, meteorites,volcanic activity etc.)

Back 21

Therewas no Oxygen, lightning and UV sun rays were much more common because the lackof atmosphere

Front 22

Whatis the “four stage hypothesis” trying to explain? What are the four stages?

Back 22

Explains how life on Earth was created

1.Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers

2. Abiotic synthesis of organic polymers

3. Formation of pre-cells

4. Origin of self-replicating molecules

Front 23

Whyare fossils so important? How does fossilization work and why are fossils rare?

Back 23

Fossilprovide direct evidence of past species and genetics. Fossilization works if thereis slow decomposition with a rapid burial, and it must have decompositionresistant parts(bones)

Front 24

Howdo hormones influence behavior of individuals and vice versa? (Think about the effects of contests on hormoneproduction in humans.)

Back 24

Certain events can affect human hormone level, such as testosterone as aresult of competition. In turn the testosterone makes that person moreaggressive, etc.

Front 25

Whatis the winner effect? What happens to androgen levels in an individual thatwins or loses a contest? Does it matter whether the contest is a physical fightor an intellectual contest or simply experienced intensely by the audience?

Back 25

Hormone levels can rise greatly in the event such as a fight. It doesn’thave to be physical or directly involving the recipient

Front 26

Howdoes the male brain develop its “maleness”? Which hormones are responsible forthis?

Back 26

Androgen, Estrogen, Testosterone, and Oxytocin all contribute to aperson’s masculinity.

Front 27

Howdo neurons using firing frequency to transmit information?

Back 27

Neuron fire at certain rates to encode messages to other cells.

Front 28

Thehippocampus is important for what kind of memory

Back 28

The hippocampus takes short term memories and turns them into new memories

Front 29

Howdo 'episode selective' neurons in the hippocampus behave when someone watchesvs. recalls a favorite TV episode?

Back 29

When someone watches a show for the first time, it creates amemory for the brain to store, when recalling the show it recalls old info fromcells.

Front 30

Doall organisms have a nervous system? What are some examples of organisms thatdo not have a nervous system?

Back 30

No, not all organisms have nervous systems. The onlymulticellular organisms without nervous systems are sponges and other blob-likeorganisms

Front 31

How does a stimulus cause a signal to be sent to thebrain?

Back 31

Sensory receptors send sensory neurons through the nervous system to the brain o-level

Front 32

What is the main function of a dendrite, the cellbody, and the axon in terms of signal transmission?

Back 32

Dendrites use the synapses on themselves toreceive signals from other cells, the cell body produces proteins to react tothe obtained information, and the axon send information long distances to othercells.

Front 33

How is stimulus intensity encoded in the brain? Forexample, is it the shape/strength of an action potential or the number ofaction potentials?

Back 33

The larger the signal from the stimuli, the higher thefrequency of the signals, not the amplitude

Front 34

How are signals transmitted in the brain?

Back 34

The stimuli send signals through their axons to thebrain which in turn send commands through different axon to the motor receptorswhich cause a reaction. The larger the stimuli or reaction, the higherfrequency of action potential levels.

Front 35

How does hyperpolarization occur? What is the effectof hyperpolarization on signal transmission? Does the signal only go one way?Why?

Back 35

Hyperpolarization increases the amount of stimulineeded to require to send an action potential. Doing this lowers the membranepotential of the cell. When the voltage gate channels of potassium are closedand the sodium channels are open causes the cell to become negative again.

Front 36

What is the threshold potential of a membrane? (Think aboutit in terms of depolarization.)

Back 36

Thresholdpotential is the level that the cell needs to be depolarized past in order tosend an action potential signal. Around -50 to -55 mV

Front 37

How do hydrothermal vents support life? How can life besupported there if it’s too deep for sunlight to penetrate? (Think aboutchemosynthesis vs. photosynthesis)

Back 37

Hydrothermalvents give off heat from the earth that is converted using chemosynthesis tomake nutrients, making it possible for life without sunlight

Front 38

What are abiotic factors of an environment? In an aquaticecosystem? A terrestrial ecosystem?

Back 38

Abioticfactors are factors that aren’t truly organisms. In an equatic ecosystem, itcould be current, water temperature, depth, pressure, light etc. Terrestrial would be water, light, soil, air

Front 39

What are real examples of mutualistic, commensalistic,and parasitic relationships?

Back 39

a)Small animals living on larger animals but keepingoff tics.

b) A bird nesting in a tree to avoid predators.

c)A tic living on alarge animal air

Front 40

How are energy ‘flow’ and nutrient ‘flow’ through a systemsimilar and different? (Think about what happens when an animal dies.)

Back 40

Certain animals contain different nutrients when theyare consumed (carnivore vs. herbivore), even though they contain the same amountof energy.

Front 41

Why are bioaccumulation and biomagnification often linked?(Make sure you understand how they are different.)

Back 41

They are both linked cause they are ideas aboutchemical density in organisms. Accumulation is in the environment over time andmagnification is through trophic levels

Front 42

Give an example of a trophic cascade. Explain biologicallywhy this happens.

Back 42

Theextinction of a predator would allow the primary consumer to grow in populationand would eat much more of their prey than before.level

Front 43

Whatare the two aspects that factor into species diversity?

Back 43

Species diversity is determined by the number of species over a certainarea

Front 44

Whatare examples of ecosystem services? Why are these important for other organismsand for humans?

Back 44

Air cleaning, water purifying, primary source production of energy, etc.All are necessary to sustain a clean environment for species.

Front 45

What are the factors that drive the presence of different biomes? Include climatic and other factors that influence the distribution and location of biomes.

Back 45

Some factors are plant and animal type, plant density, climate/weather/precipitation and altitude.

Front 46

What are seven threats to biodiversity? Give an example of each.

Back 46

Overhunting, habitat loss/fragmentation, invasive species, pollution, climate change

Front 47

Whatis the “greenhouse effect”? What are greenhouse gases and which are mostimportant in driving the current climate change?

Back 47

The greenhouse effect is heat getting trapped in the atmosphere by gases that are growing in percentage of our atmosphere such as CO2, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor.

Front 48

Whatare four reasons that 0.8 degree Celsius difference in temperature is more thanit might seem?

Back 48

1. The change is a global average.

2. Species are affected by extreme change.

3. It was measured over a short period of time. 4. Time frame began at the start of industrialization

Front 49

What are ecological consequences of climate change? Give examples.

Back 49

Habitat loss, extinction, lack of species diversity, the greenhouse effect, rise in temperature of climates

Front 50

Whatis ocean acidification? It happens as a consequence of...what? How is relatedto and different from global climate change?

Back 50

The rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes a decrease in the ph level in the ocean. The rise in C02 is caused by climate change

Front 51

What is coral bleaching and why does it happen?

Back 51

Corals are stressed by changes in conditions, either temperature, light, or nutrients causing them to expel algae and turn white. If the bleaching continues for a long period, the coral die.

Front 52

Explainmitigation vs. adaptation. Why is it important that we utilize both of thoseapproaches to deal with climate change?

Back 52

Mitigation is doing what’s globally responsible for the environmentwhile adaptation is doing what is locally responsible for the environment.