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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If it has carbon it is ____
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organic
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How many bonds can Carbon make?
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up to 4
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What is hydrocarbon?
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only has hydrogen and carbon
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What kind of bond bonds hydrocarbon?
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non polar covalent
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What is the difference between Butane (C4H10) and Isobutane (C4H10)?
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In Isobutane the carbon backbone is branched.
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What causes the carbon backbone to branch?
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a double bond.
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What is a functional group?
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a group that can be bound to back the back of the carbon backbone.
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What is Hydroxyl?
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(alcohols) OH
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What is Carbonyl?
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(aldehydes and ketones) C=O
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What is Carboxyl?
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(carboxylic acids) C=O-OH
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What is Amino?
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(amines) N-H
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What are the 2 Carbonyl groups?
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aldehyde and ketone
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What is the difference between aldehyde and ketone?
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the placement of the double bond; ketone in the middle of the carbon backbone, aldehyde at the end
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How do you two monomers become one polymer?
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dehydration synthesis
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How does one polymer become two monomers?
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hydrolysis
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What is made when you add polymers together?
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macromolecule
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What are carbohydrates made of?
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carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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What is the difference between glucose and fructose?
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the placement of the double bond.
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What are the 2 monomers of carbohydrates? Which is the main monomer?
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glucose and fructose; glucose
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What does it mean when glucose is found in a ring?
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it is in water.
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What is starch and what is it made of?
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Carbohydrate made of glucose monomer after glucose monomer and so on...
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What is Glycogen and what is it made of?
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Carbohydrate made of glucose monomer after glucose monomer only more branched than starch.
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What is Cellulose and what is it made of?
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Carbohydrate made of glucose monomer after glucose monomer only linked differently than Glycogen and Starch
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What is the monomer of Lipids?
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Glycerol and fatty acids
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What is fat and what is it made of?
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a lipid, a triglyceride made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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What is the main function of fat?
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energy storage
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What is a fatty acid made of?
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a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain
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How is glycerol combined to fatty acid?
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dehydration synthesis
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What kind of reaction forms a triglyceride?
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dehydration synthesis
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What does it mean when a fat is saturated?
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the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid has no double bonds and it is solid at room temperature
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What does it mean when a fat is unsaturated?
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the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid had double bonds and solid at room temperature.
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Are most plant fats saturated or unsaturated?
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unsaturated
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Are most animal fats saturated or unsaturated?
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saturated
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What is a trans fat?
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when unsaturated oils are hydrogenated, the double bonds are removed and the molecules can now become more solid at room temp.
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What is a phospholipid?
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a lipid that has 2 fatty acid molecules instead of 3 and a phosphate group.
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What are phospholipids a major component of?
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cell membranes
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What is a wax?
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a lipid that had 1 fatty acid molecule instead of 3 and is linked to an alcohol
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What is an important steroid formed by animals?
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cholesterol
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What is cholesterol the precursor for?
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for the synthesis of female and male sex hormones.
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What is a steroid?
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a lipid that had a carbon skeleton bent to form 4 fused rings.
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What makes a steroid specific?
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the functional group attached to it.
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What is the starting material for every steroid?
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cholesterol
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What are the 7 classes of proteins?
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structural, contractile, storage, defensive, transport, signaling proteins, enzymes.
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What are proteins?
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biological polymers constructed from amino acid monomers
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What is an enzyme and what does it do?
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it is a protein that serves as a chemical catalyst; changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed itself.
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How many amino acids are proteins made of?
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at least 20
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What is protein diversity based on?
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sequence of a universal set of amino acids
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What is the typical structure of an amino acid?
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one hydrogen, one amino group, one carboxyl group, one R group
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What is different about each of the 20 amino acids?
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their R group
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What is the bond produced by 2 amino acids?
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peptide bond
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What is a polypeptide?
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long sequence of amino acids
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How are amino acid monomers linked?
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dehydration synthesis, resulting in a covalent linkage called a peptide bnd
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How can protein peptide bonds be broken?
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hydrolysis
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What is a polypeptide with more than 20 amino acids classified as?
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a protein
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What can cause a protein to unfold? to denature?
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changes in heat, ionic strength, salinity
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What happens once a protein is denatured?
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it becomes useless.
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What is a proteins primary structure?
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amino acid sequence
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What is a proteins secondary structure?
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polypeptide coiling or folding
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How is a proteins secondary structure formed?
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hydrogen bonds between the amino group (NH) and the carboxyl group (C=O)
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What structure of protein does the R group not have anything to do with?
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the secondary structure
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What is the tertiary structure of a Protein?
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the overall shape of a polypeptide, 3D
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What 3 bonds are involved in the tertiary structure of a protein?
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sulfur, hydrogen and covalent bonds
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How is the tertiary structure of a protein formed?
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results from the clustering of hydrophopic and hydrophilic R groups and bond formation (hydrogen and ionic) between certain R groups along coils and pleats
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What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
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the relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein. The tertiary structures attaching to each other.
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What is a nucleic acid?
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information rich polymers of nucleotides
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What makes up a nucleotide?
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phosphate group, five carbon sugar and nitrogenous base
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What are the 5 types of nitrogen bases?
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adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
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What are 2 nucleic acids?
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DNA, RNA
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How is DNA structured?
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the phosphate group and 5 carbon sugar create a 2 backbones (double helix) and a hydrogen bond holds the nitrogen bases together.
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA
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the thymine in DNA is changed to uracil in RNA which has one backbone instead of two.
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What does the nitrogen base in DNA and RNA attach to?
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5 carbon sugar
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What is the monomer of a Nucleic acid?
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nucleotides
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How is the 5 carbon sugar attached to the phosphate group in DNA and RNA?
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dehydration synthesis
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