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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are organisms grouped in the linnaean system of classification |
Classified into groups depending on their structure and characteristics |
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What does the classification of species allow for |
Subdivision of living organisms into smaller and more specialised groups |
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5 kingdoms in linnaean system of classification |
Animals, plants, fungi, protists, prokaryotes |
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Divisions in linnaen classification |
Phylum class order family genus species |
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Acronym for linnaean classification |
Kids prefer candy over fresh green salad |
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How does the binomial naming system work |
Names each species using latin words by combining each one of genus and species |
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Why is the binomial system important |
Scientists can identify individual species |
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What allowed more species to be examined |
As more scientific equipment became available |
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3 ways the current classification system has been improved |
Microscopes, biochemistry, DNA evidence |
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What did the development of microscopes allow for |
Cells to be examined |
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3 domain system |
Organisation into archaea, bacteria and eukaryota |
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Archaea |
Primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments |
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Eukaryotia |
Including protists fungi plants and animals |
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What do the tips of the tree of evolutionary trees represent |
Different species |
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What do the points where branches join represent on evolutionary trees |
A common ancestor for the 2 species |
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How can evolutionary trees be created |
Using DNA sequences from different species |
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Genetic variation |
Differences between individuals that are inherited from parents |
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Environmental variation |
Differences between individuals not inherited but caused by the environment that the organism lives in, including scars and tattoos |
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Continuous variation |
Characteristics which change gradually |
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Discontinuous variation |
Refers to things like eye colour or blood group which have a limited number of possible values |
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What does darwins theory believe species have evolved from |
Simpler life forms |
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What does darwins theory believe species have evolved from |
Simpler life forms |
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What do lamarcks theory believe species evolved from |
Primitive worms |
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What does darwins theory believe species have evolved from |
Simpler life forms |
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What do lamarcks theory believe species evolved from |
Primitive worms |
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Explanation of darwins theory |
Evolution caused by natural selection and changes developed as only animals and plants most suited to their environment survived to breed and pass on their characteristics and their successful characteristics occurred by chance |
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What does darwins theory believe species have evolved from |
Simpler life forms |
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What do lamarcks theory believe species evolved from |
Primitive worms |
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Explanation of darwins theory |
Evolution caused by natural selection and changes developed as only animals and plants most suited to their environment survived to breed and pass on their characteristics and their successful characteristics occurred by chance |
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Explanation of lamarcks theory |
Evolution occurred by inheritance of acquired characteristics and changes developed through use or non use of characteristics. If something was used more it would get bigger |
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What evidence supported lamarcks theory |
Studies of elephants and giraffes found they increased in size to live (eg giraffes getting longer necks) |
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What evidence supports darwins theory |
Older fossils are simpler and newer ones are more complex |
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3 ways fossils can be found |
1.hard body parts, such as bones and shells, which do not decay easily or are replaced by minerals as they decay 2.parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent. For example, dead animals and plants can be preserved in amber, peat bogs, tar pits, or in ice 3.preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows and rootlet traces - these become covered by layers of sediment, which eventually become rock |
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3 ways fossils can be found |
1.hard body parts, such as bones and shells, which do not decay easily or are replaced by minerals as they decay 2.parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent. For example, dead animals and plants can be preserved in amber, peat bogs, tar pits, or in ice 3.preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows and rootlet traces - these become covered by layers of sediment, which eventually become rock |
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Why was Darwin’s theory only gradually accepted |
It challenged the creation story |
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Why are fossil record incomplete |
There was a period with many soft bodied life forms which could not form fossils |
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Evolution |
Changes and adaptations over generations of an organism |
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Evolution |
Changes and adaptations over generations of an organism |
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Order of natural selection |
Mutation Variation Adaptation Survival Genes passed on |
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Steps of antibiotic resistance(process) |
1. Bacteria divide rapidly and some bacterial cells develop a mutation which creates variation in the species 2. Mutations may offer resistance to antibiotics 3. This means that these bacteria are adapted and not destroyed by antibiotics and go on to survive and reproduce leading to a strain of resistant bacteria |
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MRSA stands for… |
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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MRSA stands for… |
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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MRSA symptoms |
Boils Carbundes Abscesses Impetigo |
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MRSA stands for… |
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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MRSA symptoms |
Boils Carbundes Abscesses Impetigo |
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MRSA |
A common skin bacteria resistant to methicillin |
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MRSA stands for… |
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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MRSA symptoms |
Boils Carbundes Abscesses Impetigo |
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MRSA |
A common skin bacteria resistant to methicillin |
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Methicillin |
A type of antibiotic used to be able to kill MRSA |
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How MRSA is treated |
Using antibiotics that the bacteria have not yet become resistant to |
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To reduce development of antibiotic resistant strains |
Doctors should only appropriately prescribe antibiotics Patients should complete their full cycle so the bacteria are killed and none can survive to mutate and form resistant strains The agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted |
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To reduce development of antibiotic resistant strains |
Doctors should only appropriately prescribe antibiotics Patients should complete their full cycle so the bacteria are killed and none can survive to mutate and form resistant strains The agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted |
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Cons of the development of new antibiotics |
Costly and slow |
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How can dna mutation lead to a new phenotype |
Amino acid substitutions that give rise to abnormal proteins |
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Selective breeding |
An artificial process in which organisms with desired characteristics are chosen as parents for the next generation |
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Selective breeding |
An artificial process in which organisms with desired characteristics are chosen as parents for the next generation |
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Selective breeding steps |
1. Decide which characteristics are important enough to select 2. Choose parents that show these characteristics from a mixed population. 3. They are bred together 4. Repeat process continuously over many generations, until all offspring show the desired characteristics |
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Selective breeding |
An artificial process in which organisms with desired characteristics are chosen as parents for the next generation |
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Selective breeding steps |
1. Decide which characteristics are important enough to select 2. Choose parents that show these characteristics from a mixed population. 3. They are bred together 4. Repeat process continuously over many generations, until all offspring show the desired characteristics |
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Desired characteristics in plants |
Disease resistance in crops Wheat plants that produce lots of grain Large or unusual flowers |
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Selective breeding |
An artificial process in which organisms with desired characteristics are chosen as parents for the next generation |
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Selective breeding steps |
1. Decide which characteristics are important enough to select 2. Choose parents that show these characteristics from a mixed population. 3. They are bred together 4. Repeat process continuously over many generations, until all offspring show the desired characteristics |
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Desired characteristics in plants |
Disease resistance in crops Wheat plants that produce lots of grain Large or unusual flowers |
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Desired characteristics in animals |
Animals that produce lots of milk or meat Chickens that lay large eggs Domestic dogs that have a gentle nature |
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Selective breeding |
An artificial process in which organisms with desired characteristics are chosen as parents for the next generation |
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Selective breeding steps |
1. Decide which characteristics are important enough to select 2. Choose parents that show these characteristics from a mixed population. 3. They are bred together 4. Repeat process continuously over many generations, until all offspring show the desired characteristics |
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Desired characteristics in plants |
Disease resistance in crops Wheat plants that produce lots of grain Large or unusual flowers |
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Desired characteristics in animals |
Animals that produce lots of milk or meat Chickens that lay large eggs Domestic dogs that have a gentle nature |
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Risks of genetic breeding |
Reduced genetic variation Rare disease genes could kill species Can create physical problems |
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Benefits of selective breeding |
New varieties may be economically important by producing more or better quality food Animals can be selected that cannot cause harm |
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Speciation |
The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution |
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3 ways new species can arise |
Generic variation Natural selection Speciation |
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How a new species can arise as a result of isolation |
1. 2 populations get geographically separated 2. Isolation prevents genetic combination between the populations 3. Different mutations take place so different phenotypes are created 4. Over time species may evolve to be different and they will not be able to interbreed |
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What did wallace think selection acted on |
Groups or species |
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What did wallace think selection acted on |
Groups or species |
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What did wallace think about the effects of sexual selection |
Negligible and put more emphasis on natural selection |
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What did wallace think selection acted on |
Groups or species |
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What did wallace think about the effects of sexual selection |
Negligible and put more emphasis on natural selection |
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What did wallace think of evolution |
He was spiritualist, believed in technology and suggest human intelligence and abilities were linked to the unseen universe of spirit |
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Exctinction |
When no more remaining individuals of a species are alive |
