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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the communication system consist of?
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The hormonal and nervous systems |
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What is the function of the nervous system? |
Sending messages using nerve cells or neurons |
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What is the function of the hormonal system? |
Chemicals in the form of hormones |
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What is the speed of nervous system messages? |
Responses are quick and short |
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What is the speed of the hormonal system? |
Slower than the nervous but, long lasting |
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What does the nervous system consist of? |
The brain and the spinal cord |
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How are hormones transported? |
Through the blood |
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What produces hormones? |
Glands |
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What is the role of insulin and where is it released from? |
Takes up the glucose in blood after eating and is released from the pancreas |
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Name the two types of neurons |
Sensory and motor |
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How do you sensory neurons detect stimuli? |
Receptors |
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What is the main role of motor neurons? |
To connect the CNS to the effectors e.g. muscles produce a response of movement |
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What are neurons? |
Specialised cells carrying nerve impulses |
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How can the nerve implies speed be affected? |
Temp - faster in warm blooded animals Axon diameter Myelin sheath - impulse able to jump from gap to gap along the axon |
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What is the role of denrites? |
Conducting impulses towards the cell body |
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What is the role of the axon? |
Impulses away from the cell body |
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What is the myelin on a neuron? |
An insulating sheath |
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Responds to changes in the environment are caused by... |
A stimulus |
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Stimuli are detected by... |
receptors |
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The CNS co-ordinates the... |
response to the receptors to the effectors (e.g. glands make and release chemical hormones and enzymes |
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What is a synapse? |
The small gap between two adjacent neurons |
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What is the purpose of a synapse? |
To transmit messages |
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The nerve impulse at the end of a neuron is changed to a chemical that crosses the synapse, what effect does this have on the other neuron? |
A electrical (nerve) impulse is set up |
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What is the benefit of synapses? |
Neurons can communicate with several neurons and send messages to different locations |
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How does the transmitter substance reach the other neurone? |
It diffuses across the synapse and binds with the receptor molecules on the other neurone |
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Different transmitter substances have different receptor molecules, true or false? |
True |
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What are reflexes? |
Simple responses to a stimulus |
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What are the responses to a reflex rapid? |
Because they do not involve the brain making a constant decision |
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Give an example f a simple reflex. |
When the pupil detects bright light, it gets smaller |
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What are the 5 newborn reflexes? |
Stepping, sucking, swimming, startling and grasping |
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What is a reflex arc? |
The pathway of a reflex action through the nervous system |
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Why do relay neurons send the reflex message to other neurons in the CNS? |
1. So we know what has happened 2. Overriding an action (dropping a hot plate etc…) |
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Name the two types of behaviour. |
Instinctive and learned. |
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Which type of behaviour is controlled by reflex responses? |
Instinctive. |
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What is conditioning? |
Introducing an unrelated stimulus that has association to the first |
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Pavlov's experiment: |
1. Dogs salivate at the smell, sight and taste of food. 2. Pavlov rang the bell before giving the dog food. 3. When Pavlov rang the bell even if there was no food the dogs salivated 4. Due to a unconditioned reflex being formed with the bell stimulus |
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Watson's experiment: |
1. Watson showed 8 month old Albert a rat and Albert showed no signs of distress 2. Albert was showed a rat with loud noise, he cried 3. Later shown rat - no sign of distress, even with no loud noise |
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Transmitting impulses leads to links forming between two neurons. What is this called? |
Learning - a neurone pathway is formed |
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Repetition leads to more impulses following the same pathway, true or false? |
True |
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Name four things that can help to strengthen neurone pathways. |
Colour, light, smell and sound |
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Why is the potential number of neurone pathways huge? |
Large number of neurons in brain |
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What are the two methods of mapping regions of the brain? (+ brief explanation) |
1. Non-invasive - MRI scans, images and mapping activity 2. Invasive - studying affects if one part of the brain is damaged and electrodes to stimulate parts of the brain electrically (record movements or sensations) |
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More folds in the cerebal cortex leads to... |
An increased ability of process info |
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Define memory |
The storage and retrieval of information |
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What are the two types of memory? |
Short-term Long-term |
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What is long-term memory? |
Memory of earliest experiences that are stored for a long period of time |
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What is short-term memory? |
Memory of most recent experiences, stored for short period of time |
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Drugs work by affecting the transmission of nerve impulses across synapses, what three ways can they affect the impulse? |
1. Stopping transmission 2. Changing speed 3. Making the impulse stronger or weaker |
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What effects does Prozac have on serotonin? |
Increased levels |
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What is the effect of curane? |
Blocks the action of another type of transmitter molecule because it competes for the receptor |
