Avians/

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Avians

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See slide 2

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Arcaheopteryx

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"Giant chicken". Closest ancestor to common birds, the missing link. 140 MYA, about the size of a crow. Discovered in limestone quarry in 1861 as a reptilian skeleton with feather imprints.

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Feather

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Epidermal modifications in specific feather tracts. Adaption for flight. Aids in thrust and directional control. Are light and repairable.

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Beak

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Epidermal modification that is a protruding mandible covered by keratin. No teeth. Shape adapted for food source.

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Epidermal modifications

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Feathers, beaks, and claws.

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sweat; uropygial

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All birds don't have _______ glands, but some have a ___________ gland.

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Uropygial gland

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Dorsal tail base that secretes oily substance for cleaning and waterproofing.

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Generalized bill

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Type of beak. Raven

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Seed cracker

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Type of beak. Cardinal

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Worm burrow probe

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Type of beak. American avocet

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Dip net

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Type of beak. Pelican

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Nut cracker

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Type of beak. Parrot

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Zooplankton strainer

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Type of beak. Flamingo

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Digestive system of bird

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Esophagus, crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, paired ceca, cloaca, vent

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Crop

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Storage part of the digestive system. Dilation of the esophagus

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Proventriculus

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Chemical digestion in birds. Pellet formation in species like the owl. Equivalent of true stomach

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Ventriculus

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Gizzard. Used for grinding in bird digestion. Muscular with keratin lining.

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Cloaca

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Common area for urine and digestive waste

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Ceca

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Extra fermentation to break down cellulose

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Vent

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Everything comes out of this in the bird.

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Circulatory system in bird

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4 chambered heart, nucleated biconvex erythrocytes, high metabolic rates with rapid heart rates .

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4 chambered heart in bird

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Complete seperation of pulmonary and systematic circulation in birds.

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Nucleated bixoncex erythrocytes

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In both birds and reptiles

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airsacs in birds

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Not involved in gas exchange. Allows unidirectional flow of oxygenated air through lungs. Holds air in lungs.

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Lungs in bird

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"Circular" respiratory system. 2 breaths = 1 cycle = 1 bolus

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Inhale 1 in bird

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Air down trachea to posterior to air sacs

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Exhale 1 in bird

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Air from posterior air sacs to lung

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Inhale 2 in birds

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Air from lungs to anterior air sacs

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Exhale 2 in birds

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Air out of body.

Front 30

Urinary system in birds

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Very good a conserving water. Main nitrogenous waste product is uric acid, while mammals secrete urea. Renal waste is excreted with fecal material as a thick paste from the cloaca

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Uric acid ; urea

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_______ removes more nitrogen per molecule than _______ .

Front 32

Adaptions for flight

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Feathers, skeletal modifications, flight muscles

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Skeletal modifications in bones

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Adaptions for flight. Need sturdy and rigid, but are light weight. Pneumatized bones, fusion of bones, sternum broadened into a keel

Front 34

Bones that fuse in birds

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Caudal vertebrae and pelvic girdles. Clavicles (furculum)

Front 35

Keel

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Wide area for flight muscle attachment.

Front 36

Skeletal structure in birds

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Front 37

Pectoralis

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Flight muscle that is 15% of body weight in birds. The power down stroke muscle (tasty)

Front 38

Supracoracoideus

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Flight muscle that is the up stroke muscle. Has unique attachment which acts as a rope and pulley system.

Front 39

Flight muscles

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Pectoralis and supracoacoideus. All muscle mass is ventral to keep weight near the center of gravity for stability during flight.

Front 40

Birds

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Require a lot of energy for flight. High metabolic rates. Endothermic. Eat a lot, breathe a lot, produce a lot of heat. Highly efficient respiratory and circulatory system.

Front 41

Circulatory system in reptiles/amphibians

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3 chambers; divide oxygenated from deoxygenated blood, but it is not complete division.

Front 42

Conus arteriosus (aorta)

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Where the spiral valve in the reptile/amphibian circulatory system is located.

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Reptile/amphibian Heart

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Carotid artery, systemic artery, To pulmocutaneous atery, Spiral valve, Right atrium, conus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus, pulmocutaneous artery, pulmonary veins, left atrium, sinus venosus, right atrium, auriculoventricular valves, ventricle.

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Nervous system in reptiles/amphibians

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Increased cephalization with emphasis on information processing.Three brains divisions include forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Increased development of cranial and spinal nerves.

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Forbrain of reptiles/amphibians

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Olfaction

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Midbrain of reptiles/amphibians

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Vision and integration

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Hindbrain of reptiles/amphibians

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Cerebellum and medulla. Has involuntary organ system control (sensory "gateway"). Balance and equilibrium.

Front 48

Dorsal view of reptile/amphibian brain

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Olfactory nerve, olfactory lobe, cerebral hemisphere, epiphysis, optic tract, optic lobe, cerebellum, cranial nerves, spinal nerves 1 and 2.

Front 49

Blood

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Neither reptiles nor amphibians can make urine more concentrated than their ________.

Front 50

Reptile/amphibian urinary systems

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Absorb water through urinary bladder and cloaca. Renal and digested waste are both excreted through the cloaca.

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Reptile kidney

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More "advanced" kidneys. Nitrogenous waste is secreted as uric acid. Combines with with other minerals to form mineral salt that gets excreted.

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Amphibian kidney

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Less advanced kidneys. They filter both blood and coelomic fluid. Nitrogenous waste is secreted as ammonia. The more terrestrial species excrete uric acid.

Front 53

Eyelids in reptiles/amphibians

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Lower lid is usually a nictitating membane. Light ray refraction mainly by the cornea. Poor extraocular muscles, meaning little globe motility. Lacrimal (tear) glands.

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Nictitating membrane in snakes

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The spectacle. They have no eyelids.

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Eye function in some amphibians

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Eyes sink into lower cavity to help push food into the digestive tract.

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Amphibian classification

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Class amphibia: order Gymnophiona, order Urodela, order Anura

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Order Gymnophiona

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In class Amphibia. Also called Apoda. Consists of caecilians. Wormlike and limbless. Tend to be burrowers. (Ichthyophis moustakius, sendenyu, and khumhzi)

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Order Uroleda

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Class Amphibia. Also called Caudata. Refers to salamanders.Elongate with distinct head, trunk and tail. 4 limbs (mostly) set at right angles to trunk. Walk similar to early tetrapods with trunk flexion and limb movements.

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Order Anura

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Class Amphibia. Also called Salienta. Consists of frogs and toads. Wide distribution Except for very cold or dry environments. Only social during breeding season. Hibernate in winter in water or moist ground. Catapulting of sticky tongue to catch prey.

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Skin characteristics of amphibians

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Moist, permeable, scaleless with a thinly keratinized epidermis. Can stay wet and diffuse things. Loosely attached. Glands in the dermis consist of poison glands and mucous glands.

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Poison gland in amphibians

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Gland in the dermis that has varying toxicity. Dendrobatids are the most toxic.Alkaloids to form these come from prey.

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Locomoter system in amphibians

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Highest degree of modifications in frogs that are specialized for jumping. Shortened body, reduced # of vertebrae, fusion of caudal vertebrae in a Urostyle. Stiff pelvic girdle, flexible pectoral girdle (land). Hindlimb muscle modifications.

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Reptiles/Amphibians

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See slide 9

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Respiratory system in amphibians

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Has the skin, mouth, and lungs for gas exchange. Movement of air by lungs over vocal cords allow distinctive vocalizations, which is helped by vocal pouches in the floor of the mouth.

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Skin in the respiratory system of amphibians

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Always the main way to get rid of carbon dioxide.

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Lungs in the respiratory system of amphibians

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Simple sac-like structures with some internal septal division. Positive pressure breathers.

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Falveoli

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Lung chambers in amphibians.

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Reproduction and metamorphosis in amphibians

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Usually external fertilization and external egg laying, but lots of variation. Most have an aquatic stages that metamophoses into terrestrial adults.

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Salamanders

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Amphibian with mainly internal fertilization.

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Metamorphosis

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Requires reabsorption and reformation of almost every organ system.

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Metamorphosis of a frog

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Day 1: egg. Day 3-4: Talibud. Day 6:Tadpole with external gills. Day 9: Tadpole with internal gills. Day 12: Tadpole with operculum. Day 70: Tadpole with forelimbs. Day 84: Tadpole metamorphosis. Day 84+ +: Young Frog.

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Paedomophorsis

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Common in salamanders. Retention of larval characteristics in adults. Example is Necturus, which stay gilled and aquatic.

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True frog

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Family Ranidae. Long limbs, webbed feet, and thinner, mucous covered skin that looks slimy.

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True toad

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Family Bufonidae. Short, stocky bodies. Thick, warty skin that looks dry.

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Reptile classification

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Order testudines, Order Squamata which has suborders Sauria and Serpentes, Order Spenodata, and Order Crocodilia

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Order testudines

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Also called Chelonia. Turtles. No teeth-keratinized plates instead. Dorsal and ventral shells connected by skin folds. Rib ventilation is not possible, so they use heir abdominal and pectoral muscles. Limb movement acts as "bellows". Pectoral girdle pressed back against viscera for exhalation. Oviparous. Aquatic species vary in water time.

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Suborder Sauria

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In order Squamata. Also called Lactertilia. Lizards. Most have 4 limbs, minus glass lizards. Movable eyelids. External ear openings. Most large are herbivorous. Tail autonomy.

Front 78

Suborder Serpentes

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In order Squamata. Snakes. No limbs, but vestigial pelvic girdles in Boids. No external ears, but can hear a small range of low frequencies. Sensitive to vibration. No moveable eyelids. Don't have good vision, and don't have moveable eyelids. Covered in transparent spectacle. Opaque during ecdysis. Use only right lung. best sense is chemical reception. Pit organs in Boids sense heat.

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Order Sphenodonta

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Tuartaras. Two species live in New Zealand that have an almost unmodified diapsid skull, which is an ancestral characteristics. Slow growing burrowers that can live to be 100. Breed every 2-5 years.

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Order Crocodilia

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Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gharials. Not much change since Mesozoic era. Elongate skulls with strong, muscular jaws. Secondary palate that seperates throat/pharynx air and food passages. Can breathe while eating. Teeth are in a socket called thecodont.

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Reptiles/Amphibians

Back 81

Take a look at slide 17.

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Turtle structure

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Front 83

Structure of shells in turtles

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Outside layer is keratin, and the inside layer is bone. Fused ribs and vertebrae.

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Oviparus

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Bury eggs in ground in nests. Temperature determines gender of babies, which occurs in turtles, lizards, and crocodilians.

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Viviparous

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Doesn't develop egg structure, internal fertilization. Young are born live.

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Sea turtles

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Testudines that only go on land to lay eggs.

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Ovoviviparous

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Internal fertilization. Egg structure forms, but have live birth.

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Order Squamata

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Snakes and lizards. Only order with some viviparous species. Kinetic skull in most species, especially snakes. Have determinate bone growth that stops getting longer when cartilage growth plates ossify. Skin covered in keratinized epidermal scales that shed with increased body growth.

Front 89

Kinetic skulls

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Decrease bone ventrally. Increased number of joints.

Front 90

Kinetic skull in snakes

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Right and left mandibles only attached by muscle, and have very loose skin ventral to jaws.

Front 91

Crocodilians and turtles

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Reptiles that don't have determinate bone growth, and slowly grow their whole lives.

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Gecko

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No movable eyelids, but have retinas with both rods and cones.

Front 93

Vomeronasal organs

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Jacobson's organs. Paired pits in the roots of the mouth of snakes with sensory epithelium. Scent molecules collected by the tongue and placed on sensory area.

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Snake head structure

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Pit, nostri, eye, nerve fibers, TG. Brain, Jacobson's organ, tongue.

Front 95

Vipers

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Snake that has hollow, rotating fangs. The glands discharge venom from fang into prey.

Front 96

Elapids

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Snakes with shorter, static fangs. Don't rotate.

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Constrictors

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Snakes that grab their prey and throw small loops of their body around them.

Front 98

Alligators

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Broader snout that is U-shaped. 4th lower jaw tooth not visible with closed mouth. Only freshwater.

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Crocodiles

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Pointier snout with V-shape. 4th lower jaw tooth is visible with closed mouth. More saltwater tolerant, but don't have to live there.