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41 Cards in this Set
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Where do we find early evidence for pottery production and rice domestication in China, and how old is it? How have ideas about where rice was domesticated in Asia, changed? |
The first evidence of pottery and rice is in Xianrendong Cave as far as 20000 BP. Recent research suggests that pearl river delta is origin of rice. Previously thought to be domesticated in the yangtze river delta on the northern limit of wild rice. |
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What is the name of the early pottery tradition in Japan of a similar age to that found in China, and what was the pottery used for there, and how does this reflect their economy or way of life? What is the relationship between these archaeological cultures and the later ethnic identity of Japan? |
The early pottery tradition in Japan was Jomon (10500-300 BC) used for salmon and other seafood, which shows they were hunter gatherers rather than domesticators of rice. These types of people and cultures were pushed to the northern part of Japan and their lifestyle is represented by the Ainu who live there now. |
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What archaeological evidence do we have of life from the early village of Jiahu? What later technology is found there that will become important in the Shang period? |
We have evidence of musical instruments (flutes) and alcohol. We also have oracle bones and pottery and stone tools. The oracle bones had a form of writing on them that would later be used. These bones were used to communicate with the dead based on how it cracked. They would ask questions. |
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What long-used construction technique in China first appears in the Long Shan period? |
The technique of rammed earth. They would build their houses by smashing earth over and over again until it was very compact. |
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Is there evidence for shamanism in early China? |
Yes at Xishuipo there was someone buried with shells in shapes of animals and other individuals. We also find figures representing weird looking figures with mystical powers. |
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What evidence is there for stratified class-based society in Taosi? What unusual find may be related to the legendary King Yao? |
They found a burial site that contained 1500 burials that had different sizes of burials with different amounts of grace goods and luxurious items. Shows class because people had different statuses and were given grave goods based on status. |
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What two dynasties have been equated with the archaeological cultures represented (respectively) by the sites of Erlitou; and several sites including Zhengzhou and especially Yinxu(Anyang)? What are oracle bones and how did they come to be recognized as important? |
The legendary Xia Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty. The oracle bones had a form of writing on them that would later be used. These bones were used to communicate with the dead based on how it cracked. They would ask questions. |
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What is the most distinctive and technologically impressive form of Shang material culture? How was it made? What kind of other technology was related to its production? |
Their bronze working. They made it by first creating a wax cast that they would carve the designs in and then pour the bronze in the cast and let it harden. They also made glazed pottery using a kiln to fire it. |
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Who was Fu Hao? What kind of weapon is she often depicted with, as noted in class, and what was this weapon likely used for (how is this reflected by her tomb)? Why is her tomb particularly distinctive amongst others at Yinxu? What are some of the sorts of materials (and what kind of quantity) found in her tomb? |
She was a wife of Shang dynatsy king. She was one of his generals and led many military campaigns for him. She is often depicted with a Yue axe normally used for beheading. They found bodies of people who have been sacrificed upon her death to be buried with her. Her tomb is the only one that had not been looted prior to discovery and it contained many grave goods (468 Bronze objects, 755 Jade Items, 5 peices of ivory, 6900 Cowrie Shells). |
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What were some of the tools used by the Qin Emperor, Zheng Shihuangdi, to organize China? What kinds of material culture have been found associated with his tomb, and how is it distinctive and/or impressive? What does legend say should be inside Zheng’s tomb, and is there any evidence to suggest the legends may have some truth to them? |
He conquered most of China through warfare. He made it so the conquered states weren’t to be referred to as independent nations. He created a new system of currency, weights and measures. He also started new school of the five elements. They have found thousands of terracotta warriors in the surrounding areas of the tomb. This is very impressive because they are all personalized and just makes us wonder what is inside the tomb. The legend says there are replicas of palaces and scenic towers and other wonderful objects. They also say that there are rivers of mercury. Archaeologists have found very high levels of mercury in the are suggesting these legends might be true.
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What is the oldest type of domesticated plant in the Americas? How did it influence ceramics or other technologies? |
Manioc. tools were designed to use this plant. |
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What were the triad, or the “three sisters” of agriculture invented in Mexico and spread throughout much of North America and into South America? |
The three sisters were Maize, beans, and squash. Beans provided nitrogen and amino acids. Maize provided climbing stalk. Squash protects other plants with shade and captures moisture. |
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What was the parent plant to corn, and in what ways has corn developed over time? Did corn domestication (for example in the Tehuacan Valley) lead in Mexico to an immediate agricultural change of lifeways, as was somewhat the case in the Middle East? What are some of the places early corn has been found? |
Teosinte. corn has developed by growing in size and increasing the amount of kernels. Yes it allowed for much larger civilizations and greater concentrations of populations. Early corn has been found in Guerrero and Oaxaca. |
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Why is Joya de Ceren well preserved? What recently discovered plant found at Ceren may change dramatically our understanding of Maya economy? |
Covered in Ash from eruption or maybe earthquake. they found manioc. |
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What are two of the kinds of plants that are found in vessels inscribed with their names in Maya hieroglyphs? |
Tobacco and Cocoa |
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What kind of major crops, commonly used in our culture, were domesticated in South America? Are they any less commonly known plants also domesticated there? What were some domesticates developed in North America? |
South America-Manioc, Sweet potato, and white potato. North America-Maize, Beans, Squash, Amaranth, Sunflower, Sumpweed |
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Indigenous Americans developed a number of flavorful or otherwise non-staple plants we take for granted today. What are some of them? |
Chillis, Peanuts, Chocalate, Tobacco. |
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What are the domestic animals of the Americas? Where and when was the turkey domesticated? |
llama and alpaca, dogs, Turkey, Muscovy Duck, Guinea Pig. Turkey domesticated 800 BCE in Mesoamerica |
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When does corn begin to appear in the American Southwest? When is the first evidence of irrigation in the region? |
2000 BCE corn first appears. Irrigation showed up in 1200 BCE. |
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How long after corn becomes important in the US Southwest does the Chaco phenomenon emerge? What is the largest of the Chaco sites, when does it date to, and how do we know that with such precision? How did the Chacoan people modify the landscape to tie their settlements together? What sort of goods and practices, besides corn agriculture, did the Chacoan people import from Mexico? |
The chaco phenomenon shows up 800-1150 CE. Pueblo Bonito dates back to 920 CE. We know this using dendrochronology of the lumber in the support beams. They created roads or pathways. Chocolate mugs, chocolate, turquoise, and macaw feathers |
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What is dendrochronology and how does it work? |
The study of tree lines. They look at the width of the tree lines and can estimate the amount of rainfall during that year. This helps understand the farming during that year. |
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When do mound-building societies appear in the Ohio River valley, and what are some of their important early sites? How did Ohio interact with the rest of North America? |
1000 BCE, Adena Culture appear. Miamisburg mound, Newark, and the Serpent mound. They had raw materials and other objects from all over North America stretching from montana, canada, wisconsin, and Florida. |
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How did Euro-American settlers re-configure the ancient mounds of the past? |
They used them for their gain by saying that a white race was first and that they built the mounds. |
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Where was Cahokia located, and when was it inhabited? What were some of its major architectural features? What was the chunkey game? How did Cahokia leaders use it to their advantage? What other kinds of ceremony and display were undertaken by Cahokia elites? |
St. Louis from 1000-1250 CE. Very Large mounds Chunkey game was where they rolled stones and tried to get the closest to another stone. |
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What followed Cahokia in the American Southeast? |
Large sacrifices and more reverence towards the gods |
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What was the nature of Iroquois political structure, and how did it impact American democracy? |
Matriarchal society where women choose chiefs. Ben Franklin learned much about their political system as an ambassador. He then calls for Iroquois style of government. |
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What was the Mesoamerican ballgame? How and in what kind of place was it played? Where do we first see evidence of it, and what is that evidence? How did it interact with politics and elite society? Is it still played today? How does it reflect Mesoamerican religion or beliefs? |
game played by the people of mesoamerica where they bounced a ball with their hips. It was played in a ball court which normally is a large gathering place of the town or city. First evidence is at Copan and it was the court. Ball found at El Manati. There seemed to be betting amongst the elite during this game. Yes it is still played, but probably different version. Placed a lot of importance on ball game so they believed in competition and and dressed up in honor of the gods. |
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In what part of Mesoamerica are the most famous Olmec sites located? What are some of the monumental artworks found at these sites? What sort of Olmec artifacts are found at other early villages and towns in Mesoamerica? |
Olmec alters and heads are some artworks found. Long heads for cranial deformation. Structures had weird mouths, flaming eyebrows, looked like jaguar imagery. |
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What are the first great Maya cities? When do they date to? What sort of accomplishments, practices, or other evidence of elite Maya culture and kingship are found at these Preclassic sites? |
First Maya city- Nakbe, Northern Guatemala. 600 BC. Structures were built up. Had stairs leading up to the main area that was open to the community. Buildings had large heads built into them. |
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How did the Aztecs build their city? How did war feed the Aztec state? How is this symbolized in and around the Templo Mayor? How was violence used for intimidation and spectacle? How did it affect their economy and social class? Why did Mesoamericans believe they had to sacrifice blood? What similar kinds of gruesome practices could be found in contemporary Europe? |
Island city is capital with temples.War fed Aztec state because new leaders would have to conquer new land to gain wealth because they didn’t inherit the wealth of the previous kings. We see skulls all around Templo Mayor and and stone sculptures of skulls. They would sacrfice slaves and cut off their heads. Their economy was dependent on war and violence and social class was determined on how good at battle you were. Believed that the gods spilled blood for them so they had to give it back to the gods. |
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How is topography important for understanding South American society? What are some of the extremes of South American environment? |
There is a large Amazon Rainforest over most of South America and there is a large mountain range on the western coast. Also there is the driest desert in the world to the west of the mountain range. Also there are many plateaus over 12,000 ft high. Important because it can help us understand what types of resources they had to survive. |
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How did changing ideas in ecological science change the perspective on human settlement in the Amazon? What had once been thought of the problems of the Amazon as a place for complex society? What evidence showed this to be incorrect? How were so many people fed in the Amazon? What is terra preta and was it an accidental byproduct of human settlement? |
Slash and burn farming was thought to be farming in the amazon. A lot of time spent outdoors. Ecological change allowed people to live more densely. The problems of the amazon were that the earth wasn’t very fertile however the people reengineered the earth into Terra Preta which is much more fertile. This allowed the people to farm to supply a large amount of people with food. Terra preta is a reengineered soil using burnt bark, pottery shards, manure, and other things. It was not an accident. |
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What sort of political organization was found in the northern Andes of Colombia and parts of Ecuador? What sort of monumental architecture or prestige goods were associated with these polities? What legend may be related to some of these practices? |
The political structure was a chiefdom society. There was a class system and possibly slaves. They had large stone sculptures with large happy faces. The prestige goods were large amounts of gold. This could be the origin of the El dorado legend (city of gold). |
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What was the strategy for political statements found at Cerro Sechin? How does it reflect later Peruvian public ritual activities? |
The strategy was to scare away any images with war symbols on the walls. It has a lot of images of bleeding heads which is how later Peruvian rituals were done by chopping off heads of slaves |
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Be able to describe the religious shrine of Chavin de Huantar, and the sorts of things that may have occurred there. How does it reflect larger South American approaches to spirituality and the otherworld? What is the model for the aesthetic style of southern Peru pottery? |
Massive stone religious temple of the time. It growled and the people who entered it were very high and on many hallucinogens. Would travel through the corridors to ask the oracle questions. Larger south American approaches to spirituality was focused on being high most the time and communicating while in a trance. The model for pottery was the Nasca with the fine line detailed pictures |
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What are the Nazca famous for, and why can we demonstrate these features are more earthbound than usually depicted? How did the Nazca modify their bodies for aesthetic reasons? |
They are famous for the large images called the Nazca lines and we can demonstrate they are earthbound because they are near cliffs or ridges and could be seen from the ground. They modified their skulls by elongating them. |
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What kind of evidence is used to create narratives of elite Moche activities? Is there physical evidence of these narratives? What sort of evidence is there at Sipan, San Jose de Moro, and the Moche pyramids? What are some of the patterns of violence demonstrated at the Huaca de la Luna? |
We have images of ritual sacrifice sequence from capture to decapitation. Many artifacts that represent the decapitator god as well as remains with costumes similar to that in the images. Sipan-Found royal tombs with remains of people dressed up like the decapitator god. San Jose de Moro-Found remains of people dressed up in bird costume. Moche pyramids-found women with a lot of goblets used for blood. Evidence of religious sacrifice by decapitation and bashing in heads with maces. |
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What activities and infrastructure does the Inka Empire seem to have appropriated from the Wari Empire centuries earlier? How are some of those activities represented at Cerro Baul? |
The activity of brewing beer and city infrastructure. We can see brewery complexes at Cerro Baul and we can see the architecture on the summit. |
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What was the nature of the Chimu capital of Chan Chan? What were the ciudadelas used for, and how do they demonstrate Andean ideas about mortality? |
There were many palaces that housed administrative buildings of that king that in his afterlife his subjects still worked for him. The ciudadelas were used as ritual worshipping of the dead kings. They show that they believed that the dead still lived in the afterlife. |
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What is so special about Inka architecture? How is it still in use today in Cuzco? How does it reflect Inka politics, social structure, and economics? How did the Inka collect taxation? What were some major elements of infrastructure of the Inka empire? |
Inka architecture was very sturdy because they used large stones and carved them so they fit perfectly together. The bases of Inka buildings are still in use as the base of the structures in Cuzco. The Inka collected taxes by having people come and work on buildings or roads in the capitol and were paid in clothing, food. The two major elements of infrastructure was there roads and qollqa warehouses. The roads allowed runners to spread news very fast and the warehouses could store food and clothing for when they paid the people for working. |
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Where did the Chachapoya live, and how did this impact their relationship with surrounding regions? What was found at Laguna de los Condores that might be a key to understanding Inka civilization? |
On the border between the Andes and amazon in Peru. This caused them to be a major trade center between the people in the Andes and the people in the Amazon. They had to build large walls and defensive structures. They found mummies at the Laguna de los Condores and they also found Khipu which are accounting devices and could be form of early writing. |
