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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Khaki election? |
Salisbury called an election in 1900 in relation to the Boer war. It was very patriotic. The Conservatives beat the Liberals. Called Khaki as it was the colour the British forces wore during the war. |
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Who surrendered in the Boer War? What year? |
Boers surrendered in 1902. |
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What are invisible earnings? |
The sale abroad of services rather than goods. These were important to the British economy around 1900. |
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What does Home Rule mean? |
Measure of granting a colony or dependent region control over its own affairs. |
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In the 19th Century, was Ulster mainly Protestant or Catholic? |
Protestant |
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Why didn't Ulster want Home Rule at first? |
They were not prepared to accept a settlement that gave Catholic Ireland control over them. Ulster businessmen did not want their indsutries taxed heavily to help poorer parts of Ireland. |
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Who was W E Gladstone? |
British statesman who dominated the Liberal party from the 1860's until his death in 1896. |
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In the last 30 years of the 19th century, Britain's empire increased. What was the 'scramble for Africa'? |
Between 1870 and 1914, many European countries (including Britian) seperately took over vast areas of Africa. |
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By 1900, roughly what percentage of adult males had the vote? (despite Britian not yet being a democracy) |
60% |
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What does cost effective mean? |
Manufactured items produced more cheaply than rival economies. |
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What did the 1904 formal report to Parliament suggest? |
- full time medical officers - standard of purity for food and drink - assessment of urban overcrowding - laws against smoke pollution - meals for children |
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What was Britain's economy like between 1870 and 1914? |
The ecoenmt appeared to be shrinking compared to Germany and the USA. By 1910 British exports made up only 10% of world trade. |
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Who were Booth and Rowntree? |
Social reformers made famous by their stidies of poverty. Booth in London in 1903. Rowntree in York 1899. |
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In 1902 what fraction of Boer war volunteers failed to pass a basic medical test. |
Two thirds. |
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What was national effeiciency? |
The term used to indicate the ideal leval of well being needed to sustain the military and the industry. |
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What extreme measures did the British army take during the Boer War. |
Concentration camps, which were cramped and unhygenetic, conditions caused illness and death. |
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What is the meaning of Industralisation? |
The spread of manufactoring accompanied by the movement of workers from the land into towns. |
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Who was Campbell Bannerman? |
Led the LIberlas, ws the PM. |
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What was the Poor Law? |
Amemded in 1834, was a scheme aimed at providing releif by sending people to basic workhouses. |
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What was the Conservative Unionist party? |
The party added Unionists to its party after 1986, both opoosed Home rule. |
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In which two years did Gladstone dfail to pass Home Rule bills? |
1893 and 1886 |
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What were some issues up to 1914? |
House of Lords, Poverty, Voting, Communism/Capatalism |
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What did the term landed mean? |
Refered to wealthy people who's status was from ownershiop if land. |
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In 1900 (14 years before) who were the Conservatives under the leadership? |
Sailsbury |
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What was the Boer War? |
Due to disagreeement from dutch settlers and Britishas to who controled South Africa. |
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Did people in Britian support war? |
Unhappy- questioned its morality Happy-at first |
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What percentage of the work force in 1911 were agricultural workers? And in 1841? |
1911-11% 1841-22% |
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What is old Unions and new unions? |
old- established oragnaisations representing skilled workers new-representing large groups of workers |
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Tradtionally who tenede to vote for the Conservatives? |
Land owners, buisnmen and church of England. |
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Who was Gladstone? |
Was PM four times from 1968 to 1894. Giant figure in the Liberals, however career ended in failiour over Home Rule. |
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What was Villa Toryism? |
The Conservitives set out to win support from Villa Toryism by targeting voters through the Primrose League. |
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What was the Primerose League? |
The League was a way of connecting the landed classes in the Conservtive party with the middle and working classes. |
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What were the main reasons that the Converistives were popular from 1886-1906? |
- They had an image of patriotism - They had pride in the empire and stood up for typically Birtish interests - Got support due to opposing immegrants such as the Irish - Won the Kaki election by expoliting the expected victory |
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Who did the Liberal party form an alliance with? |
Whig aristocrats (aristocratic families), middle class, non-conformists and radical working men. |
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What was the Gladstonian Liberals main policies? |
Free trade (trade free of tariffs) Quotas Laissez-Faire |
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How did Gladstone feel towards Home Rule? |
Supported Home Rule - causing split in the party making Liberal Unionists go to Tory alliance. |
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How did Gladstone's career end? |
1894 - following House of Lords veto of Home Rule he was removed. |
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Were there many working class Labour MP's? |
There were a few, but they sat with the Liberals (called Lib-Labs). |
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What did Hardie do in 1892? |
Formed ILP and took his seat as first MP (lost his seat in 1895). |
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What was the LRC? |
In 1900, representatives from some trade unions, ILP, Socialist societies (Fabians) formed the LRC. In 1900 election they got 2 seats. By 1906 they got 29 seats (changed name to Labour party). |
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How did the Labour party get their funding? |
They got it through affliation (trade unions) so funding was limited. |
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What was the aim of the Labour party (in their early years)? |
To get working class MP's into the commons. |
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How were the Labour party doing by 1910? |
They had 42 MP's, however the Liberals overshadowed them still until 1914. |
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What was the political situatation from Dec 1905- Jan 1906? |
Dec - Tory in gov but faced criticism Balfour rather than call general election announced party's resignation Liberals took over in Jan under Bannerman Bannerman called an election |
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What was the order of the Prime Minister's? |
Salisbury (1895-1902), Balfour (1902-1905), Campbell-Bannerman (1905-1908), Asquith (1908-1916), Lloyd George (1916-1921), Bonar Law (1922-23) |
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What number of seats did the Liberals win in the 1906 election? |
400 - 157 Balfour lost his seat |
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Why did the Liberals win the 1906 election? |
- Boer War (1899-1902) - 1902 Education Act - 1904 Licensing Act - Chinese Labour Issue - Taff Vale Case - Neglect of social Reform - Tariff Reform - Conservative Leadership |
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Why did the Boer War lead the Liberals to win the 1906 election? |
- Short term: good for Tories (patriotic support) - Long term: methods used caused outrage - Revealed affect of poverty and need for social reform which the Liberals claimed Tories had neglected. |
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Why did the 1902 Education Act lead the Liberals to win the 1906 election? |
- Roused non-conformist fury, reverted to Liberals who were angry their tax was spent on religious schools. - Schools funded by local rates (tax to local authorities) - Refused to pay taxes. - DLG campaigned in Cardiff (1903), Welsh refuse to pay on grounds they were in poor conditions. |
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Why did the 1904 Licensing Act lead the Liberals to win the 1906 election? |
- Annoyed non-conformists - proposed to compensate those who licenses were cancelle. - Aimed to reduce public houses. - Brewers were Tory supporters. - Non-conformists (usually Liberal) switched due to HR went back to the Liberals. |
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Why did Chinese Labour lead the Liberals to win the 1906 election? |
- Between 1902-1904 they worked for low wages which damaged the Tory image. - Chinese labourers were imported to South Africa which posed moral issues which trade unions did not agree with. |
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Why did the Taff Vale (1901) case lead the Liberals to win the 1906 election? |
- Tories failed to take part in case of trade unions. - 1901 there was a dispute between Taff Vale Railway Company and railway workers trade unions in Wales, strike, company took workers to strike as they wanted compensation for loss of money. - 1902 House of Lords ruled the company were right to sue trade unions. - Tories refused to override this with act of parliament. |
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Why did neglect of social reform lead to the Liberals to win the 1906 election? |
- More awareness of poverty (Booth and Rowntree). - Boer war exposed malnutrition - Liberals working out new form of Liberalism (state pays bigger role), the LRC want the same - Tories did nothing but Education Act (1902) which benefitted Liberals more. |
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Why did Tariff Reform lead the Liberals to win the 1906 election? |
- Launched in 1903 by Joseph Chamberlain. - Reintroduce tariff, with lower tariff for goods from the empire. - Policy known as Imperial Protectionism. - Said it would protect jobs and pay for social reforms - Working/middle class feared it would mean higher food prices and lower living standards. - Divided Tory party. - All Liberals believed in free trade. |
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Why did Conservative Leadership lead the Liberals to win the 1906 election? |
- Balfour lacked political skill. - Was indecisive on tariff reform, miscalculated working class reaction on numerous occasions. - Education Bill 1902 he piloted led to non-conformists disliking him. - Stepping down the gov = timed 1906 election. |
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What was a 'bread and butter' issue (Liberals)? |
By 1905 the Liberals were a reunited party, they were all behind free trade. Bannerman promoted a broad party, Liberals able to exploit Tories misjudgment. |
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What was the Lib-Lab Pact? |
In 1903 the Liberals agreed with LRC leader not to oppose Labour candidates in the election in 30 constituencies (England and Wales). In areas where Liberals would win, Labour would step down (visa versa). |
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What was 'New Liberalism'? |
New direction after Gladstone, old Liberalism was freedom to do things (publish and criticise gov), new Liberalism (freedom from evils, eg low wages, poverty). New Liberalism implied higher gov spending which contradicted the Liberals traditional policies.
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What was the influence of New Liberalism on the Liberals? |
- Before 1908 it had little influence. - Reforms were mainly due to pressure from Labour. - Bannerman remained loyal to traditional Liberal ideas. - After Bannerman, pace of reforms increased. |
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How extensive were social reforms? |
- Never created a welfare state, however this was never their intention. -Created basic minimum wage, but did not cover big issues (housing). - There was still casual employment, especially in the docks so families struggled. |
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What was the relationship between state and individual?
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The state expanded their influence into areas regarding families including free meals and child welfare. Also influenced the Labour market (such as minimum wages) and heath. |
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Who was John Redmond? |
He wanted Home Rule, and thought the Parliament Act would make this possible. |
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When was the third Home Rule Bill and what was it? |
In 1912 it was passed by Commons. It meant Ireland would have its own parliament but would keep sending Irish MP's to Westminster. Conservatives said Liberals had no right to pass it as it was not an issue in the 1910 election. Lords put a 2 year delay on it. |
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Who was Edward Carson? |
He drew up the Covenant which 1000's signed in 1912. He formed the Ulster Volunteer Force, which Bonar Law offered his support to in 1914. The Nationalists formed the Irish Volunteers in response to this. |
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What was the reason for the first constitutional crisis? And in what year? |
David Lloyd George's People's Budget - 1909-1910 |
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What was outlined in the 1909 Budget? |
- Increase income tax if income was over £3000 (1 shilling ---> 1 shilling 2 pence). - Super tax if you earnt over £5000 - Land taxes - Tax on goods, eg, cars, petrol, beer - Higher death duties on estates |
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What did the Conservatives think of the budget? |
They believed it was a 'class' budget and that the Liberals had deliberately set out to tax the rich. |
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What did the Lords do about the budget? How did this lead to a constitutional crisis, and then an election? |
The Lords vetoed the budget (Nov 1909). This meant the Liberals had no way of collecting tax/money to pay for reforms. They therefore had no choice but to call an election. |
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How much money did David Lloyd George need from the budget? And what for? |
He needed £15 million to provide for social reforms and for naval warships (dreadnoughts). |
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What was the reason for the Second Constitutional Crisis? And in what year? |
The Parliament Act (1910-11). |
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What was outlined in the Parliament Act? |
- Lords had no power to amend/reject bills that were seen as true money bills. - Lords would no power to veto, but could delay for 2 years. - Period between elections would reduce from 7yrs to 5yrs. |
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What was the problem with the Parliament Act (why was it not passed)? |
The act would pass the Commons but would be stopped by the Lords. |
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What did Asquith propose to do in order to pass the act? And how did this lead to another general election? |
- Ask King Edward VII to create more Liberal peers to outvote the Tories, BUT, the King dies (Asquith killed the king - 1910). - The new King (George V) tried to get the Liberals and Tories to agree. - Constitutional conference was held. - Lords wanted the power to veto any change in constitution (ie Home Rule), unless approved in referendum. - King agreed to make more Liberal peers IF they won an election on that issue. |
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What were the results of the second general election of 1910? |
The Liberals and the Conservatives won the same number of seats (272), but, as the Liberals support from Labour (42 seats) and the Irish (84 seats), it meant they won. |
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What happened in May 1911? How did Conservatives feel about this? |
The Parliament Act was finally passed. It divided the Conservatives; some supported it, others did not. This lead to Balfour resigning and Bonar Law become the new Conservative leader. |
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What was the Osbourne case? |
- Walter Osbourne (railway trade unionist - Liberal), objected to his trade union using his yearly subscription to fund Labour. - Case went to Lords who ruled in his favour. - Blow to Labour as they depended on funds. - Made the Liberals pass payment of MP's act (1911) which meant working class could be an MP as a full-time job (£400/yr). |
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What was the Trade Union Act of 1913? |
- Allowed trade unions to impose a 'political levy'. - Trade unionists who did not wish to support Labour financially could refuse to pay part of union subscription. |
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What were the positives of the Trade Union Act and Parliament Act? What was a drawback of these acts? |
- Helped widen representation in the Commons. - Men of humble origins could become MP's. - Gave a boost to Labour as they now had steady funds and union backing. - BUT, the acts did not extend the vote. |
