Art History 005

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physical evidence

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materials used for a statue or painting may not have been invented before a certain time, indicating the earliest possible date someone could have fashioned the work.

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chronology

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the dating of art objects and buildings

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terminus post quem

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point after which

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terminus ante quem

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point before which

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documentary evidence

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helps pinpoint the date of an object or building when written records or documents mention the work

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internal evidence

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Depiction of person, hairstyle, clothing, or furniture can set a timeline to identify date of art

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stylistic evidence

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an analysis of style is an artists distinctive manner of producing an object. Less reliable for chronological criterion

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period style

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characteristic artistic manner of a specific era or span of years, usually within a distinct culture

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regional style

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term historians use to describe variations in style tied to geography, like an objects date, it's provenance, or place of origin, can significantly determine it's character

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style

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an artist's distinctive manner of producing an object

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personal style

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distinctive manner of individual artist's or architects, often decisively explains stylistic discrepancies among monuments of the same place and time

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subject

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artwork itself and all the materials it is composed of

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iconography

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content or subject of an artwork and study of content in art, includes symbols

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symbols

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images that stand for other images or encapsulate ideas

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personifications

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abstract ideas codified in human form

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school

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shared chronology, style, and geography

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patrons

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those who paid artists to make individual works or employed them on a consisting basis

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form

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objects shape and structure, two and three dimensional

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composition

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how artist composes/organizes forms in a piece, concerned with arrangement in space

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materials

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medium and tools artists choose to use to compose piece

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technique

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processes artist's employ, personal ways they handle materials

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line

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the path of a point moving in space , an invisible line of sight

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plane

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flat surface

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contour line

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continuous line that defines an objects outer shape

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color

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revealed by light

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additive light

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natural/sunlight

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subtractive light

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light reflected from pigments and objects

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hue

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property giving a color its name

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texture

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the quality of a surface, rough or shiny

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space

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bounded or boundless container of objects

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perspective

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important pictorial device to organizing shapes in space

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proportion

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relationship between the parts or persons, buildings, or objects

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subtractive sculpting techniques

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sculpting that includes carving or subtraction of a material in the creation of a piece

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additive sculpting techniques

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include techniques that require adding a substance to a cast to create a piece

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relief sculpture

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statues and busts that exist independent of any architectural frame or setting and that viewers can walk around

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architectural drawings

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includes plan, elevation, and cutaway drawings, essentially graphical representations of mass and space

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different ways of seeing

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varying perspectives and interpretations of art depending on style, materials, themes, context, and culture

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paleolithic

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old stone age, art went beyond recognition to incorporate representation of natural environment/elements

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Chauvet cave

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home to the world's supposedly oldest cave painting in France, depicts horses, rhinos, and aurochs, painted over time, shows great care and technique

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Altamira Cave

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in northern Spain, depiction of bison discovered

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Lascaux Cave

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house of giant hall of bulls, depiction of many different animals, also found first supposed depiction of man, used many different techniques that seemed painstaking

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Neolithic

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new stone age, development of stone implements allowed for new techniques/art forms

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Jericho

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agricultural settlement, 7000 BCE plateau of Jordan river, wealth increased interesting new art forms human skull masks, tools, and stone tower, evolution of artistic architecture

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Ain Ghazal

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second important neolithic settlement, in ancient Palestine, plaster houses, rich paints/pigments, beginning of monumental sculptures

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Catal Hoyuk

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Anatolian plain, home to hunting paintings, and volcanic eruption landscape, both required beautiful depiction involving craft and skill and imitation of surroundings

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Megalithic

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a large, roughly hewn stone used in the construction of monumental prehistoric structures

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Stonehenge

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Stone monolith in England, supposed spiritual/healing significance, implies post and lintel structure, circular pattern

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passage grave

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a prehistoric tomb with a long stone corridor leading to a burial chamber covered by a great tumulus

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tumulus

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in etruscan architecture, tumuli cover one or more subterranean multichambered tombs cut out of the local tufa (limestone)

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Profile view

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side view of a subject

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frontal view

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front view of a subject

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composite image

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a convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally; also called twist perspective

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sculpture in the round

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freestanding figure in 3D

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radiocarbon dating

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a method of measuring the decay rate of carbon isotopes in organic matter to determine the age of organic materials such as wood and fiber

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neolithic wall painting

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coherent narratives became common , artists began to represent human figures

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human with a feline head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany, 30,000-28,000 BCE, made of mammoth ivory

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Nude women, Venus of Willendorf, Willendorf Austria, 28,000-25,000 BCE limestone

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woman holding a bison horn, Laussel, France 25,000-20,000 BCE limestone

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two bisons, reliefs in the cave at Le Tuc d'Audoubert, France 15,000-10,000 BCE clay

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bison licking its flank, La Madeleine, France 12,000 BCE reindeer horn

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bison detail of a painted ceiling in the cave at Altamira, Spain 13,000-11,000 BCE

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aurochs, horses, and rhinos, wall painting in the Chauvet Cave, Vallon Pont-d'Arc, France 30,000-28,000 BCE or 15,000-13,000 BCE

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Rhino, wounded man, and disemboweled bison, painting in the well of the cave at Lascaux, France 16,000-14,000 BCE

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stone tower built into the settlement wall, Jericho 8,000-7,000 BCE

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human figure, Ain Ghazal, Jordan 6750-6250 BCE plaster

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landscape with volcanic eruption, detail of a watercolor copy of a wall painting from level VII, Catal Hoyuk , Turkey 6150 BCE

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aerial view of Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England 2550-1600 BCE

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Mesopotamia

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cradle of civilization, where humans first used the wheel, established city-states, invented writing, used pictures to tell coherent stories

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Tigris

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great eastern river that defined the boundaries and fueled the fertility of Mesopotamia

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Euphrates

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the western of the two great rivers surrounding Mesopotamia

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Sumer

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First inhabitants living in the fertile crescent, converting it, group of independent city-states, culture that first invented writing

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Akkad

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loosely linked group of cities known as Sumer united under great ruler, Sargon of Akkad, near Babylon

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Babylonia

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strong independent city-state that gained political power, ruled under Hammurabi the most powerful and influential king, used centralized government

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Assyria

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huge power ruled over tigris to the nile at height of power, came to power during first half of first millennium, not very secure rule

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Persia

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Captured Babylon in the sixth century, gave birth to Achaemenid Empire

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ziggurat

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in ancient mesopotamian architecture, a monumental platform for a temple

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votive offering

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a gift of gratitude to a deity

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conceptual representation

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the representation of the fundamental distinguishing properties of a person or object, not the way a figure or object appears in space and light at a specific moment

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stele

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a carved stone slab used to mark graves or to commemorate historical events

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cylinder seals

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a cylindrical piece of stone usually about an inch or so in height, decorated with an incised design, so that a raised pattern is left when the seal is rolled over soft clay, used to id important possessions through sign

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lamassu

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Assyrian guardian in the form of a man-headed winged bull

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apadana

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the great audience hall in ancient Persian palaces

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Inanna

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the Sumerian goddess of love and war, most important female deity in all periods of Mesopotamian history, sanctuary to self at Uruk, many reliefs and statues in her worship

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Naram- Sin

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Sargon of Akkad's grandson, strong warrior type leader has Stele dedicated to victory

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Ashurbanipal

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hunting reliefs and sculptures dedicated to great Assyrian king, use of personification through enemies depicted as wild animals

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Gudea

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powerful ruler of akkad, very religious and wealthy, had many expensive statues depicted in honor of Ensi of Lagash

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Hammurabi

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most powerful ruler of Babylon, known for his acute laws and conquests

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Uruk

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city of the fourth millennium with a population of 40,000, home to iconic White Temple

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Ur

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Sumerian city that was home to the biblical Abraham and the Standard of Ur, which is one of the earliest extant works incorporating all pictorial conventions

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Dur Sharrukin

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citadel of Sargon II, home to huge Lamassu and other mural paintings and architectural and sculptural pieces worshiping the gods and rulers

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Persepolis

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most important source of knowledge regarding Persian art and architecture in ceremonial and administrative complex on the citadel

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White Temple and Ziggurat, Uruk (modern Warka), Iraq, 3200-3000 BCE

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restored view of the White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk, Iraq, 3200-3000 BCE

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Warka Vase, Presentation of offerings to Inanna, from Uruk, Iraq, 3200-3000 BCE, alabaster

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Eshnunna Statuettes, statuettes of two worships, from Square Temple at Eshnunna, Iraq, Gypsum, shell, and black limestone

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Stele of the Vultures, Battle scene, fragment of the victory stele of Eannatum from Girsu, Iraq, limestone

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Akkadian Portraiture, Head of an Akkadian ruler, from Nineveh, Iraq, 2250-2200 BCE, Copper

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Akkadian Portraiture, Victory stele of Naram-sin, from Susa, Iran, 2254-2218 BCE pink sandstone

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Ziggurat at Ur, Iraq, 2100 BCE

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Gudea standing, holding an overflowing water jar, from the temple of Geshtinanna, Girsu, Iraq, 2100 BCE, calcite

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Stele with the laws of Hammurabi, from Susa, Iran 1780 BCE, basalt

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Lamassu (man-headed winged bull), from citadel of Saragon II, Dur Sharrukin, Iraq, 720-705 BCE, limestone

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citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin 720-705 BCE

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Assyrian archers pursuing enemies, relief from the northwest palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Kalhu, Iraq, 875-860 BCE, gypsum

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Ashurbanipal hunting lions, relief from the north palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh, Iraq, 645-640 BCE, gypsum

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Ishtar Gate, Babylon, Iraq, 575 BCE, glazed bricks

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Aerial view of Persepolis, Iran 521-465 BCE

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Persians and Medes, detail of processional frieze on the east side of the terrace of the apadana of the palace, Persepolis, Iran, 521-465 BCE limestone

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Nile

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backbone of Egypt, annual floods supported all life, defined cultures, originated in Africa, worlds longest river

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Lower Egypt

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the northernmost region of Egypt, fertile nile delta

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Upper Egypt

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land between both sides of the nile and extends to Nubia

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Old Kingdom

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statuary types expressing the eternal nature of pharaonic kingship, construction of the Great pyramids at Gizeh

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Middle Kingdom

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rock-cut tombs became the preferred Egyptian burial sites

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New Kingdom

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construction of grandiose pylon temples, Akhenaton introduces a new religion and new art forms

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dynasties

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sequence of rulers from the same family

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pallete

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a thin board with a thumb hole at one end on which an artist lays and mixes colors; any surface so used; also colors or kinds of colors characteristically used by an artist, In ancient Egypt, a slate slab used for preparation of makeup

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stepped pyramid

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predynastic and early dynastic new unique Egyptian design of pyramids

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pyramid

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a quadrilateral masonry mass having smooth, steeply sloping sides meeting at an apex, used as a tomb

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mummification

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to make a dead body into a mummy through embalming and drying

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sphinx

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a figure of an imaginary creature having the head of a man or an animal and thebody of a lion

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ka

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in ancient Egypt, the immortal human life force

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bilateral symmetry

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having the same forms on either side of a central axis

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nemes crown

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in ancient Egypt the linen headdress worn by the pharaoh with the uraeus cobra of kingship on the front

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pylon

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the wide entrance gateway of an Egyptian temple, characterized by its sloping walls

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lintel

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a horizontal beam used to span an opening

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clerestory

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the fenestrated part of a building that rises above the roofs of the other parts, oldest known are in Egypt

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pharaoh

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an ancient Egyptian king

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scribe

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a person who serves as a professional copyist, especially one who made copies ofmanuscripts before the invention of printing

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mastaba

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an ancient Egyptian rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping sides erected over a subterranean tomb chamber connected with the outside by a shaft

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Narmer

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predynastic king, ornate and beautiful Palette in his honor

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Djoser

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Egyptian king of the third dynasty (2630-2611 BCE), huge stepped pyramid in his honor

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Imhotep

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artist of stepped pyramid in honor of Djoser, legendary talent, pharaoh's official seal bearer and high priest

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Khufu

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One of the great pyramids of Gizeh is in honor of this great pharaoh of the old kingdom (2551-2528 BCE)

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Khafre

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One of the great pyramids of Gizeh is in honor of this great pharaoh of the old kingdom (2520-2494 BCE)

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Menkaure

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One of the great pyramids of Gizeh is in honor of this great pharaoh of the old kingdom (2490-2472 BCE)

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Ti

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fifth dynasty official displayed as a central figure in a hunting expedition, tomb is a major site of artwork

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Senusret III

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successor of Mentuhotep II, fought four brutal military campaigns in Nubia, fragmentary relief in his honor

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Hatshesput

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queen who became a regent ruler for the boy king, first great female monarch, commissioned numerous building projects, mortuary temple had great significance

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Ramses II

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Great Pharaoh who has a huge stone cut temple in his honor at Abu Simbel

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Nebamun

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great pharaoh of the New Kingdom who is depicted in ornate mural painting

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Akhenaten

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crazy pharaoh who radically changed empire worship to deify the sun disk, erased all past elements in empire of other gods and artwork, depicted in statue much more realistically

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Thutmose

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sculptor, represented his work authentically

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Nefertiti

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Akhenaton's queen, most beautiful woman in land as depicted by her bust,unfinished and irregularly shaped

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Tutankhamen

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most famous Egyptian boy king, didn't do much in short reign, massive tomb with very in tact mummy and possessions, many art masterpieces

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Taharqo

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Pharaoh (690-664 BCE) constructed temple at Kawa and had beautiful portrait of himself placed inside, sculpture of sphinx most known piece

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Horus

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a solar deity, regarded as either the son or the brother of Isis and Osiris, and usuallyrepresented as a falcon or as a man with the head of a falcon

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Amen-Re

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a god in whom Amen and Ra were combined: the god of the universe and thesupreme Egyptian god during the period of Theban political supremacy

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Aten

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a solar deity declared by Amenhotep IV to be the only god, represented as a solardisk with rays ending in human hands

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Palette of Narmer, Hierakonpolis Egypt, predynastic, 300-2920 BCE, slate

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Imhotep, stepped pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt, Third Dynasty, 2630-2611 BCE

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Restored view of the mortuary precinct of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt, Third dynasty, 2630-2611 BCE

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Great Pyramids, Gizeh, Egypt, fourth dynasty

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model of the pyramid complex, Gizeh, Egypt

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Khfre enthroned, Gizeh, Egypt, fourth dynasty, 2520-2494 BCE

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Menkaure and Khamerernebty, Gizeh, Egypt, fourth dynasty 2490-2472 BCE

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Seated scribe, Saqqara, Egypt, fourth dynasty, 2500 BCE, painted limestone

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Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt, relief in the mastaba of Ti, Saqqara, Egypt, 2450-2350 BCE, painted limestone

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Fragmentary head of Senurset III, 12th dynasty, 1860 BCE, red quartzite

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Mortuary temple of Hatshesput, Deir el Bahri, Egypt, 18th dynasty 1473-1458 BCE

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Facade of the Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, 1290-1224 BCE, sandstone

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Aerial View of the temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, Egypt, begun in 15th cent BCE

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Hypostyle hall of the temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, Egypt, 19th dynasty, 1290-1224 BCE

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Model of the hypostyle hall, temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, Egypt, 19th dynasty, 1290-1224 BCE

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Nebamun hunting fowl, from the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt, 18th dynasty 1400-1350 BCE, fresco-secco

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funerary banquet, form the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt, 18th dynasty, 1400-1350 BCE, fresco-secco

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Akhenaton, from the temple of Aton, Karnak, Egypt, 18th dynasty, 1353-1335 BCE, sandstone

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Thutmose, Nefertiti, from Amarna, Egypt, 18th dynasty, 1353-1335 BCE, painted limestone

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Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters, from Amarna, Egypt, 18th dynasty, 1353-1335 BCE, limestone

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Innermost coffin of Tutankhamen, form his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, 18th dynasty, 1323 BCE, gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones

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Death mask of Tutankhamen, from the innermost coffin in his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, 18th dynasty, 1323 BCE, gold with inlay of semiprecious stones

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Painted chest, from the tomb of Tutankhamen, Thebes, Egypt, 18th dynasty 1333-1323 BCE, wood

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Taharqo as a sphinx, from the temple T, Kawa, Sudan, 25th dynasty 680 BCE, granite

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Aegean

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elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Turkey

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Cycladic Islands

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Greek Islands in the Aegean

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Crete

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Island home to King Minos, legendary for his labyrinth and Minotaur, island is also home to some unique and beautiful artifacts

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Asia Minor

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a peninsula in W Asia between the Black and Mediterranean seas, including most ofAsiatic Turkey

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Cycladic culture

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early sculptors of this period created marble figurines for mortuary tribute

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Minoan Culture

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construct major palaces on Crete and adorn the walls with frescoes focusing on palace rituals and nature

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Mycenaean Culture

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bury their dead in deep shaft graves with ornate funerary masks and gold daggers/cups, erect fortification walls around their citadels featuring corbeled domes, oldest monumental structures known

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Linear A

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an ancient system of writing, not yet deciphered, inscribed on clay tablets, pottery, andother objects found at Minoan sites on Crete and other Greek islands

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Linear B

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an ancient system of writing representing a very early form of Greek, deciphered byMichael Ventris chiefly from clay tablets found at Knossos on Crete and at Pylos

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Old Palace

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first period of Minoan art up until 1600 BCE destroyed by great fire

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New Palace

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second/late period of Minoan art, regarded as golden age of Crete, era when first great western civilization emerged

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mural paintings

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frescos found by Greek archaeologists discovered at excavations at Akrotiri on volcanic island of Thera

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eruption of Thera

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contributes to the excellent conditions of the Theran paintings burying Thera in pumice and ash for preservation

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citadel

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a fortress that commands a city and is used in the control of the inhabitants and indefense during attack or siege

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megaron

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the large reception hall and throne room in a Mycenaean Palace, fronted by an open, two-columned porch

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Corbel arch

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an arch formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch

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corbel vault

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a vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch

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Lion Gate

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the largest sculpture in prehistoric Aegean, outer gateway of the stronghold of Mycenae

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Tholos tomb

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burial chamber, in Mycenaean architecture, a beehive-shaped tomb with a circular plan

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funerary mask

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used repoussé technique to fashion masks of gold to carry dead to afterlife, single sheet metal features pushed out from behind

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Niello Technique

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black metal alloy inlaid in gold cups and daggers

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Thera (Akrotiri)

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Cycladic islands in which many famous frescos were found

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Knossos

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largest Cretan palace, legendary home of King Minos, place on Crete

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Tiryns

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citadel 10 miles away from Mycenae, known for its great walls

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Mycenae

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citadel of Peloponnesus, Greek mainland, home to Agamemnon

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Figurine of a woman, from Syros (Cyclades), Greece, 2600-2300 BCE, Marble

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Male Harp player, from Keros (Cyclades), Greece, 2600-2300 BCE, marble

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Aerial view of the palace at Knossos (Crete), Greece, 1700-1370 BCE

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Plan of palace of Knossos (Crete), Greece, 1700-1370 BCE

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Minoan Woman or Goddess (La Parisienne) from the palace, Knossos (Crete), Greece, 1400-1370 BCE

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Bull-leaping, from palace of Knossos, (crete), Greece, 1400-1370 BCE

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Landscape with swallows (Spring fresco), from room Delta 2, Akrotiri, Thera (cyclades), Greece, 1650-1625 BCE

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Marine style octopus flask, from Palaikastro (Crete), Greece, 1450 BCE

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Snake Goddess, from the palace Knossos, Greece, 1600 BCE

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Harvesters Vase, from Hagia Triada (Crete), Greece, 1500-1450 BCE

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Aerial view of the citadel, Tiryns, Greece, 1400-1200 BCE

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Plan of the palace and southern part of the citadel, Tiryns, Greece, 1400-1200 BCE

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Megaron, Palace of Nestor, Pylos, 1300 BCE

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Lion gate, Mycenae, Greece, 1300-1250 BCE, limestone

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Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, 1300-1250 BCE

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Interior of the Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, 1300-1250 BCE

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Funerary mask, form Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece, 1600-1500 BCE, beaten gold

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Inlaid dagger blade with lion hunt form Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece, 1600-1500 BCE, bronze with inlaid silver, gold, and niello

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Two goddesses and a child, from Mycenae, Greece, 1400-1200 BCE, Ivory

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Warrior Vase, from Mycenae, Greece, 1200 BCE,

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Geometric

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resembling or employing the simple rectilinear or curvilinear lines or figures used in geometry

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orientalizing

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the early phase of Archaic Greek art (seventh century BCE), so named because of the adoption of forms and motifs from the ancient Near East and Egypt

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Archaic

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the artistic style of 600-480 BCE in Greece, characterized in part by the use of the composite view for painted and relief figures and of Egyptian stances for statues.

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Classical

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the art and culture of ancient Greece between 480-323 BCE. Lowercase classical refers to more generally the Greco-Roman art and culture

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Hellenistic

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The term given to the art and culture of the roughly three centuries between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the death of Queen Cleopatra in 30 BCE, when Egypt became a Roman province

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Kouros

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Greek, young man, an archaic Greek statue of a young man

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kore

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Greek, young woman, an Archaic Greek statue of a young woman

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Krater

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an ancient Greek wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water

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amphora

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an ancient Greek two-handled jar used for general storage purposes, usually to hold wine and oil

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lekythos

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a flask containing perfumed oil; lekythoi were often placed in Greek graves as offerings to the deceased

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Doric

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Characterized by capitals with funnel-shaped echinuses, columns without bases, and a frieze of triglyphs and metopes

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Ionic

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characterized by volutes, capitals, columns with bases, and an uninterrupted frieze

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corinthian

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a more ornate form of ionic or doric; it consists of a double row of acanthus leaves from which tendrils and flowers grow, wrapped around a bell-shaped echinus. Although this capital form is often cited as the distinguishing feature of the corinthian order, no such order exists, in strict terms, but only this type of capital used in the Ionic order

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base

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in ancient Greek architecture, the molded projecting lowest part of Ionic and Corinthian columns

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shaft

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the tall cylindrical part of a column between the capital and the base

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flutes

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vertical channeling, roughly semicircular in cross-section and used principally on columns and pilasters

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capital

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the uppermost member of a column, serving as a transition from the shaft to the lintel, form varies in order in classical architecture

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frieze

Back 235

the part of the entablature between the architave and the cornice; also any sculptured or painted band in a building

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metope

Back 236

the square panel between the triglyphs in a Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief

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triglyph

Back 237

a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes

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pediment

Back 238

in classical architecture, the triangular space at the end of a building, formed by the ends of the sloping roof above the colonnade; also, an ornamental feature having shape

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stylobate

Back 239

the uppermost course of the platform of a classical Greek temple, which supports columns

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cella

Back 240

the chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (Greek naos), in which the cult statue usually stood

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peristyle

Back 241

in classical architecture, a colonnade all around the cella and its porches. a peripteral colonnade consists of a single row of columns on all sides; a dipteral colonnade has a double row all around

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orchestra

Back 242

greek dancing place, in ancient Greek theaters, the circular piece of earth with a hard and level surface on which the performance took place

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skene

Back 243

the stage of a classical theater

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stoa

Back 244

in ancient Greek architecture, an open building with a roof supported by a row of columns parallel to the back wall

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polis

Back 245

an independent city state in ancient Greece

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black figure style

Back 246

in ancient Greek pottery, the silhouetting of dark figures against a light background of natural, reddish clay, with linear details incised through the silhouettes

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red figure style

Back 247

in later Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details, reverse of black figure style

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canon of polykleitos

Back 248

standard of sculptural perfection

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pebble mosaics

Back 249

a mosaic made of irregularly shaped stones of various colors

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Athens

Back 250

major Greek city, home of the Acropolis

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Paestum

Back 251

ancient Greek city, home to amazing temples

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Olympia

Back 252

sanctuary in ancient Greece, home to the gods and games

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Epidauros

Back 253

small Greek polis, home to the Avaton of Epidauros

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Pergamon

Back 254

ancient arcadian home, great architectural feats

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Herakles

Back 255

a celebrated hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, possessing exceptionalstrength: among his many adventures were the twelve labors for his cousin Eurystheus, performed in order to gain immortality

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Athena

Back 256

the virgin deity of the ancient Greeks worshiped as the goddess of wisdom,fertility, the useful arts, and prudent warfare. At her birth she sprang forth fully armed from the head of her father, Zeus.

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Zeus

Back 257

king of the gods,ruled the sky and alloted the sea to his brother poseidon and the underworld to his other brother hades. weapon=thunderbolt

Front 258

Dipylon Master

Back 258

The Dipylon Master was an ancient Greek vase painter who was active from around 760–750 BC. He worked in Athens, where he and his workshop produced large funerary vessels for those interred in the Dipylon cemetery, whence his name comes. His work belongs to the very Late stage of the Geometric Style.

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Exekias

Back 259

Exekias was an ancient Greek vase-painter and potter who was active in Athens between roughly 545 BC and 530 BC.[1] Exekias worked mainly in the black-figure technique, which involved the painting of scenes using a clay slip that fired to black, with details created through incision

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Euthymides

Back 260

(flourished c. 515–500 bc), an early adopter of the Athenian red-figure technique, a contemporary and perhaps rival of Euphronius. He is admired for his explorations in foreshortening and for his studies in movement, both departures from Archaic convention.

Front 261

Pericles

Back 261

495 – 429 BCE was arguably the most prominent and influentialGreek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age— specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.

Front 262

Iktinos

Back 262

was an architect active in the mid 5th century BCE. Ancient sources identify Ictinus and Callicrates as co-architects of the Parthenon.

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Kallikrates

Back 263

(flourished 5th century bc), Athenian architect who designed theTemple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis and, with Ictinus, the Parthenon.

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Phidias

Back 264

Athenian sculptor, the artistic director of the construction of the Parthenon, who created its most important religious images and supervised and probably designed its overall sculptural decoration

Front 265

Polykleitos

Back 265

(flourished c. 450–c. 415 bc), Greek sculptor from the school of Argos, known for his masterly bronze sculptures of young athletes; he was also one of the most significant aestheticians in the history of art

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Praxitiles

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(flourished 370–330 bce), greatest of the Attic sculptors of the 4th century bce and one of the most original of Greek artists. By transforming the detached and majestic style of his immediate predecessors into one of gentle grace and sensuous charm, he profoundly influenced the subsequent course of Greek sculpture

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Lysippos

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Greek sculptor, head of the school at Argos and Sicyon in the time of Philip of Macedon and especially active during the reign of Philip’s sonAlexander the Great (336–323 bc). Lysippus was famous for the new and slender proportions of his figures and for their lifelike naturalism.

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Back 268

Iktinos and Kallikrates, parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BCE

Front 269

Back 269

Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens, Greece, 740 BCE

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Back 270

Hero and Centaur, Olympia, Greece, 750-730 BCE

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Back 271

Mantiklos Apollo, statuette of a youth, Thebes, Greece, 700-680 BCE, Bronze

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Back 272

Lady of Auxerre, 650-625 BCE, limestone

Front 273

Back 273

Temple A, Prinias, 625 BCE

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Back 274

Lintel of Temple A, Prinias, 625 BCE

Front 275

Back 275

Kouros, from Attica, Greece, 600 BCE

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Back 276

Kroisos, Anavysos, Greece, 530 BCE

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Back 277

Peplos Kore, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 530 BCE

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Back 278

Kore in Ionian dress, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 520-510 BCE

Front 279

Back 279

Plan of typical Greek peripteral temple

Front 280

Back 280

Elevations of the Doric and Ionic orders, major differences between the two orders are the form of the capitals and the treatment of the Frieze, Doric frieze is subdivided into triglyphs and metopes

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Back 281

Temple of Hera, Paestum, Italy, 550 BCE, the peristyle of this huge early Doric temple consists of heavy, closely spaced, cigar-shaped columns with bulky, pancakelike capitals, characteristic features of Archaic Greek architecture

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Back 282

Kleitias and Ergotimos, Francois vase, Chiusi, Italy, 570 BCE, the painter and the potter signed this vase found in an Etruscan tomb, the vase has more than 200 figures in five registers

Front 283

Back 283

Exekias, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game, Vulci, Italy, 540-530 BCE

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Back 284

Euthymides, Three revelers, Vulci, Italy, 510 BCE, Euthymides chose this theme as an excuse to represent bodies in unusual positions, including forshortened three-quarter rear view. he claimed to have surpassed Euphronios as a draftsman

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Back 285

Apollo, West Pediment, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, 470-456 BCE, the epitome of calm rationality, Apollo, with a commanding gesture of his right hand, attempts to bring order out of the chaotic struggle all around him between the Lapiths and the beastly centaurs

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Back 286

Athena, Herakles, and Atlas with the apples of the Hesperides, metope from the temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, 470-465 BCE

Front 287

Back 287

Kritios Boy, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 480 BCE

Front 288

Back 288

warrior, from the sea off Riace, Italy, 460-450 BCE

Front 289

Back 289

Polykleitos, Doryphoros, Pompeii, Italy, 450-440 BCE

Front 290

Back 290

Aerial view of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece

Front 291

Back 291

Plan of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-432 BCE

Front 292

Back 292

Phidias, Athena parthenos, in the cella of the parthenon, Athens, Greece, 438 BCE

Front 293

Back 293

Centauromachy, metope from the south side of the parthenon, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BCE

Front 294

Back 294

Helios and his horses, and Dionysos, form the east pediment of the parthenon, Athens, Greece, 438-432 BCE

Front 295

Back 295

Three goddesses, Athens, Greece, 438-432 BCE

Front 296

Back 296

Three details of the Panathenaic Festival procession frieze, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BCE, marble

Front 297

Back 297

Achilles Painter, Warrior taking leave of his wife, from Eretria, Greece, 440 BCE

Front 298

Back 298

Niobid Painter, Artemis and Apollo slaying the children of Niobe, Orvieto, Italy, 450 BCE

Front 299

Back 299

Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos, Musei Vaticani, Rome, 350-340 BCE

Front 300

Back 300

Lysippos, Apoxymenos, Musei Vaticani, Rome, 330 BCE

Front 301

Back 301

Head of Alexander the Great, from Pella, Greece, third century BCE

Front 302

Back 302

Hades abducting Persephone, detail of a wall painting in tomb, Vergina, Greece, mid-fourth Century BCE

Front 303

Back 303

Philoxenos of Eretria, Battle of Issus, Pompeii, Italy, 310 BCE

Front 304

Back 304

Polykleitos The Younger, aerial view of the theater, Epidauros, Greece, 350 BCE

Front 305

Back 305

Stoa of Attalos II, Agora, Athens, Greece,150 BCE

Front 306

Back 306

Reconstructed west front of the Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, Turkey, 175 BCE

Front 307

Back 307

Athena battling Alkyoneos, detail of the gigantomachy frieze, Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, Turkey, 175 BCE

Front 308

etruscans

Back 308

people who occupied middle Italy in early Roman days, and whom the Romans, in their usual neighborly fashion, wiped out entirely

Front 309

fibula

Back 309

a decorative pin, usually used to fasten garments

Front 310

tumulus

Back 310

in etruscan architecture, tumuli cover one or more subterranean multichambered tombs cut out of the local tufa (limestone)

Front 311

necropolis

Back 311

Greek city of the dead, a large burial area or cemetery

Front 312

Roman Republic

Back 312

period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire

Front 313

patricians

Back 313

an aristocrat or nobleman

Front 314

plebians

Back 314

a member of the lower social classes

Front 315

Roman concrete

Back 315

a material used in construction during the late Roman Republic through the whole history of the Roman Empire. Roman concrete was based on a hydraulic-setting cement with many material qualities similar to modern portland cement

Front 316

verism

Back 316

the theory that rigid representation of truth and reality is essential to art and literature, and therefore the ugly and vulgar must be included.

Front 317

forum

Back 317

the public square of an ancient Rome city

Front 318

basilica

Back 318

In Roman architecture, a public building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered form one end and with an apse at the other

Front 319

amphitheater

Back 319

Greek, double theater, a Roman building type resembling two Greek theaters put together. The Roman amphitheater featured a continuous elliptical cavea around a central arena.

Front 320

first style Roman wall painting

Back 320

the decorator's aim was to imitate costly marble panels using painted stucco relief

Front 321

second style

Back 321

new approach to mural design became more popular, is in most respects an antithesis of the first style, did not aim to create the illusion of an elegant marble wall

Front 322

third style

Back 322

artists no longer attempted to replace the walls in three-dimensional worlds of their own creation, nor did they seek to imitate the appearance of the marble walls of Hellenistic kings

Front 323

triumphal arch

Back 323

In Roman architecture, a free-standing arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road

Front 324

Timgad

Back 324

Roman colonial town in the Aurès Mountains ofAlgeria, founded by the Emperor Trajan around AD 100

Front 325

taberna

Back 325

in roman architecture, a single-room shop usually covered by a barrel vault

Front 326

dome

Back 326

a hemispherical vault; theoretically, an arch rotated on its vertical axis, the Mycenaean architecture, domes are beehive-shaped

Front 327

insula

Back 327

in roman architecture a multistory apartment house, usually made of brick-faced concrete, also refers to an entire city-block

Front 328

baths

Back 328

bathhouse was an important meeting place for politicians and the elite

Front 329

Pantheon

Back 329

building is circular with aportico of large granite Corinthian columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment. A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky

Front 330

Augustus

Back 330

was the founder of theRoman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD

Front 331

Titus

Back 331

was Roman Emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death, thus becoming the first Roman Emperor to come to the throne after his own biological father

Front 332

Trajan

Back 332

was Roman emperor from 98 AD until his death in 117 AD. Officially declared by the Senate as optimus princeps ("the best ruler"), Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion inRoman history, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death

Front 333

Hadrian

Back 333

was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. He is also known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia. Hadrian was regarded by some as a humanist and was philhellene in most of his tastes. He is regarded as one of the Five Good Emperors

Front 334

Caracalla

Back 334

Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious and unpleasant of emperors because of the massacres and persecutions he authorized and instigated throughout the Empire

Front 335

Apollodorus of Damascus

Back 335

Damascus-born Greek engineer and architect who worked primarily for the Roman emperor Trajan (reigned 98–117). He was banished by the emperor Hadrian—perhaps following a disagreement about a temple design—and executed about 130

Front 336

Back 336

Interior of the Tomb of the Augurs, Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, 520 BCE

Front 337

Back 337

Fibula with Orientalizing lions, from the Regolini-Galassi Tomb, Sorbo necropolis, Cerveteri, Italy, 650-640 BCE

Front 338

Back 338

Model of a typical Etruscan temple of sixth century BCE

Front 339

Back 339

Apulu, from the roof of the Portonaccio temple, Veii, Italy, 510-500 BCE

Front 340

Back 340

Sarcophagus with reclining couple, Cerveteri, Italy, 520 BCE painted terracotta

Front 341

Back 341

Tumuli in the Banditaccia necropolis, Italy, seventh to second centuries BCE

Front 342

Back 342

Interior of the Tomb of the Reliefs, Banditaccia, necropolis,Italy, late fourth or early third century, BCE

Front 343

Back 343

Interior of the Tomb of the Leopards, Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, Italy, 480-470 BCE

Front 344

Back 344

Detail of three bands of the spiral frieze of the Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy 112 BCE

Front 345

Back 345

Restored view of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Italy, late second century

Front 346

Back 346

man with portrait busts of his ancestors, from Rome, late first century BCE, marble

Front 347

Back 347

Portrait of Roman general, Tivoli, Italy, 75-50 BCE

Front 348

Back 348

Funerary relief with portraits of the Gessii, Rome, Italy, 30 BCE, marble

Front 349

Back 349

Aerial view of the forum, Pompeii, Italy, second century BCE

Front 350

Back 350

Restored view and plan of a typical Roman house of the late Republic and Early Empire

Front 351

Back 351

first style wall paintings in the fauces of the Samnite House, Herculaneum, Italy, late second century BCE

Front 352

Back 352

Gardenscape, Second style wall paintings, Primaporta, Italy, 30-20 BCE

Front 353

Back 353

Detail of a Third Style wall painting, Boscotrecase, Italy, 10 BCE

Front 354

Back 354

fourth style wall paintings in the Ixion Room of House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, 70-79 BCE

Front 355

Back 355

Portrait of a husband and wife, wall painting from house, Pompeii, Italy, 70-79 BCE, fresco

Front 356

Back 356

Portrait of Augustus as general, primaporta, Italy, early first century, 20 BCE, marble

Front 357

Back 357

Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13-9 BCE

Front 358

Back 358

female personification, Ara Pacis, Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13-9 BCE

Front 359

Back 359

Pont-du-Gard, Nimes, France,16BCE

Front 360

Back 360

Aerial view of the Colosseum, Rome, Italy, 70-80CE

Front 361

Back 361

Portrait bust of a Flavian woman, Rome, Italy, 90CE

Front 362

Back 362

West Facade if the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81CE

Front 363

Back 363

Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel in the passageway of the Arch of titus, Rome, Italy 81CE

Front 364

Back 364

Triumph of Titus, relief panel in passageway of the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81CE

Front 365

Back 365

Satellite view of Timgad, Algeria, 100CE

Front 366

Back 366

Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Italy, 112CE

Front 367

Back 367

Apollodorus of Damascus, interior of the great hall, Rome, Italy, 100-112CE

Front 368

Back 368

Apollodorus of Damascus, Market of Trajan, Rome, Italy, 100-112 CE

Front 369

Back 369

Portrait bust of Hadrian, Rome, 117-120CE

Front 370

Back 370

Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125CE

Front 371

Back 371

restored cuttaway view and lateral section of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125CE

Front 372

Back 372

interior of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118-125 CE

Front 373

Back 373

model of an insula, Ostia, Italy, second cent

Front 374

Back 374

Funerary relief of a vegetable vendor, from Ostia, Italy, painted terracotta, second half of second century

Front 375

Back 375

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy, 175 CE

Front 376

Back 376

Sarcophagus with the myth of Orestes, 140-150CE, marble

Front 377

Back 377

Mummy portrait of a priest of Serapis, from Hawara, Egypt, 140-160CE

Front 378

Back 378

Frigidarium, Baths of Diocletian, Rome, 298-306

Front 379

sarcophagus

Back 379

a coffin usually of stone

Front 380

synagogue

Back 380

Jewish house of worship

Front 381

Torah

Back 381

Jewish book of scripture

Front 382

Yahweh

Back 382

Jewish god

Front 383

catacombs

Back 383

subterranean networks of rock-cut galleries and chambers designed as cemeteries for the burial of the dead

Front 384

Good Shepherd

Back 384

The Good Shepherd is a pericope found in John 10:1-21 in which Jesus is depicted as the Good Shepherd who lays down his life for the sheep.

Front 385

Story of Jonah

Back 385

Jonah, son of Amittai, appears in 2 Kings as a prophet from Gath-hepher(a few miles north of Nazareth) active during the reign of Jeroboam II (c.786–746 BC), who predicts that Jeroboam will recover certain lost territories.

Front 386

Christian Basilica

Back 386

The remains of a large subterranean Neopythagorean basilica dating from the 1st century AD were found near thePorta Maggiore in Rome in 1915. The ground-plan of Christian basilicas in the4th century was similar to that of this Neopythagorean basilica, which had three naves and an apse.

Front 387

Longitudinal axis

Back 387

extending in the direction of the length of a thing; running lengthwise

Front 388

narthex

Back 388

a porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave

Front 389

nave

Back 389

the central area of an ancient Roman basilica or of a church, demarcated from aisles by piers or columns

Front 390

aisles

Back 390

the portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers

Front 391

apse

Back 391

a recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church

Front 392

central plan-design

Back 392

the horizontal arrangement of the parts of a building or of the buildings and streets of a city or town, or a drawing or diagram showing such an arrangement. In a central plan the parts of the structure are of equal or almost equal dimensions around the center

Front 393

mosaic- tesserae

Back 393

patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces(tesserae) of stone or glass in cement on surgaces such as walls and floors, the technique of making such works

Front 394

illuminated manuscripts

Back 394

a luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations

Front 395

parchment

Back 395

lambskin prepared as a surface for writing or painting

Front 396

mausoleum

Back 396

a monumental tomb, the name derives from the mid-fourth century BCE tomb of Mausolos at Halikarnassos, one of the seven wonders of the world

Front 397

Byzantium

Back 397

Byzantium was the ancient Greek city on the site that later became Constantinople (modern Istanbul).

Front 398

Constantine

Back 398

Byzantine Emperor for four months in 641. He was the eldest son of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and his first wife Eudokia.

Front 399

Justinian

Back 399

Justinian the Great, was a Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire

Front 400

Barberini Ivory

Back 400

The Barberini ivory is a Byzantine ivory leaf from an imperial diptych dating from Late Antiquity, now in the Louvre in Paris. It represents the emperor as triumphant victor. It is generally dated from the first half of the 6th century and is attributed to an imperial workshop in Constantinople, while the emperor is usually identified as Justinian, or possibly Anastasius I orZeno.

Front 401

icon

Back 401

a portrait or image; especially in Byzantine churches, a panel with a painting of sacred personages that are objects of veneration. In the visual arts, a painting, a piece of sculpture, or even a building regarded as an object of veneration

Front 402

Iconoclasm

Back 402

The destruction of religious or sacred images, In Byzantium the period from 726-843 when there was an imperial ban on such images. the destroyers of images were known as iconoclasts. those who opposed such a ban were known as iconophiles

Front 403

pendentives

Back 403

a concave, triangular section of a hemisphere, four of which provide the transition from a square area to the circular base of a covering dome. although pendentives appear to be hanging from the dome, they in fact support it

Front 404

Back 404

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Rome, Italy, 359

Front 405

Back 405

Interior of the Synagogue, Dura Europos, Syria, 245-256

Front 406

Back 406

The Good Shepherd, the story of Jonah and orants, Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Italy, early fourth century

Front 407

Back 407

Restored cutaway view and plan of Old Saint Peter's, Rome, Italy, 319

Front 408

Back 408

Plan of Santa Costanza, Rome, Italy, 337-351

Front 409

Back 409

Detail of the mosaic in the ambulatory vault of Santa Costanza, Rome, Italy, 337-351

Front 410

Back 410

The parting of Abraham and Lot, mosaic in the nave of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Italy, 432-440

Front 411

Back 411

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, 425

Front 412

Back 412

Christ as Good Shepherd, mosaic from the entrance wall of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, 425

Front 413

Back 413

Interior of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy, dedicated 504

Front 414

Back 414

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well, Vienna Genesis, early sixth century

Front 415

Back 415

Interior of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526-547

Front 416

Back 416

Justinian as world conqueror, mid-sixth cent, Barberini Ivory

Front 417

Back 417

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Constantinople, Turkey, 532-537

Front 418

Back 418

Plan of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, Turkey, 532-537

Front 419

Back 419

Interior of Hagia Sophia, constantinople, Turkey, 532-537

Front 420

Back 420

Aerial View of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526-547

Front 421

Back 421

Dome on pendentives and on squinches

Front 422

Back 422

Plan of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526-547

Front 423

Back 423

Choir and Apse of San Vitale with mosaic of Christ between two angels, Saint Vitalis, Ravenna, Italy, 526-547

Front 424

Back 424

Justinian, Bishop Maximus, and attendants, mosaic on the north wall of the apse, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 547

Front 425

Back 425

Theodora and Attendants, mosaic on the south wall of the apse, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 547

Front 426

Back 426

Transfiguration of Jesus, apse mosaic, Church of the virgin, monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt, 548-565

Front 427

Back 427

Virgin and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon, sixth or early seventh century, Mount Sinai, Egypt

Front 428

Islam

Back 428

the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words andreligious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god,

Allah.

Front 429

Koran

Back 429

muslim holy book

Front 430

surah

Back 430

a soft, twilled silk or rayon fabric

Front 431

mosque

Back 431

a Muslim temple or place of public worship

Front 432

hypostyle hall

Back 432

a hall with a roof supported by columns

Front 433

minaret

Back 433

a distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship

Front 434

mihrab

Back 434

a semicircular niche set into the qibla wall of a mosque

Front 435

mausoleum

Back 435

a monumental tomb, the name derives from the mid-fourth century BCE tomb of Mausolos at Halikarnassos, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

Front 436

calligraphy

Back 436

beautiful writing, handwriting or penmanship, especially elegant writing as a decorative art

Front 437

caliphate

Back 437

islamic rulers, regarded as successors of Muhammad

Front 438

Muhammad

Back 438

Also, Mohammed, Mahomet. a.d. 570–632, Arab prophet: founder of Islam

Front 439

Back 439

aerial view of the mezquita, Cordoba, Spain, 8-10th century

Front 440

Back 440

Dome of the rock, jerusalem, 687-692

Front 441

Back 441

Interior of the dome of the rock, Jerusalem, 687-692

Front 442

Back 442

Aerial view of the Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria, 706-715

Front 443

Back 443

detail of a mosaic in the courtyard arcade of the Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria, 706-715

Front 444

Back 444

Aerial view of Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia, 836-875

Front 445

Back 445

mausoleum of the samanids, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, early 10th century

Front 446

Back 446

prayer hall of the mezquita, Cordoba, Spain, 8th-10th century

Front 447

Back 447

Maqsura of the mezquita, Cordoba, spain, 961-965

Front 448

Back 448

pyzis of al-Mughira, from medina al Zahra, near cordoba, spain 968

Front 449

Back 449

Sulayman, ewer in the form of a bird 796, brass and silver and copper,

Front 450

Back 450

Koran page with beginning of Surah 18, 9th or 10th century

Front 451

Back 451

dish with Arabic proverb, from Nishapur, Iran, 10th century

Front 452

Back 452

Court of lions, Palace of the lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain, 1354-1391

Front 453

Back 453

Muqarnas dome, Hall of the Abencerrajes, Palace of the lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain, 1354-1391

Front 454

missionary

Back 454

a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country

Front 455

monastery

Back 455

a group of buildings in which monks live together, set apart from the secular community of a town

Front 456

cloister

Back 456

a monastery courtyard, usually with covered walks or ambulatories along its sides

Front 457

benedictine rule

Back 457

The Rule of Saint Benedict is a book of precepts written by St. Benedict of Nursia for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot.

Front 458

Ship burial

Back 458

A ship burial or boat grave is a burial in which a ship or boat is used either as a container for the dead and the grave goods, or as a part of the grave goods itself. If the ship is very small, it is called a boat grave. This style of burial was used among the Germanic peoples, particularly by Viking Age Norsemen

Front 459

zoomorphic elements

Back 459

of or relating to a deity or other being conceived of as having the form of an animal

Front 460

Hiberno-Saxon

Back 460

an art style that flourished in the monasteries of the British isles in the early Middle Ages, also called insular

Front 461

scriptorium

Back 461

a room, as in a monastery, library, or other institution, where manuscripts are stored,read, or copied.

Front 462

illuminated manuscripts

Back 462

a luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations

Front 463

vulgate

Back 463

the Latin version of the Bible, prepared chiefly by Saint Jerome at the end of the 4th century a.d., and used as the authorized version of the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 464

Gospels

Back 464

the story of Christ's life and teachings, especially as contained in the first four books of the New Testament, namely Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

Front 465

carpet page

Back 465

in the medieval manuscripts, a decorative page resembling a textile

Front 466

high cross

Back 466

free-standing Christian crossmade of stone and often richly decorated

Front 467

Carolingian

Back 467

1.

The Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

Front 468

Beowulf

Back 468

an Old English epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines. It is possibly the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature

Front 469

Westwork

Back 469

the facade and towers at the western end of a medieval church, principally in Germany. In contemporaneous documents the westwork is called a castellum or turris

Front 470

Ottonian

Back 470

pertaining to the empire of Otto I and his successors

Front 471

Crucifix

Back 471

A crucifix is an image of Jesus on the cross, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself attached to the cross is referred to in English as the corpus

Front 472

Back 472

Chi-rho-iota page, Iona, Scotland, late eighth/ninth century

Front 473

Back 473

pair of merovingian looped fibulae, France, mid-sixth century

Front 474

Back 474

purse cover, Sutton Hoo Ship burial in Suffolk, England, 625

Front 475

Back 475

animal-head post from the viking burial ship, Oseberg, Norway, 825

Front 476

Back 476

Man, symbol of saint Matthew, Iona, Scotland, 670

Front 477

Back 477

cross-inscribed carpet page, Northumbria, England, 700

Front 478

Back 478

Saint Matthew, Northumbria,England, 700

Front 479

Back 479

High Cross of Muiredach, Monasterboice, Ireland,923

Front 480

Back 480

Christ enthroned, Godesalc Lectionary, 782

Front 481

Back 481

Saint Matthew, Coronation Gospels, Aachen, Germany, 805

Front 482

Back 482

Saint Matthew Ebbo Gospels, Hautvillers, France, 830

Front 483

Back 483

Crucifixion, Lindau Gospels, Saint Gall, Switzerland, 870

Front 484

Back 484

Restored plan of Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 792-805

Front 485

Back 485

Interior of the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 800

Front 486

Back 486

Schematic plan for a monastery, Saint Gall, Switzerland, 819

Front 487

Back 487

Nave of the church of Saint Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany, 970

Front 488

Back 488

Saint Michael's, Hildesheim, Germany, 1020

Front 489

Back 489

Longitudinal section and plan of the abbey church of Saint Michael's, Hildesheim, Germany, 1020

Front 490

Back 490

Doors with relief panels, Hildesheim, Germany, 1015

Front 491

Back 491

God accusing Adam and Eve, Hildesheim, Germany, 1015

Front 492

Back 492

Crucifix commissioned by Archbishop Gero for Cologne Cathedral, Cologne, Germany, 970

Front 493

Back 493

Otto III enthroned, Reichenau, Germany, 1000

Front 494

romanesque

Back 494

Roman-like, a term used to describe the history, culture, and art of medieval western Europe from 1050-1200

Front 495

relics

Back 495

the body parts, clothing, or objects associated with a holy figure, such as the Buddha, Christ, or a Christian saint

Front 496

reliquary

Back 496

a container for holding relics

Front 497

pilgrims

Back 497

a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons

Front 498

pilgrimage

Back 498

a religious journey

Front 499

choir

Back 499

the space reserved for the clergy and singers in the church, usually east of the transept but, in some instances, extending into the nave

Front 500

ambulatory

Back 500

a covered walkway, outdoors or indoors; especially the passageway around the apse and the choir of a church

Front 501

radiating chapels

Back 501

in the medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept

Front 502

pilgrimage church

Back 502

churches on route of a pilgrimage or final destination of religious journey

Front 503

transept

Back 503

the part of the church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle

Front 504

groin vault

Back 504

the intersection between two barrel vaults

Front 505

church portals

Back 505

a large and impressive entrance/doorway

Front 506

trumeau

Back 506

in the church architecture, the pillar or center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway

Front 507

historiated capitals

Back 507

ornamented with representations, such as plants, animals, or human figures, that have a narrative, as distinct from a purely decorative function of the uppermost part column

Front 508

tympanum and archivolts

Back 508

1) the space enclosed in by a lintel and an arch over a doorway

2) the continuous molding framing an arch. In the Romanesque and Gothic architecture, one of the series of concentric bands framing the tympanum

Front 509

Book of Revelations

Back 509

The Book of Revelation, often known simply asRevelation or The Apocalypse, is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology. Its title is derived from the first word of the text, written in Koine Greek: apokalypsis, meaning"unveiling" or "revelation"

Front 510

second coming - last judgment

Back 510

The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is a concept in Christianity regarding a future return of Jesus to Earth after his "first coming"and ascension to heaven about two thousand years ago

Front 511

fresco

Back 511

painting on lime plaster, either dry or wet. in the latter method the pigments are mixed with water and become chemically bound to the freshly laid lime plaster

Front 512

mandorla

Back 512

an almond-shaped nimbus surrounding the figure of christ or other sacred figure

Front 513

Throne of Wisdom

Back 513

identified with one of many devotional titles for the Mother of God. The iconographic realization of the "Seat of Wisdom" in Italy, especially, is referred to as the Maestà

Front 514

embroidery

Back 514

the technique of sewing threads onto a finished ground to form contrasting designs. Stem stitching employs short overlapping strands if thread to form jagged lines. laid-and-couched work creates solid blocks of color

Front 515

Back 515

Gislebertus, Last Judgment, west tympanum of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France, 1120-135

Front 516

Back 516

Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy, late 10th to early 11th century with later additions

Front 517

Back 517

aerial view of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, 1070-1120

Front 518

Back 518

Plan of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, 1070-1120

Front 519

Back 519

Interior of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, 1070-1120

Front 520

Back 520

Restored view of the third abbey church, Cluny, France, 1088-1130

Front 521

Back 521

general view of the cloister, Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France, 1100-1115

Front 522

Back 522

South Portal of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France, 115-1135

Front 523

Back 523

Old Testament prophet, right side of the Trumeau of the south portal of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France, 1115-1130

Front 524

Back 524

Pentecost and Mission of the Apostles, tympanum of the center portal of the narthex of La Madeleine, Vézelay, France, 1120-1132

Front 525

Back 525

Christ in Majesty, apse, Santa Maria de Mur, near Lérida, Spain, mid-12th century, Fresco

Front 526

Back 526

Mother and child, Auvergne, France, second half of the 12th century

Front 527

Back 527

Master Hugo, Moses Expounding the Law, Bury Saint Edmunds, England, 1135

Front 528

Back 528

Eadwine the scribe at work, 1160-1170, Trinity college, Cambridge

Front 529

Back 529

Funeral procession to Westminster Abbey Bayeux Cathedral, France, 1070-1080

Front 530

Back 530

Battle of Hastings, Bayeux, France, 1070-1080

Front 531

Back 531

aerial view of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1194

Front 532

Back 532

ambulatory and radiating chapels, abbey church, Saint-Denis, France, 1140

Front 533

Back 533

Plan of the east end, abbey church, Saint-Denis, France, 1140

Front 534

Back 534

West Facade, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1145

Front 535

Back 535

Royal Portal, west facade, Chartres, France, 1145

Front 536

Back 536

Old Testament kings and queen, jamb statues, Chartres, France, 1145

Front 537

Back 537

Notre-Dame, Paris, France, begun 1163, nave-flying buttresses, remodeled 1225

Front 538

Back 538

Interior of Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1145

Front 539

Back 539

Stonemasons and sculptors, detail of a stained-glass window in the northernmost radiating chapel in the ambulatory, Chartres, France, 1200

Front 540

Back 540

Virgin and Child and Angels, Chartres, France, 1170

Front 541

Back 541

Rose Window and lancets, north transept, Chartres, France, 1220

Front 542

Back 542

Gaucher de Reims and Bernard de Soissons, west facade of Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, 1225

Front 543

Back 543

Annunciation and Visitation jamb statues, Reims, France, 1230

Front 544

Back 544

Virgin and Child, Notre-Dame, Paris, early 14th century

Front 545

Back 545

Aerial View of the fortified town of Carcassonne, France, 12th-13th century

Front 546

Back 546

Inner courtyard of the house of Jaques Couer, Bourges, France, 1443

Front 547

Back 547

Hall of the Cloth Guild, Bruges, Belgium, 1230

Front 548

Back 548

God as Creator of the world, Paris, France, 1220

Front 549

Back 549

Blanche of Castile, Paris, France, 1226

Front 550

Back 550

Abraham and the three angels, pslater of Saint Louis, Paris, France, 1253

Front 551

Back 551

Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux, abbey of Saint Denis, France, 1339

Front 552

Back 552

Castle of Love, lid of jewelry box, Paris, France, 1330

Front 553

Back 553

Naumburg Master, Ekkehard and Uta, Naumburg, Germany, 1250

Front 554

Back 554

Rottgen Pieta, Rhineland, Germany, 1300