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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypertrophy |
The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells (muscle cells growing) |
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Atrophy |
The wasting away or decrease in size of an organ or tissue in the body (when a body part is affected by paralysis, muscle atrophy may occur; muscle cells shrinking) |
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Tendon |
A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone (eg: hamstring of a quadruped) |
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Ligaments |
Short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. |
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Aponeurosis |
A sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheet like muscles having a wide area of attachment. (flat broad tendon, serving to connect a muscle with the parts it moves around)
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Origin |
The more fixed end or attachment of a muscle (MORE STABLE) |
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Insertion |
The site of attachment, as of a muscle to the bone that it moves (LESS STABLE END, MORE MOVEABLE) |
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Efferent/Motor |
Descending to muscles |
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Afferent/Sensory |
Ascending to the brain |
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Types of Muscle patterns |
-Circular -Convergent -Parallel -Pennate -Unipennate -Bipennate -Multipennate
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Circular Muscle Pattern |
Create Circular arrangement (e.g.: Orbicularis oris/occuli) |
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Convergent Muscle Pattern |
Fibers converge onto a common attachment site (e.g.: pec major/minor) |
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Parallel Muscle Pattern |
Fibers run parallel with one another (e.g.: biceps brachia, rectus abdominis) |
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Pennate Muscle Pattrn |
Fibers fan out from a common tendon -Unipennate: tendon on one side (e.g.: vests medialis/lateralis) -Bipennate: tendon in middle (e.g.: Rectus Femoris) -Multipennate: Deltoid = example |
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Synergist |
Muscles with the same action as prime mover |
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Antagonist |
Opposite motion as prime mover |
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Agonist |
The prime mover |
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Masseter |
Superior to temporalis and posterior portions of the buccinators. Can feel contraction when clenching jaw (near angle of mandible) o Origin: Zygomatic arch o Insertion: lateral surface of coronoid process; lateral surface and angle of mandible o Action: Elevates & protracts mandible
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Temporalis |
broad, fan-shaped muscle that extends from temporal region of the skull and passes deep to the zygomatic arch. You can palpate this muscle by placing your fingers along your temple and clenching jaw. o Origin: Superior and inferior portions of temporal bone o Insertion: coronoid process of mandible o Action: closes jaw, elevates mandible
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Sternocleidomastoid |
Form lateral borders of suprasternal fossa of skin o Origin: manubrium and sternal ends of clavicles o Insertion: mastoid processes of temporal bones o Action: rotates neck opposite of flexing muscle. If both contract, it pulls head down and forward (flexion)
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Rectus Abdominis |
* partitioned horizontally into four segments by three fibrous “tendinous intersections” (tendinous inscriptions) – Forms six pack; Also partitioned into left and right halves by a vertical fibrous strip termed the “linea alba” (Latin for “white line”)
o Origin: Pubic Bone o Insertion: Xyphoid and mid ribs o Action: Flex vertebral and compress abdomen
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Trapezius |
Synergist to splenius capitus and semispinalis for neck. o Origin: Occipital bone (superior nuchal line), ligamentum nuchae, ad spinous process of C7-T12 o Insertion: Clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula o Action: Elevates and retracts scapula, hyperextension of neck, adduct scapula
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Latissimus Dorsi |
Synergist to teres major; upper sides o Origin: Spinous processes T7-T12, lower ribs, iliac crest o Insertion: Intertubercular groove o Action: Prime mover of arm extension, draws arm down, backward, medially rotates.
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Pectoralis Major |
o Origin: Costal cartilage, clavicle, sternal body o Insertion: Intertubercular groove o Action: Prime mover of arm flexion, adducts and medially rotates arm
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