Aqa Further Biology Gcse

Front 1

What are the two ways in which dissolved substances move?

Back 1

Diffusion and Active transport

Front 2

What is osmosis?

Back 2

The diffusion of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane that allows the passage of water molecules.

Front 3

What do most soft drinks contain?

Back 3

Water, sugar and ions

Front 4

Why do sports drinks contain sugars, water and ions?

Back 4

To replace sugar, water and ions during energy release in activity and sweating.

Front 5

What happens when water and ions are not replaced?

Back 5

Balance of ion/water is disturbed and cells work inefficiently

Front 6

What is active transport?

Back 6

The process of substances being absorbed against a concentration gradient, and requires energy from respiration

Front 7

How is the effectiveness of an exchange surface area increased? (4)

Back 7

Large surface area

Being thin for a short diffusion path

Having an efficient blood supply

Being ventilated

Front 8

How is the surface of lungs increased in humans?

Back 8

By the alveoli

Front 9

How is the surface area of the small intestine increased in humans?

Back 9

By the villi

Front 10

What is the function of the villi?

Back 10

Provides a large surface area with an extensive network of capillaries to absorb the products of digestion by diffusion and active transport.

Front 11

Where are the lungs located in the body?

Back 11

In the thorax, protected by the ribcage

Front 12

What is the lower part of the body called?

Back 12

The abdomen

Front 13

What separates the abdomen and the lungs?

Back 13

The diaphragm

Front 14

What does breathing do? (2)

Back 14

Allows oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream

Allows CO2 to diffuse from the bloodstream into the air

Front 15

What is ventilation?

Back 15

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

Front 16

Explain inhaling (4) (Exhaling is just the opposite)

Back 16

Intercostal muscles contract

Ribcage moves out and up

Diaphragm contracts
Pressure inside chest is lowered and air is sucked into lungs

Front 17

What are the exchange processes in plants? (2)

Back 17

Carbon Dioxide enters leaves by diffusion

Most of the water and mineral ions are absorbed by roots

Front 18

How is the surface area of plants increased? (2)

Back 18

Roots have root hairs to increase surface area

Leaves have flattened shape and internal air spaces for increased surface area

Front 19

What is the function of stomata? (2)

Back 19

Obtain Carbon dioxide

Remove oxygen produced in photosynthesis

Front 20

How do plants prevent wilting?

Back 20

Stomata can close

Front 21

In what conditions is evaporation more rapid? (3)

Back 21

Hot

Dry

Windy

Front 22

What is the function of the guard cells?

Back 22

They surround the stomata control the size of the stomata

Front 23

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Back 23

Transports substances around the body

Front 24

What is the function of the heart?

Back 24

Pumps blood around the body

Front 25

What are the names of the four main chambers of the heart?

Back 25

Left Atria

Right Atria

Left Ventricle

Right Ventricle

Front 26

Explain processes in the heart in detail (3)

Back 26

Blood enters atria

Atria contracts and forces blood into the ventricles

Ventricles contract and force blood out of the heart

Front 27

What is the function of valves?

Back 27

Valves help blood flow in the right direction

Front 28

Give the function of veins and arteries (1 each)

Back 28

Blood flows to from the heart to organs through the arteries

Blood returns to heart through the veins

Front 29

Give the features of an artery (2)

Back 29

Thick Walls

Elastic Fibres

Front 30

Give the features of a vein (2)

Back 30

Thinner Walls

Valves to prevent back-flow of blood

Front 31

What are stents?

Back 31

A small mesh tube used to keep arteries from becoming too narrow, especially coronary arteries to prevent heart disease

Front 32

What are capillaries?

Back 32

Thin-walled blood vessels in the organs

Front 33

What is the function of a capillary?

Back 33

Transporting substances to and from the blood to surrounding cells through the walls of the capillary

Front 34

What is blood?

Back 34

A fluid tissue consisting of plasma and other substances

Front 35

What substances are in plasma? (3)

Back 35

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Front 36

What does blood plasma transport? (3)

Back 36

CO2 from organs to lungs

Soluble products of digestion from small intestine to other organs

Urea from liver to kidneys

Front 37

What are red blood cells used for?

Back 37

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the organs

Front 38

Give 2 features of a red blood cell

Back 38

Have no nucleus

Packed with a red pigment called haemoglobin

Front 39

What does haemoglobin do in the lungs?

Back 39

Combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

Front 40

What does oxyhaemoglobin do in organs other than the lungs?

Back 40

It splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen

Front 41

What is the role of white blood cells?

Back 41

They are part of the body's defence against microorganisms

Front 42

What are platelets?

Back 42

Small fragments of cells that help clot blood at wounds

Front 43

Do white blood cells and platelets have a nucleus?

Back 43

Platelets don't

White blood cells do

Front 44

Name the two plant tissue used for transport

Back 44

Xylem and Phloem

Front 45

What and where does the xylem transport substances to?

Back 45

Transports water and mineral ions

From roots to stem and leaves

Front 46

What and where does the phloem transport substances to?

Back 46

Transports dissolved sugars

From leaves to rest of plant (growing regions and storage organs)

Front 47

List waste products that need to be removed from the body (2)

Back 47

Carbon dioxide

Urea

Front 48

How is carbon dioxide produced in our body?

Back 48

By respiration via the lungs when we breathe out

Front 49

How is urea produced in our body?

Back 49

When amino acids are broken down in the liver and removed by kidneys in urine

Front 50

Give the steps of how the kidney produces urine (5)

Back 50

Filter the blood

Reabsorb sugar

Reabsorb dissolved ions needed by body

Reabsorb as much water as needed

Release urea, excess ions and water as urine

Front 51

What are the two ways in which a person with kidney failure is treated?

Back 51

Using a kidney dialysis machine

Kidney transplant

Front 52

What does dialysis do to the blood?

Back 52

Restores concentration of dissolved substances in the blood to normal levels, at regular intervals

Front 53

Explain the steps of dialysis (4) (NOT DIALYSIS MACHINE)

Back 53

Blood leaves body enters dialysis machine

Blood is filtered by machine

Blood enters bubble trap where bubbles are removed

Clean blood re-enters body

Front 54

Explain the steps of a dialysis MACHINE (4)

Back 54

Blood is passed through a partially permeable tube surrounded by dialysis fluid

Dialysis fluid keeps moving so urea level is left low

Urea from blood diffuses into dialysis fluid

Sugar and ion concentration are kept the same

Front 55

What does dialysis fluid consist of? (3)

Back 55

Low urea

Ideal sugar concentration (same in blood and dialysis fluid)

Ideal ion concentration(same in blood and dialysis fluid)

Front 56

What are the problems with dialysis? (2)

Back 56

Unable to/difficult to work, do activities etc. due to transport difficulties

You must regularly use the dialysis machine which may interrupt daily routines

Front 57

What is a kidney transplant?

Back 57

When a diseased kidney is replaced by a healthy one from a donor

Front 58

What is the problem with a kidney transplant?

Back 58

The kidney can be rejected by the body's immune system unless precautions are taken

Front 59

What are antigens?

Back 59

Proteins on the surface of cells

Front 60

Why does the immune system reject kidneys sometimes?

Back 60

The antibodies may attack the antigens on the donor's organ as they do not recognise them as part of the recipient's body

Front 61

How is kidney rejection prevented?

Back 61

Donating a kidney with a similar kidney type

Using drugs to supress the immune system

Front 62

Why does the body sweat?

Back 62

To cool the body

Front 63

What is body temperature monitored and controlled by?

Back 63

The thermoregulatory centre in the brain that has receptors sensitive to blood temperature

Front 64

If the core temperature is too high then... (2)

Back 64

Blood vessels supplying skin capillaries become larger so more blood flows through capillaries and more heat is lost

Sweat glands release more sweat which evaporates and cools the body

Front 65

If the core temperature is too low then... (2)

Back 65

Blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict so less blood flows through capillaries and less heat is lost

Muscles shiver, using respiration to warm the body

Front 66

What is the blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled by?

Back 66

Pancreas

Front 67

How does the pancreas descrease blood glucose?

Back 67

Produces insulin which allows glucose to move from blood to cells

Front 68

How does the pancreas increase blood glucose?

Back 68

Glucagon is produced, which causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and be released in the blood

Front 69

What is type 1 diabetes?

Back 69

A disease where a person's blood glucose concentration is too high because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

Front 70

How is type 1 diabetes controlled?

Back 70

Attention to diet, exercise and injecting insulin

Front 71

What are the issues with rapid population growth? (2)

Back 71

More waste

More pollution

Front 72

What are the three types of pollution?

Back 72

Land, water and air

Front 73

How is water polluted? (3)

Back 73

With sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals

Front 74

How is air polluted? (2)

Back 74

With smoke and gases such as SO2

Front 75

How is land polluted? (2)

Back 75

With toxic chemicals (eg. pesticides and herbicides)

Front 76

How do humans reduce the amount of land available for animals and plants? (4)

Back 76

Building

Quarrying

Farming

Dumping Waste

Front 77

What are the negative effects of deforestation?

Back 77

Increased release of CO2 into atmosphere because of burning and activities of microorganisms

Reduced rate of CO2 being locked up as wood

Reduction in biodiversity

Front 78

Why do people cut down trees?

Back 78

For land for crops for biofuels such as ethanol

Space for cattle fields (has led to more methane from cow flatulence)

Front 79

What are the effects of destroying peat bogs

Back 79

Releases Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere

Front 80

What is global warming caused by?

Back 80

Levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere rising

Front 81

What are the potential effects of global warming (5)

Back 81

Climate change

Rise in sea level

Reduced biodiversity

Changes in migration patterns in birds etc.

Changes in distribution of species

Front 82

Where in the world can Carbon Dioxide be hidden away? (apart from trees and fossil fuels)

Back 82

In oceans, lakes and ponds

Front 83

How is biogas such as methane made?

Back 83

By anaerobic fermentation of plant products or waste containing carbohydrates

Front 84

How can the efficiency of food production be increased? (2)

Back 84

By reducing the number of stages in food chains

Restricting energy loss from livestock by limiting their movement and heat regulation so more

Front 85

How is fishing controlled so it doesn't get out of hand? (2)

Back 85

Net size limit

Fishing quotas

Front 86

How is the fungus 'Fusarium' useful?

Back 86

Produces mycoprotein, a protein rich food for vegetarians

Produces biomass due to aerobic conditions when grown on glucose syrup