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88 Cards in this Set
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READ PAGES 261-264 |
I WILL HAVE NOTES FOR THESE LATER |
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Civilizations in Africa |
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In the south of Egypt lay what civilization? |
The Nubian Civilization |
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What was Nubia's relationship with Egypt? |
Nubia traded and fought Egypt, and at one point even conquered Egypt. |
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Where did the Nubian Civilization center? (what city). When did this happen? |
As Egypt fell under foreign control, Nubian civilization came to center on the southern city of Meroe, flourishing from 300 B.C.E. and 100 C.E. |
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How was Meroe governed? |
Meroe was governed by a sacred, all-powerful monarch. These positions have had at least 10 women, and Meroe queens appeared with power equivalent of males. |
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What went on inside the city of Meroe and other urban centers? |
They housed a wide variety of economic specialties |
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What happened in the rural areas surrounding Meroe? |
It contained farmers and herders that paid periodic tribute to the ruler. |
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Why was a directly controlling capital not needed? |
Meroe had no problems concerning irrigation because of abundant rainfall, so unlike the Nile river, people did not have to be supervised in dense groups. |
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Where did the wealth and military power of Meroe derive from? |
Long-distance trading connections (north via Nile and east and west via camel caravans). Statues of Augustus in Meroe testifies Meroe's contact with the Mediterranean world. |
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How did Meroe use Egyptian religion? |
Meroe moved away from the heavy Egyptian influence. A local lion god was more prominent than Egyptian deities, and Meroitic script instead of hieroglyphics were used. |
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What were the reasons of Meroe's decline? |
Deforestation, as trees were cut down to make charcoal for smelting iron. Egyptian trade route also switched from the Nile to the Read Sea, cutting off the easy resources that Meroe had access to. |
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How did Meroe end? |
They were taken over by their neighbor state Axum
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What happened to Meroe after that? |
Three Nubian states emerged, and Coptic (Egyptian) Christianity penetrated the region. Nubia was a Christian civilization, using churches in Coptic or Byzantine fashion until they got an influx of Arabs and became Islamic. |
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Where is Axum located? |
The Horn of Africa (Eritrea and northern Ethiopia) |
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What was Axum's economic foundation? |
Their economic foundation was a highly productive agriculture that used a plow-based farming system. This created lots of grains (teff - highly nutritious grain in that region).. |
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What did Axum trade to get bigger and turn into a state? |
They traded Red Sea and Indian Ocean commerce because the Romans demanded for Indian pearls, textiles, and pepper. |
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Where is Adulis? What was it for? |
Adulis is the largest port in the East African coast, and it is a trading place with a large variety of merchants that sold products from Africa's interior. Taxes from here were a major source of revenue for the Axumite state. |
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What was Axum?
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Axum was the capital city of Axum... The most famous building in this city were stone obelisks, which were basically gigantic royal gravestones. |
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What language was used in court and in towns by Axum? |
Geez I really just wanted to right that XD |
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How did Axum exercise control and how influential were they compared to other civilizations? |
They used a loose administrative structure focusing on tribute payments. To the Romans, Axum was the third major empire, second to Persia and themselves. |
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How did Christianity take root in Axum? |
Through the Red Sea trade and the Romans (they conquered Egypt, so Egypt), Axum was introduced to Christianity in fourth century C.E. It was adopted at the same time as Constantine by King Ezana. Although later Egypt became Islamic, Christianity still remained in about 60% of the population. |
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Where did Axum mount a campaign of imperial expansion? What happened right after? |
Their forces were taken to the Kingdom of Meroe and Yemen. After these campaigns, Axum started to decline and eventually die out. |
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How and why did the Axumite state decline? |
Reasons for the decline include environmental changes by intensive farming and the changing of trade routes with the rise of Islam. |
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What is special about Meroe and Axum that isn't seen in other West African civilizations? |
Meroe and Axum paralleled with major civilizations. They also had direct contact with the world of Mediterranean civilizations. |
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What caused people to settle near the Niger river? |
A dry period brought many people from the SOuthern Sahara into the fertile floodplain of the middle Niger. Over time, people of this region created a city based civilization. |
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What was the most fully studied urban cluster in Niger? |
The most fully studied urban cluster that grew in middle Niger was the city of Jenne-jeno, which had housed a peak of 40,000 people. |
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What as unique about the Niger Valley civilization? |
They were complex urban centers that operated without coercive authority of a state. Very little evidence point to power, widespread warfare, or social inequalities. |
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How did these cities group themselves as? |
They grouped themselves in specialized settlements surrounding a larger central town. The earliest and most prestigious of these was iron smith-ing. Because the metal was so useful, the smiths were feared and revered. |
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Over time, what happened to these urban specialized communities? |
They became like occupational castes. Members passed their jobs to their children and married within their own group. |
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How did the Niger city states have an oppressive "state"? |
A series of distinct economic groups shared authority and used the services of one another, but maintained their own identities through physical separation. |
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What did this urbanization come with? |
A growing network of indigenous West African commerce. |
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Why did the Niger civilizations start trading? |
Middle Niger had clay but not stone, iron, salt, and fuel. This was the basis for long distance trade along the Niger River.Iron and copper from 50 to 200 miles away were found in Jenne-jeno. There is even evidence of indirect contact from Mauritania to present-day Mali and Burkina-Faso |
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Civilizations of Mesoamerica |
It says I have to fill this That's stupid. |
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Where was the Mayan civilization located? When was the beginnings of the Mayan civilization? |
Scholars have traced the Mayans back to ceremonial centers built in 2000 B.C.E. in Guatemala and the Yucatan region of Mexico. |
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When did the Mayan's most well known achievements emerge, and what were they? |
250 - 900 C.E., intellectuals developed a math system that had the concept of 0 and place notation that was capable of complex calculations. They plotted the cycles of planets, predicted eclipses, construct elaborate calendars, and calculate the length of the solar year. Their distinctive art was also impressive. |
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What kind of writing did the Mayan civilization use? |
They created the most elaborate writing system in the Americas, consisting of pictographs and phonetic symbols. They were carved on stone and written on bark paper, used to record historical events and other data. |
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How did the Mayans change the environment near themselves? |
They drained swamps, terraced hillsides, flattened ridge tops, and constructed a water management system. This supported good agriculture, freeing people to pursue specialized arts. |
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What was the government of the Mayans like? |
They had a fragmented political system and had no real central authority. Their civilization had frequent warfare as well as human sacrifice. The larger units in urban places were ruled by king and occasionally queens. These people were considered divine rulers, or state shamans, and they were able to mediate between humans and the supernatural. |
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What is Tikal? |
Tikal is a highly urbanized city housing 50,000. |
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What did Maya civilization closely resemble? |
They resembled the competing city states of ancient Mesopotamia or Greece. |
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Which parts of the Mayan civilization survived and which didn't? |
Centers of the Mayan civilization survived in northern Yucatan and fought the Spanish. However, 85% of the population of the southern regions were wiped out with a long drought. |
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What are some of the possible reasons of Mayan decline? |
Too many people and too little resources, resulting in deforestation and erosion of hillsides. Political disunity prevented response against this catastrophe. Warfare increasing as land gets scarcer. |
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What is Teotihuacan and where was it located? |
Teotihuacan is the largest urban complex in Americas (6th in the world) and was located in the Valley of Mexico.
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What were some things in Teotihuacan? |
Teotihuacan had broad avenues, spacious plazas, huge marketplaces, temples, etc. They also had the Street of the Dead, which were homes to the elite. The pyramid of the Sun, one of the pyramids in the Street of the Dead was considered the site of creation. |
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Where did the commoners live in Teotihuacan? |
The commoners lived off the main avenues in a grid like pattern of streets. Both specialized workers and farmers lived there. Two sections of the city were reserved for foreigners. |
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What did the art of Teotihuacan reveal? |
The art revealed few images of self-glorifying rulers or individuals, and the city did not have public writing. This may have been because the rulers of Teotihuacan were a group of high ranking elites, not a single person. |
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How big and influential was Teotihuacan? |
Teotihuacan's core region was 10,000 square miles, and tribute came from other areas. The Teotihuacan armies gave it a presence in the Maya heartlands, and one Maya city was taken over by the Teotihuacan military. The Teotihuacan also established their allies to take over the throne of Tikal. Evidence also points to Teotihuacan having diplomatic relations with the Zapotec capital of Monte Alban. |
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Civilization of the Andes |
qwefqwefqwefqwef |
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Where was the Chavin located and when was its beginnings? |
The Chavin was found in the coastal and highland regions of Peru between 2000 and 1000 B.C.E. |
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What was Chavin de Huantar? |
Chavin de Huantar was a town that became the focus of a religious movement that swept through the Chavin regions. |
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What did Chavin de Huantar do as a town? |
This small town became the center of the Chavin civilization, containing distinctions between classes, elaborate temples, deities, shamans and priests, and artwork. |
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What kind of influence did the Chavin exert in the Andes Region? |
The Chavin religious cult provided a measure of economic and cultural integration to much of the Peruvian Andes |
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What was the pan-Andes Chavin cult replaced by? |
A number of regional civilizations, the most distinctive being the Moche. |
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How did the Moche people flourish?
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The Moche flourished between 100 - 800 C.E. They used complex irrigation systems to grow maize, beans, and squash, fertilized by guano (rich bird crap). Moche fishermen harvested anchovies (a small fish) from the Pacific. |
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How were the Moche governed? |
They were governed by warrior priests. Shama-rulers used hallucinogenic drugs to conduct ancient rituals. They also used human sacrifice, which became the central to politico-religious life in the Moche. The Moche world was, to their rulers, one of war, ceremony, and diplomacy. |
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How was the immense wealth of this warrior-priest class reflected? |
They were buried elaborately with gold jewelry, tunics, copper plates, golden rattles, copper knives, and other valuable objects. Archaeologists found one burial place with a high status woman. She was placed with riches, human sacrifices, and weapons that suggest that she was a warrior. |
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What does the most accessible aspect of Moche life derive from? |
The skill of their craftspeople. Their masks, figures, earrings, and other jewelryy display amazing technical and artistic abilities. Battle scenes of warriors, erotic encounters of men and women, and grotesque images of gods reflects the culture of the Moche people (although most reflects the elites) |
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How did the Moche civilization disappear? |
They were on fragile environmental foundations, and during the sixth century C.E., a combination of these forces and attacks from neighbors destroyed the Moche. |
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Where is the Wari and Tiwanaku located and when did they flourish? |
They accompanied the entire Andean region, Wari in the northern highlands and Tiwanaku to the south. These two states flourished from 400-100 C.E.
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What was unique about the Wari and Tiwanaku? |
Neither state controlled a continuous band of territory. They established colonies here and there throughout the Andes as well as the highlands, getting access to resources such as seafood, plants, obsidian, and feathers. |
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Who was the Andean Staff God? |
He was a God from the Andes with a staff in each hand. ... Duh? |
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What was the difference between the Wari and the Tiwanaku? |
The Wari's agriculture had hillside terracing and irrigation, using snow from the Andes. Tiwanaku used a raised field system of raising areas in swamaps to farm. Tiwanaku was also famous for their fitted stone walls while Wari's temples were built out of stone in mud and plaster. Wari cities suggest a tighter political system than the Tiwanaku's. |
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Did the Wari and Tikanaku have any conflicts? |
Despite their differences and a common border, they had very little conflicts because they did not mingle much. |
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How did both of these civilizations collapse? |
At 1000 C.E., both civilizations collapsed, their cities being abandoned. Afterwards, smaller kingdoms came up, later uniting into the Inca Empire, the last empire in the Americas before getting swallowed by the Europeans. |
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Bantu Africa Civilizations |
waegfqwgerwerg |
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What was the Bantu expansion? |
A slow movement of peoples. It brought to Africa, south of the equator, a measure of cultural and linguistic commonality, marking it a distinct region of the continent. |
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What kind of cross cultural encounters did the Bantu-speaking people generate? |
They interacted with already established societies, changing them. The most significant is the hunting and gathering people with the agricultural Bantu. This caused farmers to replace foragers. |
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What kind of advantages did the Bantu-speaking farmers have in these encounters? |
Agriculture generated a more productive economy, larger numbers living in smaller area. Farmers brought disease which foraging people had little immunity. Bantu migrants brought iron, while the foragers had stone. This displaced the hunting gathering people. |
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What did the foraging Batwa (pygmy) people do? |
They became forest specialists who produced honey, game, medicinal barks, etc, that entered in trade with the agricultural products of the Bantu. The Bantu gave the Batwa credit of the original settlers and claimed their ancestry. |
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What other ways did Bantu culture change as they encountered different people? |
Bantu farmers adopted grains as well as domesticated sheep and cattle from people in the region. They also got crops from Southeast Asia (brought by Indonesian sailors). The Bantu also spread iron-working technology and a common set of cultural and social practices through Africa. |
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What kind of societies and cultures did the Bantu-speaking people create? |
In Kenya, they organized themselves without political specialists and relied on lineage principle and kinship structures. Elsewhere, wealthy or skillful lineage heads may serve as chiefs. |
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What kind of gender systems did the Bantu-speaking people develop? |
They had less patriarchal systems than urban civilizations. The Luba people had mena and women work together. Females usually had village life while males revolved around hunting and forest life, being "separate but equal". |
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What kind of religion did the Bantu practice? |
They placed emphasis in ancestral and nature spirits instead of creator gods (who didn't affect normal life). Bantu religion worked on "continuous revelation", the possibility of constantly receiving new messages from the world beyond. They had no missionary impulse. |
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When did the first permanent villages come in North America? |
600-800 C.E. People lived in pit houses with floors sunk several feet below ground level. |
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What are Kivas? |
Kivas are larger pit structures used for ceremonial purposes. This symbolized the belief that humankind emerged from another world below. |
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What are pueblos? |
Pueblos are larger settlements and adjacent above ground structures. |
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What is the Chaco Phenomenon? |
25,000 square miles with seven outlying settlements to main centers consisting of 5 major pueblos. |
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What is Pueblo Bonito? |
"Great House", the largest of these towns. It stood five stories high and had 600 rooms and many kivas. It also had elaborate roads that seemed unnecessary for travel. |
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What did Chaco elite astronomers do? |
They constructed an observatory of three rock slabs that threw a light beam across a spiral rock. |
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What were some goods and bads of Chaco? |
Chaco was a dominant center for turquoise, but it also had warfare, internal conflict, and cannibalism. |
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How did the Chaco end? |
They just came to an abrupt end, and their great houses were abandoned, inhabitants scattered in small communities that are the pueblo people today. |
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What is the Hopewell Culture? |
The most elaborate Mound Builders in Mississippi. They created large earthen mounds all across the state. |
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What features of the Hopewell Culture intrigued archaeologists? |
The burial mounds, geometric earthworks, and the artifacts found in them intrigued archaeologists. Some mounds were aligned to predict eclipses. Various artifacts have been found, such as shark's teeth in woodlands and copper from the Great Lakes. This suggests an interaction in the region, of trade and exchange of ideas. |
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What is Cahokia? |
A corn-based agricultural society that emerged and became the dominant center of other similar societies. It contained the largest structure north of Mexico, it housed 10,000 people, and was a center of the trading network. |
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What were some differences between the Cahokia and the Chaco? |
The Cahokia were larger than the Chaco canyon because of the corn agriculture. The Chaco had more contact with Mexico. The Cahokia emerged as a climax of long history, while the Chaco were the start-up culture. |
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What did the Cahokia have politically? |
They and other centers of Mississippi culture had clear elites with powerful rulers that could mobilize labor to build structures. |
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Who were the Natchez? |
They were another Mississippian culture that had chiefs and an elite class as well as the commoner class, or the "stinkards". |
