Apush Ch.18

Front 1

Reservation system

Back 1

Indians would live on clearly defined zones, reservations, in exchange the Bureau of Indian Affairs would provide guidance and the US military would ensure protection.

Front 2

Friends of the Indian

Back 2

Educators and Protestants who sought to civilize the natives.

Front 3

Medicine Lodge Treaty

Back 3

assigned reservations in existing Indian Territory to nine tribes. More than 100,000 people had to fight intensely for survival.

Front 4

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Back 4

In charge of giving guidance to tribes, as well as supplying them with goods and necessities.

Front 5

Mass slaughter of buffalo

Back 5

The buffalo, once in mass abundance, came to a sharp decline when white settlers brought firearms to the plains.

Front 6

Sand Creek Massacre

Back 6

While the men were off hunting, 700 disorderly men of the Colorado Volunteers, many drunk, slaughtered 105 women and 28 men, despite Black Kettle’s surrender. Natives were killed, mutilated, scalped. Iron Teeth, a Cheyenne woman survivor, described seeing a women “crawling along on the ground, shot, scalped, crazy, but not yet dead.”
Sioux - A great warrior tribe that represented a large part of the resistance against white settlement. Forced a stalemate and the Treaty of Fort Laramie was created.

Front 7

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Back 7

Treaty between the Sioux and the US, that established the Great Sioux Reservation, giving the Sioux the present state of South Dakota west of the Missouri River, as well as the right to occupy the Black Hills, sacred land to them, “as long as the grass shall grow” The discovery of gold undermined this.

Front 8

Custer’s Last Stand

Back 8

Custer’s regiment, crushed while advancing far ahead of other garrisons, gave Indian haters emotional ammunition. Spurred the public to embrace Custer as a hero and push on the war effort.

Front 9

Geronimo

Back 9

An Apache chief that led intermittent raids against white outposts in the Arizona area. With these raids, the Apache gained a reputation as intrepid warriors, with cunning strategies and amazing horse riding abilities. Small scale war continued until September 1886, when Geronimo finally surrendered, ending the Indian Wars.

Front 10

Nez Perce

Back 10

“Pierced nose” Indians were originally considered friends to white traders and settlers. They assisted Lewis and Clark, as well as the US army against hostile tribes, many converting to Christianity. The discovery of gold changed this relationship to one of conflict, and caused the tribe to run and ultimately, into capture.

Front 11

Chief Joseph

Back 11

The leader of the Nez Perce Indians, who led the tribe across 1,400 miles in order to flee US troops. Eloquently defended the tribes right to their land and were almost returned to it until citizens of Idaho rose against this idea. He died in 1904 “of a broken heart”

Front 12

Comstock Lode

Back 12

Very large silver lode discovered by Henry Comstock along the Carson River in Nevada on 1858. This sent about 10,000 miners, few got wealthy.

Front 13

Anaconda Copper Mining Company

Back 13

One of the most powerful corporations in the nation, by the end of the century, this mining company had expanded into hydroelectricity.

Front 14

Helldorados

Back 14

Short-lived boom towns.

Front 15

Caminetti Act

Back 15

Give the states the power to regulate mines.

Front 16

Deseret

Back 16

An independent theocratic state established by the Mormons in the Great Basin. Eliminated when US set up Utah Territory in that area.

Front 17

United States v. Reynolds

Back 17

Supreme Court ruling in 1879 that ruled polygamy unconstitutional, because freedom of belief was guaranteed, but not the freedom of practice.

Front 18

Edmunds Act

Back 18

Polygamy had been ruled unconstitutional a few years prior, and this act effectively disenfranchised polygamists. It also provided for fines and imprisonment for those who failed to comply.

Front 19

Polygamy

Back 19

having multiple spouses- typically me having many wives. Part of Mormon tradition that was used against them even thought was hardly practiced anymore

Front 20

Santé Fe Ring

Back 20

Group of lawyers, politicians, and speculators, who stole about 1 million acres of public domain and over 80% of Mexicano land in NM alone. Example of the Anglos violating treaties that called for equality between whites and Hispanics.

Front 21

Cortina’s War

Back 21

fighting that took place during the 1860s near the Mexican border between Mexican bandits and the Americans

Front 22

cowboys

Back 22

typical migrant worker, usually paid in lump sums, and populated the cattle towns (7)
vaqueros - Mexican herders (7)

Front 23

prostitutes

Back 23

women who were unhappy with domestic life and dressmaking, became prostitutes in cattle towns, which lead to domestic violence, addiction, and venereal diseases. (7)

Front 24

cowgirls

Back 24

didn’t appear until much later. Cowgirls typically started as helping hands, but may have taken over if husband died.

Front 25

range wars

Back 25

a war pitting farmers against cattle owners. Sheep competed with cows, which caused rapid deterioration of lands as sheep chewed the grass down to the roots. As a reaction to these wars, barb-wired fencing became common. The cattle barons were against the farmers/sheep herders. (7)

Front 26

Homestead Act

Back 26

First incentive to prospective white farmers. Granted 160 acres of land to any settler who would live on it for 5 years and improve it, or buy for $1.25 an acre after 6 months residency.

Front 27

National Land Company

Back 27

Founded 1869, organized 16 colonies of european immigrants in Kansas and Colorado.

Front 28

McCormick Reaper

Back 28

Modern Technology that made harvesting wheat easier and faster. Led to commercial farming and the mass production of wheat, thus the modern capitalist farms and the integration into the international market. (7) (Not actually in notes.)

Front 29

Morrill Act

Back 29

- through this act, “land-grant” colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs.

Front 30

Department of Agriculture

Back 30

Department gains cabinet status for research. Due to market boom of wheat, mass production, and other crops.

Front 31

Hatch Act

Back 31

This act created stations to do scientific research on the plains.

Front 32

California

Back 32

becomes the epitome of agribusiness. Markets *created* to sell products.

Front 33

California Citrus Growers Association

Back 33

example of how markets were created to sell products. They described oranges as a necessity for good health, inventing the trademark “Sunkist” to be stamped on each orange.

Front 34

Timber Culture Act

Back 34

Homesteaders could be granted an extra 160 acres of land in exchange for cultivating forty acres of trees. Of course, speculators often quickly bought and resold lands right away.
Forest Management Act - gave the government power to enact large-scale regulatory activities.

Front 35

Rocky Mountain group

Back 35

A group of landscape painters, they had their works exhibited in galleries, museums and magazines, reproduced in magazines, and circulated throughout much of the nation and Europe.

Front 36

Yosemite Act

Back 36

A federal act, which placed the area of Yosemite under the management of the state of California.

Front 37

Albert Bierstadt

Back 37

A german-born painter, he traveled the Oregon Trail with his camera, and painted the photographs on huge canvases with striking details. His “earthscapes” seemed surreal and divine, and were very popular.

Front 38

“Dime” novels

Back 38

The first “westerns,” they were very popular stories that sold in high numbers and had characters with mythic qualities, to influence the perception of a rough and legendary West.

Front 39

Wild West show

Back 39

Shows were western characters, scenes, practices and such things were showcased.E.g. Texas cowboys roping calves; Annie Oakley sharpshooting; reenacted battle scenes.
Influenced the perception of the West.

Front 40

Frederic Remington

Back 40

A very famous artist who painted the “winning of the West” with strikingly detailed battle scenes. One of the many to paint Custer’s Last Battle.

Front 41

Alice Fletcher

Back 41

Lived with the Omaha Sioux “to learn... something about [their] tribal organization, social customs, tribal rites, traditions, and songs” (539).Became expert on Omaha music (539)Lobbied for Omaha people’s rights and encouraged further study of Indian societies (539)

Front 42

Bureau of American Ethnography

Back 42

An organization devoted to studying the natives.Photographers from the bureau produced portraits of the Indians.

Front 43

Women’s National Indian Association

Back 43

An organization formed in 1874 with the goal of rallying support for programs of assimilation.

Front 44

Dawes Act

Back 44

Passed in 1887, it gave land to individual Indians who would abandon their tribal customs and legally “sever” themselves from their tribes.

Front 45

Ghost Dance

Back 45

Dance among Sioux that symbolized hope for the Indians, but spooked out the whites. 1888 - Paiute prophet Wovoka had a vision. Indians would receive a special place in the afterlife, if they learn to love one another. Also shown the Ghost Dance. Many started to belief that the whites would one day vanish from the earth. Whites saw this dance as tribal retribution and resistance. Indians danced to exhaustion. Whites demanded practice to be stopped