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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name two functional brain systems. |
Reticular formation and limbic system |
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What is the reticular formation responsible for? |
Activation, wakefulness, and information filtering |
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What is the limbic system responsible for? |
Emotions and learning |
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Name major regions of the brain. |
Pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata, cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon |
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What does the diencephalon consist of? |
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
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Name locations and brain ventricles. |
Lateral ventricle is the arc in each cerebral hemisphere, through a tiny pore called the interventricular foreamen. Third ventricle is inferior to the corpus callosum. Fourth ventricle is between the pons and cerebellum. |
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Which structure is considered the command and control center for the endocrine system and the ANS? |
The hypothalamus |
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Explain the function of melatonin and indicate where it is made. |
It is secreted from the pineal gland and regulates the gonads and annual breeding cycle. It is also thought to promote sleepiness and help regulate our biological clocks. In addition, it is a link between mood disorders due to PMS and SAD. |
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Where can you find CSF and what are the functions? |
In the ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, and the canals of the CNS. Functions include: - buoyancy allows the brain to attain considerable size without crushing itself - protection keeps the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted - chemical stability rinses metabolic waste from the nervous tissue |
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List the lobes of cerebral hemisphere. |
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
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What anatomical landmark separates primary motor cortex from somatosensory cortex? |
Central sulcus |
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Which structure allows left and right hemispheres to "talk' to each other? |
Decussation of pyramids |
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What are the pyramids of the medulla, and what is the result of their "decussation"? |
The pyramids of the medulla oblongata are formed by the largest motor tracts in the body. Axons from the left pyramid cross over to the right and axons on the right pyramid cross over to the left. The result of the decussation enables the left hemisphere of the brain to control the right side muscles, while the right hemisphere controls the left side. |
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In which region of the brain do we have reflex centers for involuntary reflexes, such as swallowing, coughing, and sneezing? |
Medulla oblongata |
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What brain structure looks like a worm and where is it located? |
The entire cerebrum looks like a worm which makes up the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe. |
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Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain make up what structure? |
The brainstem |
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Destruction of which system of the brain would most likely result in an irreversible coma? |
The reticular formation |
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What is the name of an area that allows a person to understand spoken words? |
Broca area |
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What system of the brain is responsible for processing of emotion? |
The limbic system |
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Which structure in the brain is believed to be involved in the formation of new memories? |
- parts of the cerebellum and limbic system together serve functions in memory - association areas deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory |
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What is the main function of the cerebellum? |
It compares intended movements with what is happening with the skeletal muscles, and regulates posture, equilibrium, and balance. It also plays a role in motor memory, spatial orientation, and language processing. Lastly, it is thought to control motor coordination and muscle memory.
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What is the main functions of the thalamus? |
Thalamus functions as a relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex. Pain, temperature, touch, and pressure are all relayed to the thalamus on the way to the higher centers of the cerebral cortex. ` |
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What is laterlization of cerebral hemispheres? |
It's a feature where each hemisphere specializes in performing certain unique functions. |
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What is the left hemisphere responsible for? |
Reasoning, numerical and scientific skills, spoken and written language, and the ability to use and understand sign language |
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What is the right hemisphere responsible for? |
- Musical and artistic awareness - Spatial and pattern perception - Recognition of faces and emotional content of language - Discrimination of different smells - Generating mental images of sight, sound, touch, and taste |
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When you have a toothache, which cranial nerve conducts the main sensations? |
V. Trigeminal nerve |
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Which special sensation is the facial nerve responsible for? |
Taste |
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What is the role of cervical and lumbar enlargements in the spinal cord? |
for motor movements and coordination |
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PNS consists of nerves and what other structures? |
Nerve cells, clusters of nerves called ganglia, sensory neurons, and motor neurons |
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What are the differences between a nerve and a tract? |
Nerves communicate through electric signaling and neurotransmitters. Whereas, tracts either carry information from the peripheral sensory receptors to the brain or carry commands from the brain to muscles and other organs. |
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What else besides axons are present in a nerve? |
Dendrites, cell body (soma), nissil bodies, axon hillock, nodes of ranvier, internodes, schwann cells, myelin sheath, synapse..etc |
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What are the functions of the associative tracts? |
They contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere. |
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What are the functions of the projection tracts? |
They convey impulses to lower parts of the CNS such as the thalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord.
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What are the functions of commissural tracts? |
They conduct nerve impulses between corresponding gyri from one hemisphere to another. |
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Name 5 components of a reflex arc. |
1. somatic receptors 2. afferent nerve fibers 3. integrating center 4. efferent nerve fibers 5. effectors |
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What is cauda equina made of? |
A bundle of nerve roots from the lumbar and sacral regions |
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What is the structure of the pain receptors? |
First order - neuron conducts a pain signal to the posterior horn of the spinal cord Second order - neuron conducts it to the thalamus Third order - neuron conducts it to the cerebral cortex |
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Are ascending tracts of the spinal cord motor or sensory? |
Sensory |
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Fibrous tunic of the eye forms which two structures? |
Sclera and cornea |
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Why is the blind spot of the eye blind? Explain its anatomical structure. |
It is blind because the optic disc of the retina contains no receptor cells. |
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Which structure regulates the amount of light, entering the pupil? |
Iris
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What is the function of the lens and where in the eye is it located? |
The lens change the focal distance of the eye, so that it can focus on objects at various distances. It is suspended behind the pupil. |
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List the structures in proper order through which the light passes in the eye. |
Cornea > aqueous humor > pupil > lens > vitreous humor |
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What is the difference between rods and cones of the retina in terms of their light sensitivity and color perception? |
Rods are responsible for night vision which produce images only in shades of gray. Cones are responsible for day vision as well as color vision. |
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Which vitamin is essential for vision and how does it work? |
Vitamin A |
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What causes glaucoma? |
A state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the scleral venous sinus is obstructed so aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted. |
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How does the ear distinguish the sounds of different pitch? |
Pitch is determined by the frequency at which the sound source, eardrum, and other parts of the ear vibrate. |
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Which structures are responsible for static equilibrium? Describe their function. |
Saccule and utricle. These structures sense orientation of the head and responds to vertical acceleration, as when riding in an elevator or standing up. |
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What is the function of otoliths and where are they located? |
They are proteins, specifically calcium carbonate granules which add to the weight and inertia of macula's membrane, enhancing the sense of gravity and motion. |
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Which cranial nerves (name and number) conduct the sensation of smell, vision, hearing, and taste? |
- Olfactory nerve (I): sense of smell - Optic nerve (II): sense of vision - Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII): hearing and equilibrium - Facial nerve (VII): 2/3 of taste buds - Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX): 1/3 of taste bud - Vagus nerve (X): taste |
