Apes Chapter 9 Vocab

Front 1

Unconfined Aquifer

Back 1

in which water seeps from the ground surface directly above the aquifer

Front 2

Confined Aquifer

Back 2

in which an impermeable dirt/rock layer exists that prevents water from seeping into the aquifer from the ground surface located directly above. Instead, water seeps into confined aquifers from farther away where the impermeable layer doesn't exist

Front 3

Aquifer

Back 3

an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well

Front 4

Water Table

Back 4

is the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure(where gauge pressure = 0). It may be conveniently visualized as the "surface" of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity

Front 5

Ground Water Recharge

Back 5

is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface.

Front 6

Flood Plain

Back 6

an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge

Front 7

Oligotrophic Lake

Back 7

is a lake with low primary productivity, the result of low nutrient content. These lakes have low algalproduction, and consequently, often have very clear waters, with high drinking-water quality

Front 8

Mesotrophic Lake

Back 8

lakes with an intermediate level of productivity. These lakes are commonly clear water lakes and ponds with beds of submerged aquatic plants and medium levels of nutrients

Front 9

Eutrophic Lake

Back 9

has high biological productivity. Due to excessive nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, these water bodies are able to support an abundance of aquatic plants. Usually the water body will be dominated either by aquatic plants or algae

Front 10

Impermeable Surface

Back 10

mainly artificial structures—such as pavements (roads, sidewalks, driveways and parking lots) that are covered by impenetrable materials such as asphalt, concrete, brick, and stone--and rooftops. Soils compacted by urbandevelopment are also highly impervious

Front 11

Levee

Back 11

is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially constructed fill or wall, which regulates water levels

Front 12

Dike

Back 12

is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially constructed fill or wall, which regulates water levels

Front 13

Dam

Back 13

is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. The reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but provide water for various needs to include irrigation, human consumption, industrial use,aquaculture and navigability

Front 14

Fish Ladder

Back 14

is a structure on or around artificial and natural barriers (such as dams, locks and waterfalls) to facilitate diadromous fishes' natural migration

Front 15

Gray Water

Back 15

also includes waste water from clothes washing machines but doesn't include discharge from dishwashers and kitchen sinks

Front 16

Aqueduct

Back 16

constructed to convey watercourses across gaps such as valleys or ravines

Front 17

Distillation

Back 17

is a process of separating the component substances from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation andcondensation

Front 18

Reverse Osmosis

Back 18

is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane. This membrane technology is not properly a filtration method. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property, that is driven by chemical potential, a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of molecules and ions from solutions, and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water

Front 19

Furrow Irrigation

Back 19

is conducted by creating small parallel channels along the field length in the direction of predominant slope

Front 20

Spray Irrigation

Back 20

providing irrigation to vegetation, or for recreation, as a cooling system, or for the control of airborne dust

Front 21

Drip Irrigation

Back 21

is an irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing

Front 22

Hydroponics

Back 22

a subset of hydroculture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil