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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is true about the endocrine system? |
responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions |
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which mechanism of intercellular communication involves one cell secreting a chemical signal that targets a nearby cell? |
paracrine communication |
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what group does corticosteroids belong to? |
steroid hormones |
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LT, Prostaglandin, Thromboxane A2, and Prostacyclin belong to what group? |
Eicosanoids |
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones (OXT, ADH) belong to what group? |
Peptide Hormones |
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Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4) belong to what group? |
Tyrosine Derivatives |
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Serotonin and Melatonin belong to what group? |
Tryptophan Derivatives |
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Reproductive Hormones belong to what group? |
Steroid Hormones |
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Catecholamines belong to what group? |
Tyrosine Derivatives |
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Calcitriol belongs to what group? |
Steroid Hormones |
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones (LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH) belong to what group? |
Peptide Hormones |
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which hormones are water soluble? |
Peptide Hormones and Catecholamines |
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which hormones are lipid soluble? |
Steroid Hormones and Thyroid Hormones |
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water soluble hormones freely circulate in what? |
Blood |
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What kind of receptors are water soluble hormones? |
Extracellular Receptors |
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lipid soluble hormones circulate bound to what? |
Transport Protein |
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Lipid Soluble Hormones are what kind of receptors? |
Intercellular Receptors |
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Which type of hormone remains functional for long periods of time? |
Lipid Soluble Hormones |
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Hormones can’t change what? |
the thickness of the plasma lipid membrane |
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What consumes ATP to produce CAMP? |
Adenylate Cyclase (AC) |
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What converts CAMP to AMP? |
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) |
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What phosphorylates enzymes, which activates enzymes? |
Kinases |
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What cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3? |
PLC |
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What binds to calcium to form a complex that activates enzymes? |
Calmodulin |
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hormone secretion is controlled by? |
Negative Feedback |
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What stores and releases hormones that were produced by hypothalamic nuclei? |
Neurohypophysis |
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GnRH controls? |
FSH, LH |
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CRH controls? |
ACTH |
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TRH controls? |
TSH |
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PRH and PIH control? |
PRL |
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GH-RH and GH-IH control? |
GH |
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FSH and LH secrets what? |
Gonads secrete reproductive hormones |
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ACTH secretes what? |
Adrenal Cortex secretes glucocorticoids |
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What does TSH control? |
Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones |
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What does MSH control? |
Melanocytes secrete Melanin |
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What does OXT do? |
uterine muscles contract and mammary glands secrete milk |
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What does the Posterior Pituitary Gland secrete? |
OXT, ADH |
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What does the Thyroid Gland secrete? |
T3, T4, Calcitonin |
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What does the Adrenal Medulla secrete? |
norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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What does the Adrenal Cortex secrete? |
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens |
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What does the pancreas secrete? |
Insulin and Glucagon |
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What does the Pineal Gland secrete? |
Melatonin |
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What do the Parathyroid Glands secrete? |
PTH |
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What does the heart secrete? |
ANP |
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What does the Thymus secrete? |
Thymosins |
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What does Adipose secrete? |
Leptin |
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What do the kidneys secrete? |
Renin, EPO, Calcitriol |
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Thyroid hormones are produced within? |
Thyroid Follicles |
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Thyroglobulin contains? |
Tyrosine |
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Tyrosine is iodinated to produce? |
MIT, DIT |
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T3 is also known as? |
Triiodothyronine |
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T4 is also called? |
Thyroxine |
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Thyroid Hormones have what kind of affect? |
Calorigenic |
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what is not an affect of PTH? |
stimulate excretion of calcium from kidneys |
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What is not a catecholamine? |
Serotonin |
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cortisol is in what hormone classification? |
glucocorticoids |
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aldosterone is in what hormone classification? |
mineralcorticoids |
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estrogen is in what hormone classification? |
reproductive hormones |
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cortisone is in what hormone classification? |
glucocorticoid |
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corticosterone is in what hormone classification? |
glucocorticoid |
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zone glomerulosa secretes what? |
minerialcorticoids |
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zona fasciculata secretes what? |
glucocorticoids |
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what is the effect of cortisol? |
anti inflammatory response |
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what does not stimulate the secretion of aldosterone? |
zona reticularis |
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what increases blood glucose? |
glucagon |
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what decreases blood glucose? |
insulin |
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what is secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets? |
glucagon |
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what’s secretes by beta cells of pancreatic islets? |
insulin |
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what accelerates glucose uptake? |
insulin |
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what mobilizes energy reserves? |
glucagon |
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what stimulates breakdown of glycogen? |
glucagon |
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what stimulates protein synthesis of triglyceride formation? |
insulin |
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what stimulates breakdown of triglycerides |
glucagon |
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what’s released shortly after a meal? |
insulin |
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what’s released when you haven’t eaten for hours? |
glucagon |
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what stimulates calcium absorption in the GI tract? |
calcitriol |
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what stimulates RBC production? |
EPO |
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what stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, which increases blood volume and pressure? |
renin |
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which hormones indirectly caused satiety by suppressing hunger? |
leptin |
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why is type one diabetes for severe? |
because lack of insulin |
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PTH and calcitriol produce different results that complement each other what hormone interaction is this? |
integrative effect |
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the alarm phase is dominated by what hormone? |
epinephrine |
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the resistance phase is dominated by what hormone? |
glucocorticoids |
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the exhaustion phase is dominated by what hormone? |
excess aldosterone |
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how does sperm travel through the male reproductive tract? |
testis epididymis ductus deferans urethra |
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what’s the passageway for urine and sperm? |
urethra |
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what’s the recycling center for damaged sperm? |
epididymus |
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what’s the site of sperm production? |
seminiferous tubules |
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what transports sperm to the urethra for ejaculation |
ductus deferans |
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what is a bundle of tissues that contains the ductus deferans, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics? |
spermatic cord |
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what muscle pulls the testes closer to the body cavity? |
cremaster muscle |
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where are interstitial cells located? |
outside the seminiferous tubules |
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LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete what? |
androgens, especially testosterone |
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where are nurse cells located? |
inside the seminiferous tubules |
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FSH stimulates nurse cells to secrete what? |
ABP and inhibin |
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what’s the function of fibrinogen in semen? |
it’s the precursor to fibrin and helps form semen clots |
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mitosis consists of? |
1 spermatogonium and 1 spermatocyte |
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meiosis 1 consists of? |
2 secondary spermatocytes |
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meiosis 2 consists of? |
4 spermatids |
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spermiation consists of? |
mature sperm cells |
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what is not a function of testosterone? |
stimulate capacitation |
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what does LH stimulate? |
theca cells |
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FSH stimulates what |
granulosa cells |
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theca cells produce _________ which granulosa cells convert to ________ |
androgens, estrogens |
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what happens in the menstrual phase |
low estrogen and progesterone |
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what happens in the proliferative phase? |
high estrogen and low progesterone |
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what happens in the secretory phase? |
high progesterone and medium levels of estrogen |
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the endometrium rapidly increases in thickness during what phase? |
proliferative |
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at the end of the luteal phase after the corpus albicans is formed how are the progesterone and FSH levels? |
progesterone levels are low and FSH levels are high |
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which of the following is a reason that LH levels surge at the end of the follicular phase? |
estrogen levels rise above a certain threshold and remain elevated for some time |
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what’s the average phase of the proliferative phase? |
7 days |
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what NS is responsible for an erection? |
parasympathetic NS |
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which structure guides the descent of primordial gonads from the abdominal wall towards the scrotum in males and pelvic cavity in women? |
gubernaculum |
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what is menarche? |
first occurrence of menstruation |
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blood returning from the systemic circuit first enters the what? |
right atrium |
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what structure permits blood flow from the right to left atrium in a fetus? |
foramen ovale |
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which ventricle pumps at a greater volume? |
right ventricle |
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the term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as? |
cardiac tamponade |
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what condition makes the wall of an artery become thicker and stiffer |
arteriosclerosis |
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gradual drifting of membrane potential toward threshold in autorhythmic cells is known as? |
pacemaker potential |
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the long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to? |
calcium channels remaining open |
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abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most likely change the shape of which complex? |
QRS complex |
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during the beginning of ventricular systole when the muscle is contracting but not enough pressure has built up to open the semilunar valves the heart is said to be in? |
isovolumetric contraction |
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cardiac output can be increased by all of the following except? |
increasing end systolic volume |
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what carries blood away from the heart? |
arteries |
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what carries blood towards the heart? |
veins |
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where’s the site of the exchange of the materials between blood and interstitial fluid? |
capillaries |
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what has elastic membranes? |
arteries |
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what has a thick tunica media? |
arteries |
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what has low pressure? |
veins |
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what has a large cross sectional area? |
veins |
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what has a round cross section? |
arteries |
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what has smooth endothelium? |
veins |
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what has one way valves? |
veins |
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what are the largest sized arteries? |
elastic |
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elastic arteries do what? |
conduct blood away from the heart |
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what are medium sized arteries? |
muscular |
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what do muscular arteries do? |
distribute blood throughout the body |
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what are the smallest sized arteries? |
resistance |
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what type of artery leads to capillary beds |
resistance vessels |
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resistance vessels are also called? |
arterioles |
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what directs capillary connections between arterioles and venules? |
arterial anastomoses |
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what is angiogenesis? |
formation of new blood vessels |
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what are bands of smooth muscle that open and close capillary beds? |
precapillary sphincter |
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what allows blood to bypass a capillary bed? |
arteriovenous anastomoses |
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which type of capillaries are found in the blood brain barrier? |
continuous capillaries |
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which type of capillaries are found in endocrine structures such as hypophyseal portal system? |
fenestrated capillaries |
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which type of capillaries are found in the liver and spleen? |
sinusoid capillaries |
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which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains the majority of the body’s blood? |
veins |
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the main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the? |
arteries |
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which vessel is most capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation? |
arteries |
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what decreases resistance? |
vasodilation |
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increasing the concentration of suspended proteins in blood plasma do what? |
increase resistance |
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atherosclerotic plaque increases what? |
resistance |
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which vessel has the smallest luminal diameter? |
capillary |
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which vessel has the largest total cros sectional area? |
capillaries |
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which vessel has the largest pressure gradient? |
arteries |
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which vessel has the slowest velocity of blood? |
capillaries |
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what do varicose veins do? |
decrease VR |
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what does exercising do? |
increase VR |
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what does inhaling deeply do to venous return? |
increase VR |
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what is normal systolic blood pressure? |
120 mmHg |
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what is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body? |
excretion |
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what is discharge of wastes from body? |
elimination |
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what is homeostatic regulation? |
volume and solute concentration of blood |
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calcium ion levels are controlled through what? |
calictriol |
