Ap Us History Key Terms

Front 1

Tariff of 1842

Back 1

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates

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Caroline

Back 2

Diplomatic row between the United States and Britain. Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada's short lived insurrection (1837)

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Creole

Back 3

American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves. The slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves (1841)

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Aroostook War

Back 4

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842 (began 1839)

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Manifest Destiny

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Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth century expansion. (1840s and 50s)

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"Fifty-four forty or fight"

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Slogan adopted by mid-nineteenth century expansionists who advocated the occupation of the Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and the U.S. Though President Polk had pledged to seize all of Oregon, to 54 40', he settled on the 49th parallel as a compromise with the British. (1846)

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Liberty Party

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Anti-slavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Supporters of the Liberty Party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term hoped to halt the expansion of slavery into the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade. (1840-1848)

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Walker Tariff

Back 8

Revenue enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts. (1846)

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spot resolutions

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Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, question President Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops. (1846)

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California Bear flag republic

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Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the republic in favor of joining the US. (1846)

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Battle of Buena Vista

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Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American war. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election (1847)

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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Ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts. (1848)

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Conscience Whigs

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Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern "slave power." (1840s & 50s)

Front 14

Wilmot Proviso

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Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South on the issue of slavery. (1846)

Front 15

What distinguished William Henry Harrison's presidency?
A) It was plagued by tensions between western settlers and Native Americans.
B) It was the shortest on record.
C) It was marked by hard drinking.
D) It was undermined by venomous Whig party politics.
E) It was the first time a frontiersman held the United State's highest office.

Back 15

(B) It was the shortest on record.

Front 16

What prompted fiercely loyal Whigs to denounce their leader, President John Tyler, as "His Accidency"?
A) His veto of bills to establish a national bank.
B) His refusal to sign the Tariff of 1842.
C) His height and natural clumsiness.
D) His perceived ineptitude as President.
E) His inability to keep his entire cabinet from resigning.

Back 16

(A) His veto of bills to establish a National Bank.

Front 17

The U.S.-British tension over the Maine-Canada boundary that nearly sparked a war was finally settled in 1842 by
A) granting the entire area in question to the Americans.
B) granting the entire area in question to the British.
C) Dividing the area equally between the two nations.
D) Adjusting the Canadian border so that the US gained an additional 6,500 square miles.
E)Adjusting the Canadian border so that the British gained thousands of square miles of US territory.

Back 17

(D)Adjusting the Canadian border so that the US gained an additional 6,500 square miles.

Front 18

Manifest Destiny is best described as
A) a sense of mission to ultimately eliminate slavery from US soil.
B) the goal of expelling all foreign influences from American borders so that the nation could fully develop as a republic.
C) the notion that America was ordained by God to spread its democratic institutions beyond its existing borders.
D) America's push toward becoming a commercial nation and a world power.
E) A phrase coined by Henry Clay to justify pushing the British further back into Canada.

Back 18

(C) the notion that America was ordained by God to spread its democratic institutions beyond its existing borders.

Front 19

How was the question of the Oregon Boundary finally resolved between the US and Britain?
A) Britain peacefully settled for the proposed line of 49 degrees.
B) America threatened war with England over setting the boundary at the Columbia River
C) Polk pushed his 1844 campaign promise of the 54 degrees 40' line until Britain agreed.
D) The two nations agreed to continue jointly occupying the region as they had done for decades.
E) American settlers in the territory attacked small clusters of British until they withdrew into Canada.

Back 19

(A) Britain peacefully settled for the proposed line of 49 degrees.

Front 20

All of the following fanned the flames that led to the US war with Mexico EXCEPT
A) Polk's desire for California
B) Britain's offer to purchase California from Mexico.
C) a dispute over where the Texas border with Mexico actually lay.
D) Mexico's anger at the US annexation of its territory in revolt, Texas
E) American bloodshed at the hands of Mexican troops along the Rio Grande

Back 20

B) Britain's offer to purchase California from Mexico.

Front 21

What was Polk's real goal once the battle with Mexico began?
A) to end the fighting once he had captured California.
B) to conquer all of Mexico's land claims north of the Nueces River
C)To use Santa Anna to betray -and help the US annex- Texas
D)To keep mexico from regaining Texas and advancing into the US
E) to take Mexico City

Back 21

A) to end the fighting once he had captured California.

Front 22

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the US war with Mexico, included all of the following terms EXCEPT that it:
A) confirmed that Texas belonged to the US
B) Gave the United States all of the territory to the Pacific, including California
C) required the US to assume the land claims against Mexico made by US citizens
D) required the US to pay $25 million for its land acquisitions,primarily California
E) granted to the US nearly one half of all the land formerly held by Mexico.

Back 22

D) required the US to pay $25 million for its land acquisitions, primarily California

Front 23

Who were the Californios?
A)The original inhabitants of the land later called California.
B) The descendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors who once ruled the region
C) Christian missionaries who sought to convert local indians along the pacific coast.
D) Mexican prisoners released from jail and sent to settle California
E) US settlers who moved into the territory acquired after the war with Mexico.

Back 23

B) The descendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors who once ruled the region

Front 24

From a domestic standpoint, which of these was NOT a product of the war with Mexico?
A) a significant loss of life and a weakening of the US army
B) Training the military officials who would eventually become leaders in the civil war
C) pushing the slavery debate into the foreground
D) Weakening US relations with Latin America
E) Increasing the geographic size of the US by one third.

Back 24

A) a significant loss of life and a weakening of the US army

Front 25

Symbolically important, the 1846 Wilmot Proviso stated that:
A) slavery should never be established in the territories acquired from Mexico.
B) each new territory in the land acquired from Mexico should decide the slave issue for itself.
C) slavery in the US should end by a specified date.
D) the number of slave and free states should remain equal and balanced.
E) southern states would make no effort to influence the further course of slavery in the territories.

Back 25

A) slavery should never be established in the territories acquired from Mexico

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Popular sovereignty

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Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

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Free Soil Party

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Anti-slavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers. (1848-1854)

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California gold rush

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Inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 had spread around the world by the end of the year. The onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849

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Underground Railroad

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Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, Southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law.

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Seventh of March Speech

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Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the north to support the compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion. (1850)

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Compromise of 1850

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Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery) in Washington, DC, and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Wildly opposed in both the North and the South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.

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Fugitive Slave Law

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Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in the retrieval of runaway slaves. strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

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Signed by Great Britain and the US, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would week to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. (1850) Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the US control of the Panama Canal.

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Ostend Manifesto

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Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

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Opium War

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War between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders. The resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese. (1839-1842)

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Treaty of Wanghia

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Signed by the US and China, it assured the US the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding the US's trade with the Chinese. (1844)

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Treaty of Kanagawa

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Ended Japan's 200 year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports. (1854)

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Gadsden Purchase

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acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad. (1853)

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided of popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad. (1854)

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict. (1852)

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The Impending Crisis of the South

Back 41

Antislavery tract written by white southerner Hilton R. Helper, arguing that nonslaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy. (1857)

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New England Emigrant Aid Company

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Organization created to facilitate the migration f free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory (founded 1854)

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Lecompton Constitution

Back 43

Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote. (1857)

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Bleeding Kansas

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Civil war in Kansas of the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861 when it merged with the wider national civil war. (1856-1861)

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Dred Scott v. Stanford

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Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the US. (1857)

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Panic of 1857

Back 46

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on the western public lands.

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Tariff of 1857

Back 47

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high treasury surplus and pressure from southern farmers.

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Lincoln-Douglas debates

Back 48

Series of debates between Lincoln and Douglass during the US senate race in Illinois. Douglass won the election but Lincoln gained national prominency and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination. (1858)

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Freeport Question

Back 49

Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories. (1858)

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Freeport Doctrine

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Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. (1858)

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Harpers Ferry

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Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown's extremism.

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Constitutional Union party

Back 52

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in order to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis (1860)

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Confederate States of America

Back 53

Government established after several southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South. (1861-1865)

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Crittenden Amendments

Back 54

Proposed in attempt to appease the South, the failed constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36 degrees 30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty (1860)

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Fort Sumter

Back 55

South Carolina location where Confederate sources fired the first shots of the civil war in April of 1861, after the Union forces attempted to provision the fort.

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Border States

Back 56

Five slave states - Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia- that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union

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West Virginia

Back 57

Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in '61 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union. Most of the residents of West Virginia were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause. (admitted to the Union 1863)

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Trent Affair

Back 58

Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Cilvil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two confederate diplomats on board. (1861)

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Alabama (ship)

Back 59

British built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. one of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests. (1862-1864)

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Laird rams

Back 60

2 well armed ironclad warships constructed for the confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the US, the British government purchased the two ships for the royal navy instead. (1863)

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Dominion of canada

Back 61

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the US. (established 1867)

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Writ of habeas corpus

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Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.

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New York Draft Riots

Back 63

Uprising, mostly of working class Irish Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemption. (1863)

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Morrill Tariff Act

Back 64

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War. (1861)

Front 65

Greenbacks

Back 65

Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War. Inadequately supported by gold, Greenbacks fluctuated in value throughout the war, reaching a low of 39 cents on the dollar.

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National banking System

Back 66

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds. (1863)

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Homestead Act

Back 67

A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land. (1862)

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U.S. Sanitary Commission

Back 68

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movements in the postwar years. (est. 1861)

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Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction)

Back 69

First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled northern illusions of a swift victory. (1861)

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Peninsula Campaign

Back 70

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time. (1862)

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Merrimack and Monitor

Back 71

Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought a historic, though inconsequential, battle in 1862.

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Second Battle of Bull Run

Back 72

Civil war battle that ended in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert Lee, who was emboldened to push farther into the north. (1862)

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Battle of Antietam

Back 73

Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union Army, forestalling foreign intervention adn giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. (1862)

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Emancipation Proclamation

Back 74

Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling border states. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines. (1863)

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Thirteenth Amendment

Back 75

Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union. (1865)

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Battle of Fredericksburg

Back 76

Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines. (1862)

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Battle of Gettysburg

Back 77

Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines. (1863)

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Gettysburg address

Back 78

Lincoln's speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty. (1863)

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Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

Back 79

Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant. It secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee (1862)

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Battle of Shiloh

Back 80

Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory, (1862)

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Seige of Vicksburg

Back 81

2 and a half month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Grant in 1863, giving the Union army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two. (1863)

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Sherman's march

Back 82

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war," purposefully targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the federal war effort. (1864-65)

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Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

Back 83

Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs.Largely under the control of radical republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation. (1861-65)

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Copperheads

Back 84

Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Lincoln, the draft, and after 1863, emancipation.

Front 85

The Man Without a Country

Back 85

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journey in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union. (1863)

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Union Party

Back 86

A coalition Party of pro-war democrats and republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern democrats. (1864)

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Wilderness Campaign

Back 87

A series of brutal clashes between Grant's and Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. (1864-65)

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Appomattox Courthouse

Back 88

Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant in 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign"

Front 89

Reform Bill of 1867

Back 89

Granted suffrage to all male British citizens dramatically expanding the electorate. the success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the bill.

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Freedmen's Bureau

Back 90

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.(1865-72)

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"10 percent" reconstruction plan

Back 91

Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once ten percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the US and promised to honor emancipation. (1863.)

Front 92

Wade-Davis Bill

Back 92

Passed by congressional republicans in response to Lincoln's "10 percent" plan. It required that 50% of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between moderate and radical republicans, over the treatment of the defeated south,

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Black Codes

Back 93

Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respects to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticism of President Andrew Johnson's lenient reconstruction policies. (1865-66)

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Pacific Railroad Act

Back 94

Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds. (1862)

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Civil Rights Bill

Back 95

Passed over Andre johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property. (1866)

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Fourteenth Amendment

Back 96

Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process of law. (1868)

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reconstruction act

Back 97

Passed by the newly elected republican congress, it divided the south into 5 military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that southern states both ratify the 14th amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the union. (1867)

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Fifteenth Amendment

Back 98

Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the amendment to include guarantees for woman's suffrage. (1870)

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Ex Parte Milligan

Back 99

Civil War era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open. (1866)

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Redeemers

Back 100

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from republican regimes in the south after reconstruction.

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Woman's Loyal League

Back 101

Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery. (1863-65)

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Union League

Back 102

Reconstruction era African American organization that worked to educate southern blacks about civil life, built black schools and churches, and represented african american interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

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Scalawags

Back 103

Derogatory term for pro-union Southerners whom Southern democrats accused of plundering the resources of the south in collusion with the Republican Governments after the civil war.

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Carpetbaggers

Back 104

Pejorative used by southern whites to describe Southern businessmen and politicians who came to the south after the Civil war to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

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Ku Klux Klan

Back 105

An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid 19th century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger but pro-Anglo-Saxon, and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s the Klan-style violence and democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.

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Force Acts

Back 106

Passed by Congress following a wave of KKK violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting and gave the US military the authority to enforce the acts. (1870-71)

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Tenure of Office Act

Back 107

Required the president to seek approval from the senate before removing appointees. When Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the House but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him. (1867)

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Seward's Folly

Back 108

Popular term for secretary of state William Seward's purchase of alaska from Russia.The derisive term reflected the anti- expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War. (1867)

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"waving the bloody shirt"

Back 109

Reviving gory memories of the Civil War in order to help citizens remember the Union victory and thus grant their votes to the Republicans - and Grant.

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Tweed Ring

Back 110

A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

Front 111

Credit Mobilier scandal

Back 111

A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices - and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Credit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the VP in order to allow the ruse to continue.

Front 112

Panic of 1873

Back 112

A world wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the 19th century.

Front 113

Gilded Age

Back 113

A term giver to the period of 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.
(1877-1896)

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Patronage

Back 114

A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day. It was both an essential wellspring of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the republican party.

Front 115

Compromise of 1877

Back 115

The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended reconstruction. In exchange for the republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former confederate states. The deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, democratic-dominated electoral politics.

Front 116

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Back 116

The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the act unconstitutional.

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Sharecropping

Back 117

An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain share of each year's crops. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil war and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.

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Jim Crow

Back 118

System of racial segregation in the American south from the end of reconstruction until the mid 20th century. Based on the concept of separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.

Front 119

"waving the bloody shirt"

Back 119

Reviving gory memories of the Civil War in order to help citizens remember the Union victory and thus grant their votes to the Republicans - and Grant.

Front 120

Tweed Ring

Back 120

A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

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Credit Mobilier scandal

Back 121

A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices - and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Credit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the VP in order to allow the ruse to continue.

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Panic of 1873

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A world wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the 19th century.

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Gilded Age

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A term giver to the period of 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.
(1877-1896)

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Patronage

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A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day. It was both an essential wellspring of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the republican party.

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Compromise of 1877

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The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended reconstruction. In exchange for the republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former confederate states. The deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, democratic-dominated electoral politics.

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

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The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the act unconstitutional.

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Sharecropping

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An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain share of each year's crops. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil war and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.

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Jim Crow

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System of racial segregation in the American south from the end of reconstruction until the mid 20th century. Based on the concept of separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the 14th amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1850s.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the US. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in US history. (1882)

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Pendleton Act

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Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system. (1883).

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Homestead Strike

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A strike at Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, P.A., that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, 300 armed Pinkerton "detectives" hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed 10 people and wounded more than 60. The strike was part of a nationwide labor unrest in the summer of 1892 the helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers. (1892)

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grandfather clause

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A regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (e.g. literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that their ancestors had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.

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Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

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A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turn their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry. (1886)

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Interstate Commerce Act

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Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big businesses. (1887)

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Vertical integration

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The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.

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Horizontal integration

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The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors.

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trust

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A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies.

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Haymarket Square

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A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. 8 anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. 4 were executed, 1 committed suicide, and 3 were pardoned in 1893. (1886)

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American Federation of Labor

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a national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly 4 decades, the AFL sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions. The AFL's membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the 20th century.

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closed shop

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A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees for work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating closed-shop agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members.

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New Immigrants

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Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. From countries with little knowledge of Democracy.

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Settlement houses

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Houses built for the caring of the poor and illiterate children of new immigrants.

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Liberal Protestants

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an adaptation of protestant ideals to modern culture, with emphasis on rejection of biblical literalism

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Tuskegee Institute

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University dedicated to the training of blacks in agriculture and trades.

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HSV-1:
what does it cause
how is it transmitted

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Herpesvirus
gingivostomatitis
keratoconjunctivitis
temp lobe encephalitis (most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the US)
herpes labialis
*respiratory secretions,

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Yellow Journalism

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Newspaper printed for entertainment of the public National
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA): Group that included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, which fought for women’s suffrage, or right to vote

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Women's Christian Temperance Union

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First women’s group to promote temperance, or not drinking alcohol

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World's columbian exposition

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A major city planning for Chicago based on the City Beautiful Movement