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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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list 7 functions of bones
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support,protection, leverage/body mov,blood cell formation,mineral storage,shock absorption, fat storage
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classifications of bones (5)
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long, short, flat, irregular, round/sesamoid
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epiphysis
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flared and w/ hyaline cartilage that forms joint
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diaphysis
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shaft
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periosteum
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fibrous and vascular membrane covering all non-cartilage surface
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compact bone
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composed of osteons
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spongy bone
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composed of trabeculae (w/gaps)
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medulla
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linear cavity formed by the hollow of the compact bone
(hollow is more structurally sound) |
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marrow
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soft connective tissue that fills medulla
a. Red-RBC formation b. Yellow- fat storage |
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how many bones does an adult have?
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206 bones
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intramembraneous bones
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originate in sheet-like layers of connective tissue.
ex.)flat bones such as skull and clavicle |
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endochondral bones
(Most bones produce by this process) |
from ossification of hyaline cartilage bone models.
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factors affecting bone growth(4)
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Vitamins, UV exposure, mechanical stress, hormones
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a. Pituitary dwarfism
(hormonal osteopathology) |
a. lower levels of human growth hormone/HGH that stimulates mitosis in cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disks
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b. pituitary gigantism
(hormonal osteopathology) |
b. high levels of HGH-increatses mitosis in cartilage-TALL
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Acromegaly
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High levels of HGH-results in enlarged hands, feet, jaw
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Chondrodysplasia
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irregular collagen fibers-form stunted growth, and deformed joints
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fractures
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any cracking or breaking of bone
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Fracture Origins
a. traumatic b. pathologic |
a.through injury
b. through disease |
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a.closed fracture
b.compund fracture c.complete d.incomlete |
a. skin not broken
b.skin broken exposing fractr c.bone broken in 2 pieces d.bone not broken in 2 |
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osteoporosis
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trabeculae are lost and compact bone develops open spaces due to inactivity of osteoblasts & cont. osteoclast activity
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Risk factors of osteoporosis
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female, post-menopausal, light complexion, alcohol, smoking, genes, anorexia, lack of exercise in adolescence.
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axial
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skull, hyoid, vertebral cloumn, thoracic cage, sternum
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Infantile Sull
fontanels |
allow for cranial molding
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appendicular
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appendages and their support structures
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(axial osteopathology)
cleft palate |
incompletely fused palatine processes or palatines
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mastoiditis
(axial osteopathology) |
bacterial infection of mastoid via middle ear infection. Meninges may become infected
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(axial osteopathology)
bulging disc |
w/age, annulus cracks, nucleus
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(axial osteopathology)
herniated disc |
increases pressure increases cracks and nucleus squeezes out=numbness, muscle weakness.
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(axial osteopathology)
vertebral column asymmetry |
vertebrae not evenly curved
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(axial osteopathology)
kyphosis |
exaggerated thoracic curvature. causes hunchback, rounded shoulders
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(axial osteopathology)
lordosis |
exaggerated lumbar curvature. causes swayback (leaning forward)
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(axial osteopathology)
scoliosis |
lateral displacement. causes one hip or shoulder to be lower than other.
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(axial osteopathology)
dorsal bowing |
discs shrink and compress w/ age. causes dorsal rotation=back low
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polydactyly
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possession of extra digits
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clubfoot
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foot twists out of normal position during development, cause unknown.
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tibialits
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inflammation of tibial tuberosity due to overuse of thigh muscles.
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(Aging of the skeleton)
osteoclasts>osteoblasts |
bone removal exceeds bone deposition osteoporosis can result.Spongy bonereabsorbed b4 compact bone
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(Aging of the skeleton)
height reduction |
compression of discs and vertebral body. 1/16th/yr. post 30th b-day. ups compression fracures rate.
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(Aging of the skeleton)
dec. collagen/calcium ratio |
brittle bones
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(Aging of the skeleton)
interosteonic gaps |
as bones remodeling continues, not all osteons are replaced-gaps in bone.
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(Aging of the skeleton)
joint degeneration |
cartilage and ligaments regerneration decreases
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joints
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junctions between nones that function to articulate bones
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synarthritic
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immovable
ex)cranial joints |
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amphiarthrotic
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some movement ex)coccyx
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diarthrotic
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movable joints
ex)elbow |
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fibrous
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bound by collagenous ligaments
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cartilaginous
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bound by hyaline cartilage
ex.)pubic syphesis |
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synovial
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bound by capsule of collagen
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fibrous joints:3
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connected by collagenous ligaments
a. syndesmosis b. suture c. Gomphosis |
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carilaginous joints:2
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connected by firbrocartilage
a. synchondrosis b. symphysis |
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synovial joints
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most body joints are synovial and all are diartrotic
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(synovial joints)
articular cartilage |
f: reduce friction
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(synovial joints)
subchondral plate |
f: absorb shock
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(synovial joints)
joint capsule |
f: encloses and stabilizes joint, holds synovial fluid in place.
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(synovial joints)
synovial membrane |
f:secrete synovial fluid which sushions, lubricates, supply nutrients to cartilage.
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(synovial joints)
meniscus |
f?: divide joint into compartments and absorb compression
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(synovial joints)
bursae |
synovial membrane-lined chambers/sacs w/ synovial fluid of tendons
f: provides cushioning over bony projections for movenment/ex.)olecrenon process |
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Bursitis
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inflammation of a bursae
ex.)tennis elbow and olecranon bursae |
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joint immobility
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results in cartilage degeneration due to lack of diffusion of nutrients from surrounding tissues to cartilage
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path note
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obesity and jogging may fracture subchondral plate causing extreme pain
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arthritis
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inflamation of a joint
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(arthritis)
osteo |
genetic or traumatic degeneration of the joint collagen
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(arthritis)
rheaumatoid |
autoimmune disorder causes inflammation of the synovial membrane, loss of articular cartilage and inc. fibers in joint
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(arthritis)
bacterial |
blue
ex.) lyme, staphyloccus, streptucoccus, gonnorrhea, mycobaterium |
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joint hypermobiltiy
(arthropology) |
abnormal inc.-run-increase injury
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gout
(arthropology) |
accumulation of uric acid crystals in small joints causes extreme pain
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(arthropology)
torn ACL/meniscus |
sudden turn while joint flexed
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(arthropology)
sprains |
tearing of joint tendons and or ligaments
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(arthropology)
osteomyelitis |
bacteria infection of bone
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(Life-span changes in joints)
fibrous joints |
ossify partially or completely
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(Life-span changes in joints)
symphysis joints |
lose h20 decrease flexibility,
ex)vert. disc |
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(Life-span changes in joints)
synovial joints |
blood to synovial membrane decrease, fibers increase, flexibility of joint decreases (@35yrs)
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(Life-span changes in joints)
ligaments |
collagens fibers cross link, decrease flex in ligaments
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types of muscle
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skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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skeletal muscle
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attach bone to bone-rapid contraction and fatigue
-voluntary |
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smooth muscle
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unhollow organs and vessels and dermis-slow contraction and fatigue
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cardiac muscle
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*heart
rapid contraction and no fatigue -unvoluntary |
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(Skeletal muscle Connective tissue anatomy)
fascia |
attaching bone to muscle
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(Skeletal muscle Connective tissue anatomy)
tendon |
attaching muscle to bone
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(Skeletal muscle Connective tissue anatomy)
aponeuroses |
broad sheets of CT that attach adjoining a muscle and the part it moves
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(Skeletal muscle Connective tissue anatomy)
epimysium |
irregular CT on surface of muscle
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(Skeletal muscle Connective tissue anatomy)
perimysium |
CT that separtates fascicles
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(Skeletal muscle Connective tissue anatomy)
endomysium |
w/in or inside CT that separates fibers w/in fascicle
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CT layers
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fascia-epemysium-perimysium-endomysium
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muscle hierarchy
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whole muscle-faschile-fiber-myofibrils-sarcomeres
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whole muscle
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sartorius
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fascicles
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bundles of muscle fiber (cells)
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muscle fibers (3)
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sarcolema-cell membrane
sarcoplasm-cell cytoplasm myofibrils-contractile units |
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path note
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torn muscle fibers result in minor muscle strain.
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path note
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the skeletal muscle protein dystropin prevents tearin of sarcolemma during contraction.
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path note
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those w/ muscular dystrophy don't produce dystropin
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sarcomeres
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repeating segments of myosin and actin the actual site of contraction
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(sarcomere components)
myosin -Thick filaments |
thick filamenous conractile proteins w/ cross bridges
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(sarcomere components)
-thin filaments actin |
protien backbone of thin filaments
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(sarcomere components)
tropomyosin |
blocks cross-bridge binding sites on actin
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(sarcomere components)
troponin |
controls position of tropomyosin
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(sarcomere components)
sarcoplasmic reticulum and cisternae |
modified endoplasmic reticulum w/ inc. levels of Ca ions
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(sarcomere banding)
"I" bands |
\-rows of actin filaments attached to "Z" line.
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(sarcomere banding)
"A"bands |
-rows of myosin filaments attached to "Z" line
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sliding filament theory
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nervous impule to motor neuronthin filaments move twds. cetr. opf sarcomere-muscle shortens
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do thick and thin filaments shoren or slide?
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slide
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(neuromuscular junction)
motor neuron |
carries impulses
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(neuromuscular junction)
motor end plate |
troughlike part of a muscle fiber's sarcolemma that helps for the neuromuscular juntion
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(neuromuscular junction)
synaptic cleft |
fluid filled space at a scynapse
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path note
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1+2+3=motor unit
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path note-
poliomyelitis |
its a viral incection of the motor neuron resulting in paralysis of the infected muscles
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(muscle impulse transmission)
1= |
1.acetylcholine(ACh)released from motor neuron
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(muscle impulse transmission)
2= |
ACh recieved by receptors on motor end plate
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(muscle impulse transmission)
3= |
muscle impulse-(electrical) relayed throughout muscle fiber
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(muscle impulse transmission)
4= |
muscle contracts
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path note
Mayasthenia gravis(MG) |
an autoimmune disorder that attacks ACh receptors on muscle cells resulting in muscle weakness and or death
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path note
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nerve gas blocks ACh receptors causing muscle weakness/death.
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Details of contraction
1= |
muscle impulse releases Ca from cisternae
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Details of contraction
2= |
Ca binds to troponin-altering position of tropomyosin and exposing binding sites of actin.
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Details of contraction
3= |
myosin cross bridges attach to actin and pull
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Details of contraction
4= |
cross bridges release and process continues as long as ATP, Ca and ACh are present
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Relaxation
1= |
nervous release oc ACh stops
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relaxation
2= |
Ca pumps move Ca back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Relaxation
3= |
cross-bridges break and tropomyosin moves back into position
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path note-
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several hrs. post-mortem, cisternae release Ca initiating contraction: rigor mortis
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path note
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insecticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase causeing uncontrolled muscle contraction and death
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(Muscle Energetics Overview)
1= |
ambient atp is the source of initial contraction and relaxation
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2=(Muscle Energetics Overview)
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creatine phosphate supplies energy to recycle ADP-ATP
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3=(Muscle Energetics Overview)
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as ambient ATP and creatine phosphate dec., cells depend upon cellular respiration for ATP
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4=(Muscle Energetics Overview)
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oxygen for respiriation comes from myoglobin
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5=(Muscle Energetics Overview)
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if O2 suppy dec., anaerobic resp. begins
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Energy source sequence
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ambient ATP-creatine phosphate-aerobic respiration-anaerobic respiration
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causes of muscle fatigue
(inability to contract)(4) |
1.dec. blood flow
2. dec. Ca ion levels due to repeated stimulation 3.perception of fatigue 4. inc. lactic acid lowers pH and stops contraction |
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path note
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cramps occur when electrolytes in the extracellular fluid imbalance causing uncontrolled muscle stimulation
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motor unit activation(4)
1= |
a muscle fiver alwasys contracts w/same intensity regardless of level of stimulation
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2=motor unit activation(4)
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all fibers of a motor unit respond @ same time
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3=motor unit activation(4)
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all motor units of a muscle may not respond @ once.
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4=motor unit activation(4)
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as stimulation level increase, more motor units respond
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summation
(contraction dynamics) |
accumulation of effects. Especially those muscular, sensory, or mental stimuli.
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tetanus
(contraction dynamics) |
smooth, sustained muscle contraction resultinf from high frequency simulation
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path note
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anaerobic bacteria may cause spasms of skeletal muscle(tetauns) resulting in paralysis + death.
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atrophy
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reduction in size or wasting awayy an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use
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hypertrophy
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increase in size of a tissue or organ ind. of the body's general growth-no new muscle fibers formed
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multi-unit (smooth muscle)
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has indpendent, well innerbvated fibers that lack gap juctions and pacemaker cells
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Visceral (single unit)-smooth muscle)
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pertaining to an internal organ of the body or the inner part of a structure-contracts as unit
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