A&p: Reproductive Sys.

Front 1

Reproductive system

Back 1

-produces, stores, nourishes, and transports gametes.

Front 2

gametes

Back 2

functional male and female reproductive cells.

Front 3

basic components of the reproductive system

Back 3

-gonads

-ducts that receive and transport gametes

-accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids into the ducts of the repro system or into other excretory ducts.

-external genitalia.

Front 4

gonads

Back 4

repro organs that produce gametes and hormones.

Front 5

reproductive tract

Back 5

ducts connected to chambers and passageways that open to the outside.

Front 6

testes

Back 6

-male gonads that secrete sex hormones (androgens, testosterone being the main one)

-produce the male gamete (spermatazoa, sperm)

Front 7

semen

Back 7

-sperm mixed with the secretions of accessory glands as it travels down the lengthy duct system upon emission.

-some may be expelled during ejaculation.

Front 8

ovaries

Back 8

-female gonads that release only one immature gamete (oocyte).

Front 9

oocyte

Back 9

-female gamete.

-one is released each month.

-travels along one of two short uterine tubes, which end in the muscular uterus.

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ovum

Back 10

-oocyte matures into this if sperm reaches it to start the fertilization process.

-vagina connects uterus to exterior.

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if fertilization takes place:

Back 11

-uterus will enclose and support the developing embryo as it grows into a fetus and prepares for birth.

Front 12

Male Reproductive System

Back 12

Sperm travel-> testis, epididymis, ductus deferens/vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and then urethra.

Front 13

accessory organs of the male reproductive system

Back 13

seminal glands(vesicles), prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

-secrete various fluids into the ejaculatory ducts and urethra.

Front 14

Descent of the Testes

(fetus-birth)

Back 14

gubernaculum testis-bundle of connective tissue fibers that extends from each testis to the posterior wall of a small anterior and posterior pocked of the peritoneum. They lock the testes in position as the fetus grows.

Front 15

Descent of the Tests

(fetus 2-4 months)

Back 15

Front 16

Descent of the Testes

(7 month fetus - birth)

Back 16

Front 17

cryptorchidism

Back 17

-one or both of the testes have not descended into the scrotum by the time of birth.

-the testes are typically lodged in the abdominal cavity or within the inguinal canal.

-corrective measures should be taken before puberty or they will not produce sperm. (male is sterile)

-eventually 10% of males who are not corrected with develop testicular cancer.

Front 18

Orchiectomy

Back 18

surgical removal of the testes.

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Spermatic cords

Back 19

-paired structures extending between the abdominopelvic cavity and the testes.

-begins at entrance to the inguinal canal.

-descends into the scrotum.

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inguinal canals

Back 20

-form during birth as the testes descend into the scrotum.

-at this time, these canals link the scrotal cavities with the peritoneal cavity.

-these are normally closed in adult males, but spermatic cords create weak points in the abdominal wall that can result in inguinal hernias (protrusions of visceral tissues or organs), this is rare in females because their inguinal canal is small.

Front 21

scrotal cavity

Back 21

-a partition separates the two, so infection in one is unlikely to spread in the other.

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tunica vaginalis

Back 22

-serous membrane that lines the scrotal cavity and reduces friction between the opposing parietal (scrotal) and visceral (testicular) surfaces.

-isolated portion of of the peritoneum that lost its connection with the peritoneal cavity after the testes descended when the inguinal canal closed.

Front 23

resting muscle tone in the dartos muscle

Back 23

-elevates the testes and causes the characteristic wrinkling of the scrotal surface.

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cremaster muscle

Back 24

contracts during sexual arousal or in response to decreased temperature, it tenses the scrotum and pulls the testes closer to the body.

-reflex can be initiated by stroking the skin on the upper thigh causing the scrotum to move the testes closer.

(sperm can only develop normally if the temp is 1.1C lower than the body temperature)

-this and dartos muscle move the testes away and towards the body to maintain acceptable temperatures.

Front 25

tunica albuginea

Back 25

dense layer of connective tissue rich in collagen fibers.

-fibers are continuous with those surrounding the adjacent epididymis and extend into the testis. There they form septa that converge toward the region nearest the entrance to the epididymis.

-support blood and lymph vessels that supply and drain the testes, and the efferent ductules that transport sperm to the epididymis.

Front 26

Histology of Testes

Back 26

Front 27

seminiferous tubules

Back 27

sperm production occurs within these.

-each tubule contains spermatogonia, spermatocytes at various stages of meiosis, spermatids, sperm, and large nurse cells.

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interstitial cells

Back 28

"Leydig cells"

within spaces between seminiferous tubules.

-produce androgens (androsterone and testosterone)

Front 29

spermatogenesis

Back 29

-starts at the outermost layer of cells in the tubules and proceeds toward the lumen.

-daughter cells move closer in each step.

-process begins at puberty and continues until relatively late in life (70)

-complete process takes 64 days and involves 3 integrated steps. (mitosis, meiosis, spermiogenesis)

Front 30

spermatogenesis

verbally broken down

Back 30

Front 31

spermatogonia

Back 31

stem cells that divide by mitosis to produce two daughter cells.

-one daughter cell remains at that location and the other differentiates into a primary spermatocyte.

Front 32

primary spermatocye

Back 32

cells that begin meiosis (involved in the production of gametes)

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spermatids

Back 33

immature gametes that subsequently differentiate into sperm.

-initially interconnected by bridges of cytoplasm because cytokinesis is not completed in Meiosis I or II. (this helps with transferring nutrients and hormones between cells to ensure they develop the same.

-bridges are not broken until the last stages in physical maturation.

-those then enter the fluid in the lumen

Front 34

nurse cells

Back 34

"sustentacular cells" or "Sertoli cells"

-provide microenvironment that supports spermatogenesis.

Front 35

Chromosomes in Mitosis

Back 35

-somatic cell division. (body)

-produce two daughter cells containing identical numbers and pairs of chromosomes.

-diploid (2n)

23 x 2 = 46 chromosomes.

Front 36

Chromosomes in Meiosis

Back 36

-two cycles of cell division (meiosis I and meiosis II)

-produces 4 cells each containing 23 individual chromosomes (haploid n) that contains only one member of each pair of chromosomes.

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preparation for meiosis

Back 37

-DNA replication occurs within the nucleus just as it does in a cell preparing for mitosis.

-duplicated chromosomes condense and become visible with a light microscope.

-each chromosome now consists of two duplicate chromatids

-this is where the similarities between meiosis and mitosis end.

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synapsis

Back 38

maternal and paternal chromosomes come together in an event

-involves 23 pairs of chromosomes and each member of each pair consists of two chromatids.

-a matched set of four chromatids = tetrad

-exchange of genetic material may take place between chromatids (crossing-over) to increase genetic variation among offspring.

Front 39

first meiotic division

Back 39

"reductional division"

-it reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 to 23.

-each chromosome still consists of two duplicate chromatids.

-duplicates separate during meiosis II.

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prophase I

Back 40

nuclear envelope disappears at the end of this phase.

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metaphase I

Back 41

as this phase begins, tetrads line up along the metaphase plate.

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anaphase I

Back 42

as this begins, the tetrads break up, the maternal and paternal chromosomes separate.

(major difference between mitosis and meiosis: in mitosis, each daughter cell receives a copy of every chromosome, maternal and paternal, but in Meiosis I, each daughter cell receives two copies of EITHER the maternal chromosome or paternal chromosomes)

-maternal and paternal components are randomly and independently distributed (as each tetrad splits)

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telophase I

Back 43

ends with the formation of two daughter cells containing unique combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

-both cells contain 23 chromosomes.

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interphase between meiosis I and II

Back 44

-very brief period

-no DNA is replicated

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anaphase II

Back 45

duplicate chromatids separate

Front 46

telophase II

Back 46

yields four haploid cells, each containing 23 chromosomes

Front 47

meiosis II

Back 47

equational division

the number of chromosomes has not changed.

-chromosomes are evenly distributed among the four cells, but the cytoplasm may not be.

(male immature gametes are equal in size but female gametes (oocytes) there is one large and three small nonfunctional polar bodies)

-if fertilization occurs, the oocyte completes meiosis II, yielding an ovum.

Front 48

spermiogenesis

Back 48

-last step of spermatogenesis.

-spermatids are not free in the cytoplasm, they are surrounded by adjacent nurse cells.

-spermatids develop into spermatoza.

Front 49

spermiation

Back 49

a spermatozoon loses its attachment to the nurse cell and enters the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

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6 important functions of the nurse cells

Back 50

1. maintenance of the blood-testis barrier.

-transport tightly regulated by tight junctions.

-produce fluid in lumen.

-regulate fluid composition.

-prevents immune cells from attacking sperm.

2. Support mitosis and meiosis.

-FSH and testosterone stimulate.

-stimulated cells promote division.

3. Support of Spermiogenesis

-surround and enfold spermatids

-provide nutrients and chemical stimuli for development

-phagocytize cytoplasm that is shed.

4. Secretion of Inhibin

-response to factors released by sperm

-depresses pituitary prod. of FSH & hypothalamic secretion of GnRH.

-feedback control of spermatogenesis

5. Secretion of Androgen-binding protein

-elevating [androgens] within seminiferous tubules

-stimulate spermiogenesis

-stimilated by FSH

6. Secretion of Mullerian-inhibiting factor

-secreted when testes develop

-causes regression of fetal mullerian ducts (passageways that form uterine tubes and the uterus)

-ensures the testes descend into the scrotum.

Front 51

blood-testis barrier

Back 51

-isolates the seminiferous tububles from the general circulation.

-nurse cells are joined by tight junctions and form a layer that divides the seminiferous tubule into an outer basal compartment and an inner luminal compartment.

(basal = spermatogonia)

(luminal = where meiosis and spermiogenesis occur)

Front 52

luminal fluid

Back 52

-very different from surrounding interstitial fluid

-high in androgens, estrogens, potassium, and amino acids.

-blood testis barrier is essential to preserving the differences between the luminal fluid and the interstitial fluid.

Front 53

Anatomy of Sperm

Back 53

acrosome- contains enzymes for fertilization. (during spermiogenesis, saccules of spermatid golgi apparatus fuse and flatten into an acrosomal vesicle that forms this)

tail- movement assisted by mitochondrial ATP energy. ONLY flagellum in the human body.

Mature sperm - lacks most organelles, is essentially just a carrier of chromosomes that needs to happen fast.

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epididymis

Back 54

-the start of the male repro tract.

-coiled tube bound to the posterior border of each testis.

-the head receives sperm from the efferent ductules.

-sperm are stored in the tail.

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three functions of the epididymis

Back 55

1. monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules

-stereocilia increase the SA available for absorption from and secretion into the fluid in the tubule.

2. Acts as a recycling center for damaged sperm

-releases into interstitial fluid for pickup by the epididymal blood vessels.

3. Stores and protects sperm and facilitates their functional maturation.

-are mature and immobile when they leave.

-must undergo capacitation in order to become motile and fully functional.

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capacitation

Back 56

1. sperm become motile when they are mixed with secretions of seminal glands

2. become capable of successful fertilization when exposed to conditions in the female repro tract.

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ductus deferens

Back 57

"vans deferens"

begins at the tail of the epididymis

-transports sperm to urethra

-store sperm for several months (sperm are in temporary state of inactivity with low metabolic rates)

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peristaltic contractions in the smooth muscle layer of the ductus deferens

Back 58

-propels sperm and fluid along the duct, which is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

-under sympathetic control

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functions of the accessory glands (seminal, prostate, and bulbourethral)

Back 59

1. activating sperm

2. providing nutrients sperm need for motility

3. propelling sperm and fluids along the repro tract (mainly by peristalsis)

4. producing buffers that counteract the acidity of the urethral and vaginal environments.

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seminal glands

Back 60

secretions contain: (60% of semen volume)

1. higher concentrations of fructose

-easily metabolized by sperm.

2. prostaglandins

-stimulate smooth muscle contractions

3. fibrinogen

-after ejaculation forms a temporary semen clot within the vagina.

4. neutralize acids in the secretions of the prostate gland + vagine

-alkaline mix

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prostate gland

Back 61

-produces prostatic fluid (slightly acidic, 20-30% semen volume)

-secretions contain seminalplasmin (antibiotic protein)

Front 62

prostatitis

Back 62

-prostatic inflammation

-bacterial infection or apparent absence of pathogens.

-signs/symptoms resemble cancer

-antibiotic therapy is more effective treatment.

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Bulbourethral glands

Back 63

"cowpers glands"

secrete (<5% of semen volume) thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids that may remain in the urethra, and lubricates the penis tip.

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contents of the ejaculate

Back 64

2-5 mL of Semen

1. Sperm

-20 to 100 million/mL

2. seminal fluid

-fluid of semen, 60% seminal gland secretions, 30% prostatic, 5% nurse cells and epididyms, and <5% bulbourethral.

3. enzymes

-protease that may dissolve vagina mucus

-seminalplasmin (antibiotic)

-prostatic enzyme that coagulates semen by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

-fibrinolysin that liquefies the clotted semen after 15-30 min.

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low sperm count

Back 65

-individuals are probably infertile

-may reflect inflammation of the epididymis, van deferens, or prostate gland.

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common sperm abnormalities

Back 66

-malformed heads and "twin" sperms that did not separate at the time of spermiation.

-normal sperm will be actively swimming.

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Penis/scrotum anatomy

Back 67

-underlying areolar tissue of the penis allows the thin skin to move without distorting underlying structures.

-prepuce = foreskin

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preputial glands

Back 68

-in the skin of the neck and the inner surface of the prepuce

-secrete a waxy material called smegma.

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smegma

Back 69

can be an excellent source of nutrients for bacteria.

can avoid by getting circumcised.

(lowers risk of UTI, HIV, and penile cancer)

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erectile tissue

Back 70

-3D maze of vascular channels..

resting state-> arterial branches are constricted and muscular partitions are tense.

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erection

Back 71

parasympathetic innervation of the penile arteries involves neurons that release NO and their axon terminals.

-vessels dilate, blood flow increases, vascular channels become engorged with blood.

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regulation of male reproduction

Back 72

Front 73

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Back 73

-in many target tissues, testosterone is converted into this.

-diffuses back out of the cell and into the bloodstream (levels are about 10% of circulating testosterone levels)

-can enter cells and bind to same hormone receptors.

-some tissues respond to this over testosterone (external genitalia)

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early surge of testosterone during development

Back 74

-differentiates the male duct system and accessory organs and affects CNS development.

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testosterone in the hypothalamus

Back 75

programs centers that are involved in:

1. GnRH prod and regulation of pituitary FSH and LH secretion

2. sexual behavior

3. sexual drive

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benign prostatic hypertrophy

Back 76

-increase in size happens as testosterone prod by the interstitial cells decreases.

-small massed called prostatic concretions may form within the glands.

-interstitial cells secrete small quantities of estrogen at the same time.

-these factors may stimulate prostatic growth.

-could obstruct the urethra and lead to kidney damage.

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main organs of female repro system

Back 77

-ovaries

-uterine tubes

-uterus

-vagina

-components of external genitalia

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mesovarium

Back 78

-thickened fold of mesentary that supports and stabilizes the position of each ovary.

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broad ligament

Back 79

-encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.

-extensive mesentary that limits side-to-side movement and rotation.

-other ligaments prevent superior-inferior movement.

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functions of ovaries

Back 80

1. produce mature female gametes (oocytes)

2. secrete female sex hormones (estrogens & progesterone)

3. secrete inhibin involved in feedback control of pituitary FSH prod.

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suspensory ligament

Back 81

-contains the major blood vessels of the ovary

(ovarian artery and vein)

-vessels are connected to the ovary at the hilum, where the ovary attaches to the mesovarium.

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oogenesis

Back 82

-ovum production

-begins before a woman's birth, accelerates at puberty, and ends at menopause.

-occurs once a month as part of the ovarian cycle.

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oogenesis

-mitosis of oogonium

Back 83

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oogenesis

-meiosis I

Back 84

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oogenesis

-meiosis II

Back 85

Front 86

nuclear events that differ between females and males during meiosis

Back 86

1. the cytoplasm of the primary oocyte is unevely distributed during the divisions

-one secondary oocyte which contains most of the cytoplasm and tow or three polar bodies

(later disintegrate)

2. ovary released a secondary oocyte rather than a mature ovum.

-is suspended in metaphase of meiosis II until fertilized.

Front 87

Ovarian follicles

Back 87

-specialized structures in the cortex of the ovaries where both oocyte growth and meiosis I oocure.

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ovarian cycle

Back 88

1. follicular phase

-preovulatory phase

2. Ovulation

3. luteal phase

-postovulatory phase

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Back 89

primordial follicle = primary oocyte and follicle cells.

-primary oocytes are located in the outer portion of the ovarian cortex, near the tunica aalbuginea in clusters called egg nests.

-single layer of follicle cells surround them.

-activated primordial follicle will either mature and be released as a secondary oocyte or degenerate (atresia)

-monthly process = ovarian cycle.

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Back 90

primordial to primary.

follicular cells to granulosa cells.

zona pellucida- glycoprotein rich region where microvilli surrounding follicular cells intermingle with microvilli from the surface of the oocyte.

thecal cells and granulosa cells work together to produce sex hormones (estrogens)

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Back 91

wall of the follicle thickens and the deeper follicular cells begin secreting small amounts of fluid.

follicular fluid: accumulates in small pockets that gradually expand and separate the inner and outer layers of the follicle.

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Back 92

tertiary follicle: mature graafian

this complex spans the entire width of the ovarian cortex and distorts the ovarian capsule, creating a prominent bulge in the surface of the ovary.

-the oocyte projects into the antrum (expanded central chamber of the follicle)

-LH levels begin rising, prompting the primary oocyte that was suspended in prophase I to complete meiosis I.

-on day 14 of a 28 day cycle, a secondary oocyte and the attached granulosa cells lose their connection with the follicular wall and drift free within the antrum

-granulosa cells still associated with the secondary oocyte form a protective layer known as the corona radiata.

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Back 93

-tertiary follicle releases the secondary oocyte

-distended follicular wall suddenly ruptures, ejecting the follicular contents into the pelvic cavity.

-sticky follicular fluid keeps corona radiata and oocyte attached to the surface of the ovary.

-oocyte is then moved into the uterine tube by contact with the fimbriae that extend from the tube's funnel like opening.

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Back 94

-empty tertiary follicle collapses and ruptured vessels bleed into the antrum.

-remaining granulosa cells invade the area and proliferate to create an endocrine structure (corpus luteum). LH stimulates this process.

-cholesterol contained in the structure is used to manufacture progesterone (prepares the uterus for pregnancy by stimulating the maturation of the uterine lining and the secretions of uterine glands)

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Back 95

-corpus luteum begins to degenerate 12 days after ovulation (unless fertilized)

-progesterone and estrogen levels drop

-fibroblasts invade the nonfunctional corpus luteum and produce knot of pale scar tissue (corpus albicans)

-disintegration (involution) of the corpus luteum marks the end of the ovarian cycle.

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age and oogenesis

Back 96

-generally only a single oocyte is released into the pelvic cavity at ovulation.

-at puberty, each ovary contains 200,000 primordial follicles

-40 years later, few if any remain, although only about 500 secondary oocytes will have been ovulated.

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Uterine Tubes

Back 97

-oocytes are transported by a combination of ciliary movemebt and peristaltic contractions in the walls of these.

-SNS and PNS nerves from the hypogastric plexus turn on this movement a few hours before ovulation.

-this structure also provides nutrient rich environment with lipids and glycogen. (nourishes sperm and pre-embryo)

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fertilization

Back 98

-if fertilization is to occur, the secondary oocyte must encounter sperm 12-24 hours of its passage into the uterine cavity.

-fertilization usually takes place near the boundary between the ampulla and isthmus.

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pre-embryo

Back 99

the cell cluster produced by the initial cell division following fertilization and before implantation in the uterine wall.

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peg cells

Back 100

-project into the lumen of the uterine tube

-secrete a fluid that both complete capacitation of sperm and supplies nutrients to sperm and pre-embryo.

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uterus

Back 101

-protects, nourishes and removes wastes for the developing embryo (wks 1-8) and fetus (wks 9-delivery).

-contractions of this structure are important in expelling the fetus at birth.

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Suspensory Ligaments of the Uterus

Back 102

uterosacral: keep body of uterus from moving inferiorly and anteriorly.

round: restrict posterior movement.

cardinal: prevent inferior movement.

muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor also provide mechanical support.

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blood supply to uterus

Back 103

-uterine arteries receive blood from the internal iliac arteries and from ovarian arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta.

-extensive interconnection ensuring a reliable supply despite changes during pregnancy.

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innervation of the uterus

Back 104

-autonomic fibers from the hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) and from sacral segments 3 and 4 (parasympathetic).

-info reaches the CNS via dorsal roots of the spinal nerves T11 and 12.

-segmental blocks (delicate anesthetic procedure during labor) only target T10-L1.

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Uterine Wall

Back 105

perimetrium- incomplete serosa covering that is continuous with the peritoneal lining.

endometrium -the glandular and vascular tissues support the physiological demands of the growing fetus.

estrogen influence: uterine glands, blood vessels, and epithelium change with the phases of the monthly uterine cycle.

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endometrium functional zone

Back 106

-contains most of the uterine glands and contributes most of the endometrial thickness.

-undergoes dramatic changes in thickness and structure during the menstrual cycle.

-supplied by the spiral arteries.

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endometrium basilar zone

Back 107

-attaches the endometrium to the myometrium and contains the terminal branches of the tubular uterine glands.

-supplied by the straight arteries which are fed by the radial arteries.

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Uterine Cycle

Back 108

"menstrual cycle"

-repeating series of changes in the structure of the endometrium.

-28 days

-menses and proliferative phase occur during follicular phase of ovarian cycle

-secretory phase corresponds with luteal phase.

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menses

Back 109

-interval marked by the degeneration of the functional zone.

-caused by constriction of the spiral arteries, reducing blood flow.

-deprived of oxygen and nutrients, secretory glands and other tissues begin to deteriorate.

-weakened arterial wall ruptures and blood pours into the connective tissue of the fxnl zone.

-blood cells and dead tissue enters uterine cavity to leave through vagina.

-repair begins at each site at once, sloughing off is gradual.

-before this phase has ended, the entire fxnl zone has been lost.

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menstruation

Back 110

-process of endometrial sloughing

-usually a week, 35-50 mL of blood are lost.

-painless process.

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dysmenorrhea

Back 111

-painful menstruation

-result from uterine inflammation, myometrial contractions, or form conditions involving adjavent pelvic structures.

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proliferative phase

Back 112

-epithelial cells of the uterine glands multiply and spread across the endometrial surface, restoring uterine epithelium.

-further growth and vascularization completely restore fxnl zone.

-takes place the same time primary and secondary follicles enlarge in the ovary.

-estrogens secreted by the developing follicles sustain this phase.

-by ovulation, fxnl zone is thick and mucous glands extend to its border with the basilar zone.

-uterine glands are manufacturing mucus rich in glycogen that is essential for ovum survival.

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secretory phase

Back 113

-uterine glands enlarge, accelerating secretion rate

-arteries supplying uterine wall elongate under the combined stimulatory effects of progesterone and estrogen from corpus luteum.

-over next two days, glands become less active and the uterine cycle ends when the corpus luteum stops producing stimulatory hormones.

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menarche

Back 114

first cycle of uterine cycle at puberty.

continues until menopause.

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menopause

Back 115

-termination of the uterine cycle (45-55)

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amenorrhea

Back 116

-if menarche does not appear by the age of 16 or the normal uterine cycle of an adult woman is interrupted for 6 months or more.

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primary amenorrhea

Back 117

-failure to initiate menses.

-may indicate abnormalities such as nonfunctional ovaries, absence of uterus, endocrine, or genetic disorders.

-can also result from malnutrition (leptin levels are too low)

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secondary amenorrhea

Back 118

-severe physical or emotional stress can cause this.

-reproductive system gets shut down.

-possibly from dramatic weight loss, anorexia, depression, or grief.

-has also been observed in marathon runners and other women engaged in training programs that require sustained levels of exertion, severely reducing body lipid reserves.

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vagina

Back 119

major functions:

1. passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids.

2. receive penis.

3. holds sperm prior to passage to uterus.

4. forms the inferior portion of the birth canal.

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hymen

Back 120

elastic epithelial fold of variable size that partially blocks the entrance to the vagina.

-typically stretched and torn during "first time".

Front 121

bulbospongiosus muscles

Back 121

-contractions constrict the vagina.

Front 122

vaginal microbioda

Back 122

-usually harmless

-supported by nutrients in the cervical mucus

-metabolic activity creates an acidic environment which resists growth of many pathogens.

-acidic environment also inhibits motility of sperm, buffers in semen are very important for successful fertilization.

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vaginitis

Back 123

-fungi, bacteria, or parasites may cause this inflammation of the vaginal canal.

-may affect the survival of sperm and reduce fertility.

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exfloliative cytology

Back 124

-hormonal changes from ovarian cycle affects vaginal epithelium.

-clinician can estimate the stage from a smear.

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external female genitalia

Back 125

area is the vulva (pudendum)

clitoris: derived from the same embryonic structure as the penis. (contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa)

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glands that secrete onto the external genitalia

Back 126

-lesser vestibular

-greater vestibular

-paraurethral

keep the vagina moist and lubricated.

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lactation

Back 127

milk production

-occurs in the mammary glands

-controlled by the hormones of the reproductive system and placenta (temporary structure that provides the embryo and fetus with nutrients)

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resting mammary gland

Back 128

-dominated by a duct system rather than by active glandular cells.

-secretory apparatus normally does not complete development until pregnancy.

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active mammary gland

Back 129

-tubuloalveolar gland, consisting of multiple glandular tubes that end in secretory alveoli.

Front 130

regulation of female reproduction

Back 130

Front 131

combining key events in the ovarian and uterine cycles

Back 131

Front 132

estrogens multiple functions that affect the activities of many tissues and organs throughout the body

Back 132

1. stimulating bone and muscle growth

2. maintaining female secondary sex characteristics

-body hair distribution and location of adipose tissue deposits

3. affecting CNS activity (sexual drive)

4. maintaining functional accessory reproductive glands and organs

5. initiating the repair and growth of the endometrium.

Front 133

steroid hormone synthesis in males and females

Back 133

Front 134

sexual intercourse

Back 134

"coitus" "copulation"

-introduces semen into the female repro tract.

Front 135

male sexual arousal

Back 135

-erotic thoughts, the stimulation of sensory nerves in the genital region, or both lead to an increase in parasympathetic outflow over the pelvic nerves.

-leads to an erection (tensing of the skin increases senstivity)

-subsequent stimulation can initiate the bulbourethral glands providing lubrication.

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emission

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-occurs under sympathetic stimulation.

-peristaltic contractions of the ampulla push seminal fluid and sperm into prostatic urethra,

-sympathetic commands also cause contraction of the urinary bladder and internal urethral sphincter.

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ejaculation

Back 137

-powerful, rhythmic contractions appear in the ischiocavernosus (stiffen penis) and bulbospongiosus (push semen toward external urethral opening) muscles.

-contractions controlled by somatic motor neurons in the inferior lumbar and superior sacral segments.

-contraction of smooth muscle within the prostate acts to pinch off the urethra, preventing urine from passing through.

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detumescence

Back 138

-after ejaculation, blood begins to leave the erectile tissue and the erection subsides.

-controlled by SNS.

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impotence

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-erectile dysfunction

-could be from low blood pressure in the arteries supplying the penis, due to a circulatory blockage like a plaque.

-also from drugs, alcohol, trauma, or illnesss that affect the ANS or CNS.

Front 140

Viagra, Levitra, Cialis

Back 140

-enhance and prolong the effects of NO on the erectile tissue of the penis.

-treat impotence.

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Female Sexual Arousal

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-PNS activation leads to engorgement of the erectile tissue of the clit and vestibular bulbs, aous glands and increased secretion from cervical mucous glands and the greater vestibular glands.

-increases receptor sensitivity to stimulation and the glands lubricate vaginal walls

-network of blood vessels in the vaginal wall become filled with blood.

-PNS also makes nipples more sensitive.

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chlamydia

Back 142

can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility.

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AIDs

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caused by virus

deadly

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decrease in estrogen levels during menopause

Back 144

-leads to reductions the size of boobs, and uterus

-thinning of urethral and vaginal epithelia.

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hot flashes

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typically begin while estrogen levels are decreasing and cease when estrogen levels are at minimum.

-these intervals of increased body temperature are associated with surges of LH production.

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male climacteric

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-declining male reproductive function

-levels of circulating testosterone begin to decrease between the ages of 50-60 and levels of circulating FSH and LH increase.

-sperm production continues.

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hormones of the reproductive system

Back 147