Ap Psych -Ch 4- Myers

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Formal Operational Stage

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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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Developmental Psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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Zygote

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The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

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Embryo

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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

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Fetus

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The developing human organism after conception to birth.

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Teratogens

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agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and can cause harm

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrom (FAS)

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Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant womans heavy drinking. In severe cases symptoms include noticable facial mispropotions

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Rooting Reflex

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A babys tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple.

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Habituation

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Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

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Maturation

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Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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Schema

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A concept or framework that organizes and interperts information

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Stranger Anxiety

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The fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age

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Attachment

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An emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on seperation

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Critical Period

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An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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Imprinting

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A process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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Basic Trust

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According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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Self-Concept

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A sense of one's identity and personal worth

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Adolescence

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The transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence

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Puberty

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The period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

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Primary Sex Characteristics

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The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

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Non-reproductive sex characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair

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Assimilation

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Interperting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas

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Accommodation

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adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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Cognition

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All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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Sensorimotor Stage

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In Piagets theory, the stage (birth to age 2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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Object Permanence

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The awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved

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Peopernational Stage

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In Piagets theory the stage (2 to 6-7 yrs) during which a child learns to use language but does not comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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Conservation

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The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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Egocentrism

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In Piagets theory that inability of the preoperational child to take anothers point of view.

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Theory of Mind

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peoples ideas about their own and others mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.

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Autism

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A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others states of mind

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Concrete Operational Stage

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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (6 or 7 to 11 yrs) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

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Menarche

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The first menstrual period

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Identity

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One's sense of self, according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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Intimacy

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In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close loving relationships, a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

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Menopause

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A time of natural cessation of menstruation

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Alzheimer's Disease

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A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterised by gradual detioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally physical functioning

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Cross-Sectional Study

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A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

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Longitudinal Study

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Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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Crystallized Intelligence

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One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to increase with age

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Fluid Intelligence

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One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood

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Social Clock

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culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement