A&p Midterm Ch. 06

Front 1

skeletal cartilage

Back 1

cartilage molded to fit its body location and function; no nerves or blood vessels, fibers form a structural mesh

Hint 1

Front 2

perichondrium

Back 2

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding skeletal cartilage, resists outward expansion and contains blood vessels

Front 3

1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartilage

Back 3

3 types of skeletal cartilages

Hint 3

Front 4

hyaline cartilage

Back 4

cartilage with a glasslike extracellular matrix, provides support with flexibility and resilience; visible collagen fibers

Hint 4

Front 5

– the ends of movable joints
– connecting ribs to sternum
– larynx and respiratory passageways
– external nose
– embryonic skeleton

Back 5

locations of hyaline cartilage

Hint 5

Front 6

elastic cartilage

Back 6

cartilage with stretchy elastic fibers that allows for bending; contains collagen fibers and visible elastic fibers

Hint 6

Front 7

– outer ear
– epiglottis

Back 7

locations of elastic cartilage

Hint 7

Front 8

fibrocartilage

Back 8

highly compressible cartilage with great tensile strength; contains thick and visible collagen fibers

Hint 8

Front 9

– intervertebral discs
– menisci (knees, jaw)

Back 9

locations of fibrocartilage

Hint 9

Front 10

1. appositional growth
2. interstitial growth

Back 10

2 forms of cartilage growth

Front 11

appositional growth

Back 11

form of cartilage growth in which chondrocytes of the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue

Front 12

interstitial growth

Back 12

form of cartilage growth in which the chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

Front 13

206

Back 13

# of bones in the human body

Front 14

1. axial
2. appendicular

Back 14

2 main groups of the skeleton

Front 15

1. support
2. protection
3. movement
4. hematopoiesis
5. hormone production
6. mineral and growth factor storage
7. fat storage

Back 15

7 important functions of bone

Front 16

hematopoiesis

Back 16

blood cell formation

Front 17

1. calcium
2. phosphate

Back 17

2 important minerals stored in bone matrix

Front 18

compact bone

Back 18

smooth and dense external layer of a bone

Front 19

spongy bone

Back 19

trabeculae–lined internal layer of a bone

Hint 19

Front 20

trabeculae

Back 20

small needle–like or flat pieces that form the honeycomb shape in spongy bone; open spaces filled with bone marrow

Hint 20

Front 21

diploë

Back 21

the sandwich–like spongy bone of short, flat, and irregular bones

Hint 21

Front 22

diaphysis

Back 22

the long, tube–shaped shaft of a long bone; compact bone surrounding a central medullary cavity

Front 23

medullary cavity

Back 23

central cavity of the diaphysis containing fat (yellow marrow); called the yellow marrow cavity in adults

Front 24

epiphyses

Back 24

the broad ends of long bones

Front 25

articular cartilage

Back 25

covers the ends of the epiphyses, cushions the opposing ends of bones during movement and absorbs stress

Front 26

epiphyseal line

Back 26

remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Front 27

epiphyseal plate

Back 27

a hyaline cartilage disc separating the diaphysis and each epiphysis that grows during childhood and lengthens the bone

Front 28

1. periosteum
2. endosteum

Back 28

2 membranes covering a bone

Front 29

periosteum

Back 29

a glistening white, double–layered membrane covering the external surface of a bone; provides nutrition to the bone

Front 30

1. fibrous layer
2. osteogenic layer

Back 30

2 layers of the periosteum

Front 31

fibrous layer

Back 31

outer layer of the periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue

Front 32

osteogenic layer

Back 32

inner layer of the periosteum; contains osteogenic cells

Front 33

nutrient foramina

Back 33

openings in the periosteum that allow nerve fibers and blood vessels to pass through the bone shaft to the marrow cavity

Front 34

Sharpey's fibers (perforating fibers)

Back 34

collagen fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone matrix

Front 35

endosteum

Back 35

a delicate connective tissue membrane covering the internal surface of bones

Front 36

red marrow

Back 36

hematopoietic tissue found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone (long bones) and in the diploe (flat bones)

Front 37

red marrow cavities

Back 37

cavities that house hematopoietic tissue

Front 38

1. trabecular cavities (long bones)
2. diploë

Back 38

2 types of red marrow cavities

Front 39

bone markings

Back 39

projections, depressions, and openings on bone surfaces that serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Front 40

1. attachment (muscles, ligaments, tendons)
2. joint surfaces
3. passage (blood vessels, nerves)

Back 40

3 functions of bone markings

Front 41

1. osteogenic cells
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocytes
4. bone lining cells
5. osteoclasts

Back 41

5 major cell types in bone

Hint 41

Front 42

osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)

Back 42

active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum; become osteoblasts or bone lining cells

Hint 42

Front 43

osteoblasts

Back 43

bone–forming cells that secrete the bone matrix

Hint 43

Front 44

osteocytes

Back 44

mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix; spidery cells that occupy spaces (lacunae) that conform to their shape

Hint 44

Front 45

bone lining cells

Back 45

flat cells that help maintain the bone matrix in areas where no remodeling occurs

Front 46

1. periosteal cells
2. endosteal cells

Back 46

2 types of bone lining cells

Front 47

osteoclasts

Back 47

giant multinucleate cells with ruffled borders that break down bone with lysosomal enzymes

Hint 47

Front 48

osteon (Haversian system)

Back 48

the cylinder–shaped structural unit of compact bone; tiny weight–bearing pillars

Hint 48

Front 49

lamella

Back 49

concentric rings of bone matrix making up an osteon (Haversian system)

Hint 49

Front 50

central canal (Haversian canal)

Back 50

canal containing blood vessels and nerve fibers running through the core of each osteon

Hint 50

Front 51

perforating canal (Volkmann's canals)

Back 51

canals connecting the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canals and medullary cavity

Hint 51

Front 52

lacunae

Back 52

hollow spaces housing the spider–shaped osteocytes at the junctions of the lamellae

Hint 52

Front 53

canaliculi

Back 53

hairlike canals connecting the lacunae to each other and to the central canal

Hint 53

Front 54

interstitial lamellae

Back 54

incomplete lamellae lying between intact osteons; fill gaps or are remnants of old osteons

Front 55

circumferential lamellae

Back 55

lamellae covering the entire circumference of the diaphysis; resist twisting of the long bone

Hint 55

Front 56

1. bone cells
2. osteoid

Back 56

2 organic components of bone (33%)

Front 57

osteoid

Back 57

organic part of bone matrix including ground substance and collagen fibers

Front 58

sacrificial bonds

Back 58

stretchy and breakable bonds between collagen molecules that can be reformed

Front 59

mineral salts (hydroxyapatites)

Back 59

inorganic component of bone (65%); tiny, tightly packed crystals surrounding collagen fibers in the bone matrix; account for a bone's hardness; ex. calcium phosphate

Front 60

ossification (osteogenesis)

Back 60

the process of bone formation

Front 61

1. endochondral ossification
2. intramembranous ossification

Back 61

2 types of bone formation in a human embryo

Front 62

endochondral ossification

Back 62

bone developed by replacing hyaline cartilage; "cartilage bones", includes all bones below the base of the skull (except the clavicles)

Hint 62

Front 63

Stage 1 of 5

Back 63

Endochondral Ossification: a bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

Hint 63

Front 64

Stage 2 of 5

Back 64

Endochondral Ossification: cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and cavities develop; chondrocytes die

Hint 64

Front 65

Stage 3 of 5

Back 65

Endochondral Ossification: the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms

Hint 65

Front 66

Stage 4 of 5

Back 66

Endochondral Ossification: the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms, osteoclasts break down spongy bone

Hint 66

Front 67

Stage 5 of 5

Back 67

Endochondral Ossification: the epiphyses ossify

Hint 67

Front 68

primary ossification center

Back 68

the center of a hyaline cartilage shaft where long bone formation typically begins

Front 69

periosteal bud

Back 69

collection of elements that invade a newly forming bone (nutrient artery and vein, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts)

Front 70

secondary ossification center

Back 70

the centers where bone is created from cartilage in one or both epiphyses

Front 71

intramembranous ossification

Back 71

a bone develops from a fibrous membrane; membrane bone, includes the cranial bones and the clavicles

Hint 71

Front 72

mesenchymal cells

Back 72

cells responsible for bone development in intramembranous ossification

Front 73

Stage 1 of 4

Back 73

Intramembranous Ossification: ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane; mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts

Hint 73

Front 74

Stage 2 of 4

Back 74

Intramembranous Ossification: osteoblasts secrete osteoid within the fibrous membrane that calcifies

Hint 74

Front 75

Stage 3 of 4

Back 75

Intramembranous Ossification: woven bone and periosteum forms

Hint 75

Front 76

Stage 4 of 4

Back 76

Intramembranous Ossification: lamellar bone replaces woven bone, red marrow appears

Hint 76

Front 77

1. proliferation zone
2. hypertrophic zone
3. calcification zone
4. ossification zone

Back 77

4 zones of bone growth

Hint 77

Front 78

proliferation zone

Back 78

Bone growth: area where cartilage cells undergo mitosis

Hint 78

Front 79

hypertrophic zone

Back 79

Bone growth: area where older cartilage cells enlarge

Hint 79

Front 80

calcification zone

Back 80

Bone growth: area where matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, blood vessels invade cavity

Hint 80

Front 81

ossification zone

Back 81

Bone growth: area where new bone forms

Hint 81

Front 82

epiphyseal plate closure

Back 82

the process of longitudinal bone growth ending when the epiphysis and diaphysis bones fuse

Front 83

growth hormone

Back 83

hormone that stimulates epiphyseal plate activity; released by the anterior pituitary gland

Front 84

thyroid hormone

Back 84

hormone that regulates growth hormone so that the skeleton grows proportionally

Front 85

sex hormones

Back 85

hormones promoting growth spurts in adolescensce; masculinization or feminization; induce epiphyseal closure

Front 86

bone remodeling

Back 86

process of deposit and resorption of bone in the periosteum and endosteum

Front 87

1. bone deposit
2. bone resorption

Back 87

2 stages of bone remodeling

Front 88

1. osteoblasts (deposition)
2. osteoclasts (resorption)

Back 88

"remodeling units" that coordinate bone deposition and resorption

Front 89

1. hormonal controls
2. response to mechanical stress

Back 89

2 factors influencing bone remodeling

Front 90

1. nerve impulses
2. muscle contraction
3. blood coagulation
4. secretion

Back 90

4 reasons calcium is necessary

Front 91

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 91

hormone that stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing calcium into the blood

Front 92

calcitonin

Back 92

hormone that temporarily lowers calcium levels

Front 93

hypercalcemia

Back 93

condition resulting in undesirable calcium salt deposits in the blood vessels and kidneys

Front 94

leptin

Back 94

hormone released by adipose tissue that inhibits osteoblasts

Front 95

Wolff's Law

Back 95

law stating that a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it

Front 96

hormonal controls

Back 96

determine whether and when bone remodeling occurs, in response to changing blood calcium levels

Front 97

mechanical stress

Back 97

determines where remodeling occurs

Front 98

fracture

Back 98

term for broken bones

Front 99

nondisplaced fractures

Back 99

broken bone ends retain their normal position

Front 100

displaced fractures

Back 100

broken bone ends are out of normal alignment

Front 101

complete fracture

Back 101

bone is broken all the way through

Front 102

incomplete fracture

Back 102

bone is not broken all the way through

Front 103

open (compound) fracture

Back 103

broken bone penetrates the skin

Front 104

closed (simple) fracture

Back 104

broken bone does not penetrate the skin

Front 105

comminuted fracture

Back 105

bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly

Hint 105

Front 106

compression fracture

Back 106

bone is crushed; common in porous bones

Hint 106

Front 107

spiral fracture

Back 107

ragged break occuring when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone; common in sports

Hint 107

Front 108

epiphyseal fracture

Back 108

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate; common when chondrocytes are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring

Hint 108

Front 109

depressed fracture

Back 109

broken bone portion is pressed inward; common in skull fracture

Hint 109

Front 110

greenstick fracture

Back 110

bone breaks incompletely (only one side breaks); common in children

Hint 110

Front 111

closed (external) reduction

Back 111

the physician's hands coax the broken bone ends into position

Front 112

open (internal) reduction

Back 112

the broken bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires

Front 113

Stage 1 of 4

Back 113

Bone repair: a hematoma forms

Hint 113

Front 114

Stage 2 of 4

Back 114

Bone repair: fibrocartilaginous callus forms

Hint 114

Front 115

Stage 3 of 4

Back 115

Bone repair: bony callus forms

Hint 115

Front 116

Stage 4 of 4

Back 116

Bone repair: bone remodeling occurs

Hint 116

Front 117

hematoma

Back 117

mass of clotted blood

Front 118

fibrocartilaginous callus

Back 118

mass of repair tissue in a broken bone

Front 119

bony (hard) callus

Back 119

spongy bone that replaces the fibrocartilaginous callus in a broken bone

Front 120

osteomalacia

Back 120

includes a number of disorders in which bones are poorly mineralized, becoming soft and weak; caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D

Front 121

rickets

Back 121

osteomalacia in children; much more severe

Front 122

osteoporosis

Back 122

a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become fragile and porous

Front 123

Paget's disease

Back 123

disease characterized by haphazard bone deposit and resorption; too much spongy bone, not enough compact bone