A&p Flashcards Exam 2

Front 1

what are the 4 spinal curvatures?

when do they develop?

Back 1

Cervical – present at birth but not pronounced until baby lifts head @ 3 months
Thoracic-well developed @birth
Lumbar – d. when baby begins to walk
Pelvic (sacral) - well developed @birth

Front 2

4) be able to define the 3 abnormal spinal curvatures

Back 2

Scoliosis – twisted disease – abnormal lateral curvature of thoracic region

Kyphosis- “hunchback” – dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature

Lordosis – “swayback” – abnormally accentuated lumbar curvature.

Front 3

5) What is the definition of arthrology and kinesiology?

Back 3

Arthrology: the study of joints
Kinesiology: the study of musculoskeletal movement

Front 4

2) Know the morphological traits associated with human bipedalism and how
those traits differ from a chimpanzee.

Back 4

Chimp vs. human
Skull pivot point is much further back
Spine has one great curve
Much smaller, narrower pelvis
Much smaller gluteal muscles
Ilia not flared like in humans – don’t have to support muscles and organs as much against gravity
Opposable toe in chimp

Front 5

What are the functional classifications of joints?

Back 5

based on amount of movement allowed at the joint.
diarthrosis - freely movable
amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
synarthosis - immovable

Front 6

What is the structural classification of joints?
what are the broad categories for structural classification?

Back 6

structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present.

broad categories:
Fibrous joints - bones are joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity present
Cartilaginous joints - articulating bones are united by cartilage
Synovial joints - those in which articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity. All freely movable diarthroses. Most joints of the body are synovial.

Front 7

SC

Name 3 Types of Fibrous Joints

Back 7

Sutures - serrated, interlocking. (E.g. sagittal suture)

Syndesmoses - bones are connected by a ligament, a cord, or a band of fibrous tissue. No joint cavity. (E.g. intraosseous membrane b/w radius and ulna)

*Synostoses - "bony junctions" - these are ossified junctions that used to be fibrous (can also happen in cart. joints)

Front 8

SC

Name 3 types of Cartilaginous Joints

Back 8

Synchondroses - bar or plane of hyaline cartilage unites bones. virtually all synarthrotic. (epiphyseal plates in long bones of children)

Symphyses - surfaces of bones covered in hyaline cartilage and separated by a pad or plate of fibrocartilage. (intervertebral joints)

Front 9

SC

Name 5 features of synovial joints

Back 9

1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint (Synovial) Cavity
3. Articular Capsule
4. Synovial Fluid
5. Reinforcing Ligaments

Front 10

What's another name for "bony joints"?

Back 10

synostoses

Front 11

What are the 3 types of skull sutures and where are they found?

Back 11

serrate suture (sagittal suture)
lap suture (pteroid region b/w temporal and sphenoid bones)
plane suture (medial palatine suture)

Front 12

What are the 3 different types of levers?
Please give an example of each

Back 12

1. 1st degree lever - fulcrum in middle, between effort and resistance. (see-saw)

2. 2nd degree lever - resistance in the middle, fulcrum at end, effort at end. (wheelbarrow)

3. 3rd degree lever - effort in middle, fulcrum at end, resistance at end. (oar)

Front 13

What is the range of motion of a joint?

What 3 things influence it?

Back 13

range of motion: degrees through which a joint can move.

influenced by:
1. articular surfaces (shape of elements)
2. ligaments (and tendons)
3. muscle tone (and action)

Front 14

List and define the 6 different classes of synovial joints and give an example of each

Back 14

1. Plane joints - gliding mvts only. no rotation (intercarpal and intertarsal joints)

2. Hinge joints - monoaxial - cylinder and trough (humeroulnar joint)

3. Pivot joints - monoaxial - rounded end and sleeve (proximal radioulnar joint, dens and atlas)

4. Condyloid joints - biaxial - oval articular surface and complementary depression. both surfaces are oval. (metacarpal phalangeal)

5. Saddle joints - biaxial - each surface has concave and convex areas - shaped like saddle. goes concave to convex. (carpometacarpal joints of thumbs)

6. ball and socket joints - multiaxial - spherical head and cuplike socket of the other. the most freely moving synovial joints - moves in all axes and planes. (glenohumeral joint)

Front 15

Try to list all 18 possible movements

Back 15

1. translation (gliding movements)
2. flexion
3. extension
4. dorsiflexion
5. plantar flexion
6. abduction
7. adduction
8. circumduction
9. rotation
10. supination
11. pronation
12. inversion
13. eversion
14. protraction
15. retraction
16. elevation
17. depression
18. opposition

Front 16

describe Translation

Back 16

gliding movements - one bone glides or slips over another (at intercarpal or intertarsal joints)

Front 17

describe flexion

+give example

Back 17

a bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
(bending knee from straight to bent)

Front 18

describe extension

+ give example

Back 18

movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between articulating bones, moves bones farther apart.
(extending a bent elbow to straight)

Front 19

describe dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot

Back 19

dorsiflexion - lifting foot so the superior surface approaches the shin

plantar flexion - pointing the toes. depressing the foot.

Front 20

describe abduction

+ example

Back 20

abduction - the movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane.
(raising the arm laterally)

Front 21

describe adduction

+ example

Back 21

adduction: movement of a limb toward the body midline.
in the case of digits, toward midline of hand or foot.
(lowering laterally raised arm)

Front 22

describe circumduction

Back 22

moving a limb so it describes a cone in space. distal end moves in a circle.

Front 23

describe rotation

+ example

Back 23

the turning of a bone around its own long axis. can be lateral or medial.

(rotation b/w first two cervical vertebrae, rotating thigh in toward midline)

Front 24

describe supination and pronation

Back 24

supination - rotating the forearm so the palm faces upward. radius and ulna are parallel.

pronation - rotating the forearm so the palm faces downward. radius and ulna form an "X"

Front 25

describe inversion and eversion

(special terms for foot)

Back 25

inversion - sole of the foot turns medially

eversion - sole of the foot turns laterally

Front 26

describe protraction and retraction

Back 26

these are non-angular movements in a transverse plane.

protraction - when you jut out your jaw.

retraction - when you move your jaw back to its original position

Front 27

describe elevation and depression

+ example

Back 27

elevation - lifting a body part superiorly
(scapulae are elevated when shoulders are shrugged)

depression - moving an elevated part inferiorly

(chewing)

Front 28

describe opposition

Back 28

when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.

saddle joint b/w metacarpal 1 and carpals allows this.

Front 29

What are the 2 types of arthritis and their causes?

Back 29

Osteoarthritis (OA) - results from years of joint wear.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - is an autoimmune attack on a joint.

Front 30

Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Back 30

traditional: aspirin, long-term antibiotics, physical therapy

newer: immunosuppressants like methotrexate, or anti-inflammatory drugs.
Joint prostheses are a last resort.

Front 31

Treatment for Osteoarthritis?

Back 31

mild pain reliever like aspirin or acetaminophen, along with activity.

sometimes glucosamine sulfate or chondroitin sulfate help with pain and inflammation.

Front 32

What are the 4 bursae associated with the glenohumeral joint?

Back 32

subacromial bursa

subdeltoid bursa

subcoracoid bursa

subscapular bursa

Front 33

7 ligaments to know in the glenohumeral joint

Back 33

coracohumeral ligament
coracoclavicular ligament
coracoacromial ligament
transverse humeral ligament
superior glenohumeral ligament
middle glenohumeral ligament
inferior glenohumeral ligament

Front 34

5 tendons to know in the glenohumeral joint

Back 34

supraspinatus tendon
infraspinatus tendon
biceps brachii tendon
teres minor tendon
subscapularis tendon

Front 35

6 components of elbow joint

Back 35

ulnar collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
annular ligament (sweeps over neck of radius)
tendon of biceps brachii
tendon of triceps brachii
joint capsule

Front 36

7 components of hip joint

Back 36

pubofemoral ligament (attaches to greater trochanter)

iliofemoral ligament (splits in two - arrives at two places on femur)

ischiofemoral ligament (attaches to greater trochanter)

round ligament (on fovea capitis)

acetabulum

labrum

transverse acetabular ligament

Front 37

9 parts of the knee joint

Back 37

tibial collateral ligament
fibular collateral ligament

anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
lateral meniscus
medial meniscus
infrapatellar fat pad
transverse ligament

quadriceps femoris tendon

Front 38

5 knee bursae

Back 38

bursa under head of gastrocnemius
deep infrapatellar bursa
superficial infrapatellar bursa
prepatellar bursa
suprapatellar bursa

Front 39

what are the 2 major division of the NS and what anatomical structures are found in each division?

Back 39

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Front 40

how is the PNS subdivided?

Back 40

2 functional subdivisions:

sensory (afferent) division -

consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors throughout the body (skin, muscles, joints, organs).

motor (efferent) division -
transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)

Front 41

how is the motor (efferent) division further divided?

Back 41

Somatic Nervous system - composed of somatic motor nerve fibers (axons) that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. [often called voluntary NS]

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. [often called involuntary NS]

Front 42

what are the 2 functional subdivisions of the ANS?

Back 42

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic NS

Front 43

what are 6 different types of neuroglia and where are they found?
(PNS or CNS)

Back 43

CNS:
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

PNS:
Satellite Cells
Schwann Cells

Front 44

functions of astrocytes

Back 44

a. phys support - support and brace neurons
b. nutrition - link neurons to capillaries
c. guide migration of young neurons
d. control chem. environment around neurons (reuptake of NTs + recycling)
e. some poorly understood information processing functions

Front 45

function of microglia

Back 45

processes monitor neuron health and migrate toward those in poor health.

if needed, transforms and phagocytizes microorganisms or neuronal debris

Front 46

function of ependymal cells

Back 46

line central cavities of brain and spinal cord. Form barrier b/w tissue and CSF, circulate CSF with cilia to cushion brain and spinal cord.

Front 47

function of oligodendrocytes

Back 47

wrap processes around fibers in CNS, producing myelin sheaths

Front 48

function of schwann cells

Back 48

many schwann cells myelinate an axon in the PNS.

schwann cells are also vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers.

Front 49

what are 4 special qualities of a neuron.
(well, 3, plus one new one)

Back 49

extreme longevity
amitotic
high metabolic rate

spines on dendrites change shape and strength of connection with other dendrites in response to learning.

Front 50

what are the structural classifications of neurons?

Back 50

grouped according to number of processes extending from their body.

multipolar - 3 or more processes - 99% of all neurons.

bipolar -
2 processes - 1 axon and 1 dendrite (rare - special sense organs)

unipolar neurons -
single short process that emerges from the cell body and divides into proximal and distal branches. (chiefly found in the PNS where they function as sensory neurons)

Front 51

what are the functional classifications of neurons?

Back 51

functional classification of neurons groups them according to the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the CNS.

Sensory (afferent) Neurons - sensory info from PNS to CNS.

Motor (efferent) Neurons - carry impulses away from the CNS to effector organs.

Interneurons - lie b/w sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals though CNS pathways where integration occurs.
- most interneurons are in the CNS
- almost all interneurons are multipolar
(purkinje and pyramidal cells are 2 examples of interneurons)

Front 52

describe sensory neuron characteristics

Back 52

Sensory (afferent) Neurons - sensory info from PNS to CNS. virtually all unipolar + cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia outside CNS.

Front 53

describe motor neuron characteristics

Back 53

Motor (efferent) Neurons - carry impulses away from the CNS to effector organs. motor neurons are multipolar and have their cell bodies located in the CNS (except some motor neurons of the ANS)

Front 54

describe interneuron characteristics

Back 54

Interneurons - lie b/w sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals though CNS pathways where integration occurs.
- most interneurons are in the CNS
- almost all interneurons are multipolar
(purkinje and pyramidal cells are 2 examples of interneurons)

Front 55

what are the 2 types of channels discussed in this class?

Back 55

ligand-gated: change conformation in response to binding by an ion or other compound.

voltage-gated: change conformation in response to voltage change in the surrounding membrane

Front 56

3 possible channel states

Back 56

activated
deactivated
inactivated

Front 57

what is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?

Back 57

maintains the membrane potential difference.

3 NA+ out / 2 K+ in, 1 ATP used

Front 58

what is a graded potential? What are its characteristics?

Back 58

Graded potential: a potential change of variable amplitude and duration that is conducted decrementally; no threshold or refractory period.

Front 59

how does a GP differ from an AP?

Back 59

size of GP is proportional to its stimulus.
GPs decay over distance
GPs can be excitatory or inhibitory

Front 60

define action potential

Back 60

a brief all-or-none depolarization of teh membrane, reversing polarity in neurons; it has a threshold and a refractory period and is conducted without decrement.