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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Layers of the Skin |
Hypodermis Dermis Hypodermis |
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Functions of Skin |
Support Protect Movement Stores growth factors Blood cell formation Fat storage Hormone production |
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Cells of Epidermis |
Keratinocytes Melanocytes Dendritic Cells Tactile Cells |
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Keratinocytes |
Highest in Number Produces KERATIN which helps protect skin |
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Melanocytes |
Produces Melanin |
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Dendritic Cells |
Patrolling cells Key activators of the immune system |
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Tactile Cells |
Also called Merkel Cells Sense touch |
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Sabeceous Glands |
Oil glands Secrete sebum |
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Sudoriderous glands |
Sweat glands |
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Function of Bone |
Support Protect Movement Stores growth factors Blood cell formation Fat storage Hormone production |
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Bone cells |
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts |
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Osteoblasts |
bone forming cells secrete osteoid |
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Osteoclasts |
Are macrophages Breakdown & reabsorption of bone |
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Hormones involved in Bone making |
GH Thyroid hormone Testosterone Estrogen |
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Antagonist for Ca2+ are: |
Parathyroid Hormone & Calcitinon |
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Calcitrol |
Vitamin D3 Consumed and absorbed thru intestines |
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Axial Skeleton |
Long axis of body Skull Verterbral column ribe cage |
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Parietal bone |
Parietal bone is the top and side of skull |
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Sagitall Suture |
Top suture that divides pariatel bones |
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Verterbral column |
7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumber 1 Sacrum Coccyx |
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Types of Synovial Joints |
Plane Hinge Saddle Ball and Socket |
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Types of Muscle Tissue |
Skeletal Cardiac |
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Skeletal Muscle |
Voluntary Attatched to bones and skin Striated |
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Cardiac Muscle |
Only in heart Striated Involuntary |
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Smooth Muscle |
Found in hollow organ Ex: stomach, bladder Non Striated Involuntary |
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Muscle Tissue Characteristics |
Excitability Extensability Elasticity Contractability |
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Excitability |
Ability to respond to stimuli |
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Extensability |
Abilty to shorten |
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Elasticity |
Ability to be stretched |
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Contractibility |
Ability to recoil resting length |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Stores Ca2+ |
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Myofibrils |
Densely packed rod structures |
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Sarcolemma |
Membrane |
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Sarcoplasm |
Muscle fiber cytoplasm |
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Difference between Isotonic & Isometric contraction? |
Isotonic: Muscle Shortens Isometric: Muscle does NOT shorten |
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Types of Muscle Actions |
Agonist Antagonist Synergist Fixator |
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Agonist |
Producing Movement |
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Antagonist |
Opposes or reverses movement |
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Synergist |
Aids Agonist muscle Adds extra force |
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Fixator |
Stabilizes agonist mover base for it to act |
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Muscle Fascicle patterns |
Circular Convergent Fusiform Parallel Multipenate Bipenate unipennate |
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Circular |
in a circle |
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Convergent |
Muscle fibers coming out of one spot |
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Fusiform |
Muscle fibress running parellel but have a star and end |
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Parallel |
Long stick type muscle |
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Multipennate |
3 or more Tendons in which the muscle comes out from |
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Bipennate |
2 Tendons muscle fibres comes out from |
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Unipennate |
1 Tendon muscle fibres come out from |
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Functions of Nervous System |
Sensory input Integration Motor Output |
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Types of Neuroglia |
Astrocytes Microglial cells Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells |
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Difference between Oligodendrocytes Vs Schwann Cells |
Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and DONT regenerate Shwann Cells in the PNS and DO regenerate |
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Factors affecting speed of Impulse Conduction? |
More Myelin Larger Diameter of Axon Higher Temperature = faster impulse |
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4 Brain Regions |
Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain Stem |
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Cerebrum |
Outermost part |
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Diencephalon |
Contains: Hypothalamus Epythalamus Thalamus |
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Brain Stem |
Contains: Pons Medulla Midbrain |
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Cerebellum |
Second Largest in size Plays role in Balance and Coordination |
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4 Lobes of Brain |
Frontal Parietal Occitipical Temporal |
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Central Sulci |
Seperates Frontal and Parietal Lobe |
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Laterall Sulcus |
Seperates Parietal and Temporal |
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Longitudinal Fissure |
Top crack that seperates brain in 2 hemispheres |
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Transverse Fissure |
Seperates cerebrum and cerebellum |
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3 Areas of Cerebral Cortex |
Motor Area Sensory Area Association Area |
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3 Meninges (Layers) |
Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater |
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Dura Mater |
Strongest Outer layer Subdural space on outside |
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Arachnoid Mater |
Middle Layer Contains Cerebral Fluis CSF |
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Subarachnoid Space |
Space between A & P layers contains CSF |
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Pia Mater |
Inner Layer Delicate connective tissue Feeds brain thru blood vessels |
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Dura Mater of Cranium VS Spinal Cord? |
Cranium has Dural Sinus Spinal cord does NOT have Dural Sinus |
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Spinal Cord |
Provides 2 way communication from brain to body Enclosed in Verterbral Column Ends at L1 |
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Central Canal |
Runs thru Spinal Cord Contains CSF !! |
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3 Horns of Spinal Cord? |
Dorsal Horn Ventral Horn Laterall Horn |
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Dorsal Horn |
Contains Sensory Neurons |
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Ventral Horn |
Contains Motor Neurons |
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Lateral Horn |
Contains Visceral Neurons |
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Types of receptors in PNS |
Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors |
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Mechanoreceptors |
Respond to touch, pressure, vibration |
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Thermoreceptors |
Respond to change in temperature |
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Chemoreceptors |
Respond to taste and smell Ex: Taste buds |
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Nociceptors |
Respond to pain |
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Autonomic Nervous system has 2 Divisions? |
Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
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Difference between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions? |
Sympathetic = Fight or Flight Parasympathetic = Rest and Digest |
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What are the Endocrine Glands? |
Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pineal |
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Hypothalamus Hormones ? |
GHRH TRH GnRH CRH |
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Posterior Pituitary gland Hormones ? |
ADH Oxytocin |
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Anterior Pituitary gland Hormones ? |
GH LH FSH ACTH PRL TSH |
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Pineal gland Hormone ? |
Melatonin |
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Adrenal gland Hormones ? |
Aldosterone Corticosteroid Epinephrine Norepinephrine |
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Leukocytes |
WBC's Defend against disease Completely formed |
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Different types of Leukocytes |
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils |
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Phrase to remember Leukocytes in order from Most to Least ? |
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas |
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Erythrocytes Structure & Function ? |
RBC's Survive 100-120 days Concave, Disk shaped Work with Hemoglobin to bind oxygen |
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Hemoglobin |
Works with Erythrocytes to bind oxygen to them |
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Difference between Ventricles & Atriums |
Ventricles PUMP blood Atriums RECEIVE blood |
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Difference between Right & Left sides of Heart ? |
Right side DE-OXYGENATED blood from Tissues Left side OXYGENATED blood from Lungs |
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3 ways Heart Rate is regulated ? |
Autonomic Nervous System Chemicals like Calcium and Potassium Age, gender, exercise etc. |
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3 main Blood Vessel types ? |
Arteries Veins Capillaries |
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Arteries |
Carry oxygenated blood from heart Elastic Muscular |
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Capillaries |
Direct contact to tissue cells Serve cellular needs Very small Only have endothelium |
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Veins |
Carry deoxygenated blood to Heart Large diameter Valves prevent backflow |
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3 Tunics of Veins and Arteries ? |
tunica Externa tunica Media tunica Intima |
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Systemic Circulation VS Pulmonary Circulation |
System Circulation loops whole body Pulmonary Circulation loops heart and lungs |
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What is the biggest Lymph Organ? |
Spleen |
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Lymph Transport factors |
Milking action of skeletal muscles Valves prevent backflow Pressure change while breathing |
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What do Lymphocytes do? |
Protect against antigents |
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2 Types of Lymphocytes? |
T cells B cells |
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T cells |
Manage immune respone |
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B cells |
Produce Antibodies
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Antibodies |
T or Y shape Grouped into 5 diff Ig classes |
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What are the 5 Ig classes that Antibodies are seperated in ? |
IgM IgA IgD IgE IgG |
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IgM |
Fix and activate |
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IgA |
Prevents entry of pathogens |
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IgD |
Functions as B cell receptor |
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IgE |
Activates allergy fighter |
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IgG |
crosses placenta barrier |
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What are the 3 Antigen Presenting Cells? |
Macrophages B cells Dendritic cells |
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Macrophages |
Widely present in connective tissue and lymph organs Present the antigen to T cells |
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Dendritic Cells |
Found in epidermis and tissue Act as boundary cells |
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What are the 4 processes of Respiration ? |
Pulmonary Ventilation External Respiration Transport Internal Respiration |
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Pulmonary Ventilation |
Breathing |
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External Respiration |
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs & blood |
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Transport |
Movement of O2 & CO2 in blood |
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Internal Respiration |
Exchange of O2 & CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissue |
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Nasal Cavity |
Produces mucus and moisten air |
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Pharynx |
Funnel shaped tube Passageway for food and air |
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Larynx |
Air passaway entering Trachea Voice Box |
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Trachae |
Cleans, warms and moistens incoming air |
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Alveoli |
Little sac like structure Main site of gas exchange |
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What are the 2 Zone Structures? |
Conduction Zone Respiratory Zone |
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Conducting Zone Structure |
Accounts for most of whole respiratory system Brings gases in and out |
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Respiratory Zone Structure |
Site of gas exchange Consists of: Respiratory brioncholes & Alveolar Ducts |
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What are the 2 types of Alveolar cells In Alveolar walls ? |
type 1 alveolar cells
type 2 alveolar cells |
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Type 1 Alveolar cells |
pretty much the wall itself |
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Type 2 Alveolar cells |
Secrete surfactant to lube |
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Lungs |
Occupy most of thoracic cavity except for mediastenium |
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What is the Root of the Lung ? |
Site where blood vessels and air vessels meet |
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What are the 3 Costal Surfaces of the Lungs ? |
Anterior Lateral Posterior |
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Medianstenum |
Area between Lung |
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Apex of Lung |
Superior Tip of lungs |
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What does the Base of the Lung rest on ? |
Diaphragm |
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Hilium |
Structure in which the Medianstenum is enclosed in |
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What are the muscles that aid in Pulmonary Ventilation? |
Diaphragm Intercostal muscles Scalenes Sternacleiodomastoid Pectoral minor |
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Factors influencing Pulmonary Ventilation ? |
Airway Resistance Alveolar surface tension Lung Compliance |
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Respiratory Rhythm is regulated by? |
Medulla Chemoreceptors |
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How many Lobes are on the Right Lung? |
3 |
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How many Lobes are on the Left Lung? |
2 |
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Primary Organs of Digestive system
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Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus |
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Accessory Organs of Digestive system |
Tongue Teeth Saliva Gallbladder Liver Pancreas |
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6 Digestive Processes |
Ingestion Propulsion Mechanical breakdown Digestion Aborption Defecation |
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What is Propulsion in digestion? |
Movement of food thru alimantary canal Includes Swallowing Causes Peristalsis |
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Peristalsis |
Alternating waves of contraction and relaxing |
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What is Peritonium ? |
Slick membrane Has 2 different types: Visceral peritoneum & Parietal peritoneum |
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Visceral Peritoneum |
membrane on outside of organ |
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Parietal Peritoneum |
Membrane lining inside of body wall |
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What are the 4 layers of digestive organs |
Serousa Muscular externa Submucosa Mucosa |
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Serosa |
Outer most layer Made of Visceral Peritoneum |
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Muscaleris externa |
Responsible for peristalsis Forms Sphincters |
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Submucosa |
Contains blood vessels Helps restore shape after food consumption |
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Mucosa |
Innermost layer Secrete, Absorb, Protect Has 3 layers itself: Epithelium secretes mucus |
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Cardio Sphincter |
Between Esophogus and Stomach |
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Pyloric Sphincter |
Between Stomach and Deodenum |
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Ileocecal Valve |
Between Small and Large intestine |
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Internal Anal Sphincter |
Involuntary |
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External Anal Sphincter |
Voluntary |
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What are 2 Gastric gland Cells? |
Parietal cells Chief Cells |
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Parietal Cells? |
secrete Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) |
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Chief Cells |
secrete Pepsin and Lipases |
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Small intestine structure |
Circular folds Villi Microvilli Intestine crypt |
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Small intestine function |
Absorb nutrients from food |
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Large Intestine structure |
Tenae Coli Haustra Epiploic appendages |
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Large intestine function |
Absorb water and salt defecate |
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Organs of the Immune system are ? |
Kidney Uruter Urethra Bladder |
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Function of Kidney |
Regulates total water volume and concentration Excretes waste and toxins Controls ion concentration in ESF |
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Kidneys produce ... ? |
Erythorpoietin Renin |
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Erythropoietin |
Regulates RBC Production |
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Renin |
regulates blood pressure |
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Sequence of Urine Flow |
Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra |
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Juxtaglomerular Complex |
is a type of Nephron Long Nephron Loop Glomerulus sits closer |
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3 steps in Urine Formation ? |
Glomerular Filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular Secretion |
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What are the 3 Hormones involved in Blood pressure and Volume regulation? |
Renin Angiosten Aldosterone |
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Micturition |
Another word for peeing |
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Urine characteristics |
PH 6 Slighlty acidic 95% water 5% solute Made of: Urea Uric acid Creatine |
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Nephrons structure ? |
Glomerulus sit in Bowmans capsule Ascending and descending Tubules Sits in 2 cortex and medulla part of kidney |
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Nephron function |
Filter and reabsorb |
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Seminiferous tubules structure |
1-4 in each Testicle Thick, stratified epithelium Epithelium contains sustenocytes |
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Sustenocytes (Sertoli cells) |
Provide nutrients and signal dividing cells Aid in sperm transport |
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Path of Sperm from production to ejaculation |
Seminifirous tubules Straight Tubule Rete Testis Epididymis Ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra |
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Primary Organ of Male Reproductive System |
Testicles |
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Accessory Organs of Male reproductive system? |
Seminal glands Prostate Bublo-urethral glands |
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Prostate |
Size of peach pit Muscle contraction when ejaculating |
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Seminal glands |
on posterior of bladder produce seminal fluid |
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Bulbo-urethral gland |
Pea sized produces pre cum |
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Difference between Spermatogenisis VS Oogenesis ? |
Spermatogensis in Males Oogenesis in Females |
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Female primary sex organ |
Ovary |
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Mammary gland and its function |
present in both male and females nipples produce milk |
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Ovarian cycle |
28 days 2 phases in Maturing egg |
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Menstrual cycle |
28 days 3 phases change in lining of uterus wall |
