A&p Exam 4 Review - Auckland

Front 1

The cranial meninges
A.
line ventricles of the brain
B.
filter blood
C.
are hollow spaces within the brain
D.
cover the brain

Back 1

D

Front 2

The most superior part of the brain is the
A.
medulla oblongata
B.
cerebellum
C.
thalamus
D.
cerebrum

Back 2

D

Front 3

The blood-brain barrier is created by tight junction seals around brain capillaries formed by the
A.
oligodendrocytes
B.
astrocytes
C.
CNS neurons
D.
pia mater

Back 3

B

Front 4

Cerebrospinal fluid
A.
is produced by the arachnoid villi
B.
enters the central subarachnoid space through the cerebral aqueduct
C.
is produced by the choroid plexuses
D.
All of these

Back 4

C

Front 5

The pyramids are located in the
A.
medulla oblongata
B.
thalamus
C.
hypothalamus
D.
cerebellum

Back 5

B

Front 6

The cerebral aqueduct
A.
drains venous blood into the superior sagittal sinus
B.
connects the second and third ventricles
C.
passes through the midbrain
D.
drains CSF from the ventricles into the subarachnoid space

Back 6

C

Front 7

The region in the brain stem responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep is the
A.
thalamus
B.
pyramids
C.
reticular activating system
D.
limbic system

Back 7

C

Front 8

The arbor vitae is the white matter of the
A.
cerebrum
B.
medulla oblongata
C.
cerebellum
D.
pons

Back 8

C

Front 9

The part of the brain that functions to coordinate voluntary muscular movements and detect discrepancies when movements are not being carried out correctly is the
A.
cerebrum
B.
brain stem
C.
cerebellum
D.
corpus callosum

Back 9

C

Front 10

The region of the brain that helps to control equilibrium is the
A.
cerebellum
B.
thalamus
C.
hypothalamus
D.
pons

Back 10

A

Front 11

The principle relay station for sensory impulses as they pass to the cerebral cortex is the
A.
corpus callosum
B.
hypothalamus
C.
infundibulum
D.
thalamus

Back 11

D

Front 12

The hypothalamus is located in the
A.
frontal cerebral cortex
B.
cerebellum
C.
optic chiasma
D.
diencephalon

Back 12

D

Front 13

The corpus callosum is a bridge of __ tracts connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
A.
commissural
B.
projection
C.
association
D.
only motor

Back 13

A

Front 14

Projection fibers connect
A.
the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS
B.
regions of the same hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
C.
one side of the cerebral cortex to the opposite side
D.
the pons to the cerebellum

Back 14

A

Front 15

The basal ganglia control
A.
emotions
B.
large automatic movements of the skeletal muscles
C.
reflex movements associated with sight and hearing
D.
heart rate and rhythmicity of breathing

Back 15

B

Front 16

The part of the limbic system that functions with the cerebrum in the process of memory is the
A.
olfactory bulbs
B.
mammillary bodies
C.
hippocampus
D.
amygdala

Back 16

C

Front 17

If a patient is having difficulty seeing, you might expect problems with the
A.
occipital cortex
B.
cerebellum
C.
limbic system
D.
pons

Back 17

A

Front 18

The primary motor area of the brain is in the
A.
temporal cortex
B.
frontal cortex
C.
medulla oblongata
D.
pons

Back 18

B

Front 19

If Broca's area of the cerebrum is damaged, the result is loss of
A.
eyesight
B.
muscular control of the eyes
C.
speech
D.
emotions

Back 19

C

Front 20

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the __ lobe
A.
frontal
B.
parietal
C.
temporal
D.
occipital

Back 20

B

Front 21

A region located on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe receives impulses relating to
A.
taste
B.
vision
C.
smell
D.
hearing

Back 21

C

Front 22

The primary auditory area is located in the
A.
frontal lobe
B.
parietal lobe
C.
occipital lobe
D.
temporal lobe

Back 22

D

Front 23

The region of the cerebral cortex that allows you to determine the exact shape and texture of an object without looking at it is the
A.
primary motor area
B.
somatosensory association area
C.
premotor area
D.
visual association area

Back 23

B

Front 24

The ____ ____ is the “seat of our intelligence”– it’s because of neurons in the cortex that we are able to read, write, speak, remember, and plan our life.

Back 24

cerebral cortex

Front 25

The prominent longitudinal fissure separates the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Back 25

Study Pic

Front 26

The four major parts of the brain are the?

Back 26

Brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.

Front 27

The brain and spinal cord are protected by?

Back 27

Skeletal, meninges, and CSF

Front 28

The cranial meninges are continuous with the spinal meninges. From superficial to deep they are?

Back 28

Dura Mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Front 29

What is the function of CSF in the spinal cord?

Back 29

Provides mechanical protection, chemical protection (environment), and circulation of nutrients.

Front 30

What is formed in the choroid plexuses and circulates through the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, subarachnoid space and central canal?

Back 30

Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Front 31

Most of the Cerebrospinal Fluid is absorbed into blood across the arachnoid villi of the?

Back 31

Superior Sagittal Sinus.

Front 32

What occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity? It also consists of two lateral hemispheres and a medial, constricted vermis.

Back 32

The Cerebellum

Front 33

What smooth’s and coordinates the contractions of skeletal muscles? It also maintains posture and balance.

Back 33

The Cerebellum

Front 34

What surrounds the third ventricle and consist of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus?

Back 34

The Diencephalon

Front 35

What is the largest part of the brain? Its cortex contains gyri, fissures, and sulci.

Back 35

The Cerebrum.

Front 36

The Cerebrum is divided into what four hemispheres?

Back 36

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital.

Front 37

What are several groups of nuclei in each cerebral hemisphere? They help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone.

Back 37

The Basal Nuclei.

Front 38

Name the three groups of Basal Nuclei.

Back 38

Caudate, putamen, and pallidus.

Front 39

What receives nerve impulses for, and consciously perceives the somatic sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temperature (coldness and warmth), pain, and proprioception (joint and muscle position)?

Back 39

The primary somatosensory area

Front 40

What controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles or groups of muscles.

Back 40

The primary motor area

Front 41

What area controls the production of speech?

Back 41

The Broca’s area

Front 42

What is so special about the frontal lobe?

Back 42

The frontal lobe is concerned with personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, judgment, reasoning conscience, intuition and development of abstract ideas. The frontal lobe defines who we are.

Front 43

What together with the medulla, areas help control breathing (inhalation and exhalation)?

Back 43

pons

Front 44

What lies directly above the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum (2.5 cm). It acts as a bridge connecting the spinal cord with the brain and
parts of the brain with
each other.

Back 44

The pons

Front 45

Vital functional centers regulated by the medulla include?

Back 45

cardiovascular center respiratory rhythmicity center vomiting, coughing, and sneezing centers

Front 46

CN I is the
olfactory nerve, this is the sense of?

Back 46

smell

Front 47

CN II is the optic nerve the sense of?

Back 47

sight

Front 48

CN III, IV, and VI innervate the extraocular muscles that allow us to?

Back 48

move our eyes.

Front 49

CN V is the trigeminal nerve (the major sensory nerve of the?

Back 49

face

Front 50

CN VII has 5 large somatic branches which innervate the muscle of ?

Back 50

facial expression. It also carries some
taste sensations

Front 51

What is the vagus nerve? (“the wanderer”), which carries most of the parasympathetic motor efferents to the organs of the thorax and abdomen.

Back 51

CN X

Front 52

What is a very large nerve (a lot of resources) to be devoted solely to the tongue – it takes a lot more coordination than you might guess to chew, talk, and swallow without injuring our tongue.

Back 52

CN XII is the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Front 53

What is sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in promoting a range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger?

Back 53

The limbic system

Front 54

Which neural path consists of two motor neurons?
A. autonomic
B. somatic motor
C. somatic sensory
D. cerebral only

Back 54

A

Front 55

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers leave the sympathetic trunk ganglia by way of the
A. intervertebral foramina
B. gray rami
C. white rami
D. sympathetic trunk

Back 55

B

Front 56

Nerve fibers of the sympathetic division originate in the
A. brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
B. thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord
C. brain and thoracic region of the spinal cord
D. sacral and lumbar region of the spinal cord

Back 56

B

Front 57

Which of the following does not describe the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
A. resting division
B. energy conservation division
C. digestive division
D. fight or flight division

Back 57

C

Front 58

What part of the nervous system is the main control and integrative center of the autonomic nervous system?
A. cerebrum
B. hypothalamus
C. medulla oblongata
D. thalamus

Back 58

B

Front 59

SLUDD is as an acronym used to describe the responses of the parasympathetic nervous system. What does this stand for?

Back 59

Salivation (increased)
Lacrimation (increased)
Urination (increased)
Digestion (increased)
Defecation (increased)
… and 3 decreases (in the rate and force of the heart beat, airway size and rate of breathing, and pupil size)

Front 60

The postganglionic axons typically terminate in several different visceral effectors, making the effects of sympathetic stimulation a?

Back 60

widespread massive response

Front 61

Presynaptic parasympathetic neurons usually synapse with only 4–5 postsynaptic neurons, all of which supply a single visceral effector. Parasympathetic stimulation leads to a?

Back 61

narrow, focused action on specific organs

Front 62

Study

Back 62

Study

Front 63

The major control region for initiation of voluntary movements of the body is the
A.
somatosensory area
B.
premotor area
C.
primary motor area
D.
basal ganglia

Back 63

C

Front 64

What part of the brain receives information about planned activity, compares this with actual movements, and supplies corrective signals to other parts of the brain?
A.
cerebral cortex
B.
thalamus
C.
cerebellum
D.
medulla oblongata

Back 64

C

Front 65

Nociceptors are chemoreceptive ___ ___ ___activated by tissue damage from intense thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli - they’re found in every tissue of the body except the brain

Back 65

free nerve
endings

Front 66

What along with Ruffini corpuscles in the capsules of joints respond to pressure?

Back 66

Free nerve endings

Front 67

Receptors for other somatic and visceral sensations, such as pressure, viberation, and some touch sensations, are?

Back 67

Encapsulated nerve endings

Front 68

Pain that is felt at a site remote from the place of orgin is called?

Back 68

Referred Pain

Front 69

Muscle spindles are the ____ in skeletal muscles that monitor changes in the muscle length and participate in stretch reflexes

Back 69

proprioceptors

Front 70

What pain results from stimulation of nociceptors in visceral organs?

Back 70

Visceral

Front 71

Pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin is called superficial ____ pain; stimulation of receptors in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia causes deep ____ pain

Back 71

somatic

Front 72

Only ___ ___ ___ provide output from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers. For this reason, they are also called the final common pathway.

Back 72

Lower Motor Neurons

Front 73

lower motor
neurons (LMNs) descend from the CNS to innervate what?

Back 73

innervate skeletal muscle

Front 74

Any motor neuron that is not directly
responsible for stimulating target
muscles is called an?

Back 74

upper motor neuron (UMN)

Front 75

What connects the brain to
the appropriate level in the spinal cord?

Back 75

Upper Motor Neuron

Front 76

When a generator potential is large enough to reach threshold, it triggers one or more nerve impulses in the axon of a?

Back 76

first-order sensory neuron.

Front 77

What neurons conduct ascending impulses from the brain stem where their
axons decussate (cross over to the opposite side) before
ascending to the thalamus

Back 77

Second-order neurons

Front 78

What neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side?

Back 78

Third-order neurons

Front 79

precentral gyrus equals?

Back 79

Somatomotor

Front 80

Postcentral Gyrus equals?

Back 80

Somatosensory cortex

Front 81

Explain how conscious perception actively brings serveral sensations ot though online at the same time.

Back 81

Integration occurs at many places along pathways in the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, basal nuclei,
and cerebral cortex. Sensations result in
and evoke a conscious perception
or subconscious awareness that
changes have occurred in the
external or internal environment.

Front 82

The olfactory receptors are examples of
A.
thermoreceptors
B.
mechanoreceptors
C.
chemoreceptors
D.
proprioceptor

Back 82

C

Front 83

Which of the following is not a primary taste sensation?
A.
sweet
B.
salty
C.
pungent
D.
bitter

Back 83

C

Front 84

Sensory stimulation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is conducted by the
A.
hypoglossal nerve
B.
glossopharyngeal nerve
C.
vagus nerve
D.
trigeminal nerve

Back 84

B

Front 85

Circumvallate papillae are located on the
A.
posterior region of the tongue
B.
sides of the tongue
C.
tip of the tongue
D.
soft palate and pharynx

Back 85

A

Front 86

Bipolar neurons associated with sensory receptors are found in the
A.
retina
B.
taste buds
C.
inner ear
D.
finger tip

Back 86

A

Front 87

Which of the following is part of the vascular tunic of the eye?
A.
cornea
B.
retina
C.
choroid
D.
sclera

Back 87

C

Front 88

When entering a dark room on a sunny day, it takes some time to be able to see because
A.
it takes time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin
B.
the rods of the eye work only in bright light, and it takes time for the cones to develop an action potential in dim light
C.
the iris dilates very slowly after being subjected to bright light
D.
the optic nerve fatigues in bright light, and takes time to recover

Back 88

A

Front 89

The anterior cavity contains
A.
the vitreous body
B.
aqueous humor
C.
endolymph
D.
perilymph

Back 89

B

Front 90

The point of greatest visual acuity is the
A.
optic disk
B.
utricle
C.
optic chiasm
D.
central fovea

Back 90

D

Front 91

Intraocular pressure is primarily due to the
A.
aqueous humor
B.
iris
C.
lens
D.
vitreous body

Back 91

A

Front 92

As they extend from the retina to the brain, nerve fibers
A.
from the nasal half of each retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex
B.
from the temporal half of each retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex
C.
from both nasal and temporal portions of the retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex
D.
travel straight from each retina to the visual cortex, without crossing or synapsing

Back 92

A

Front 93

Which cranial nerve carries visual impulses to the brain?
A.
I
B.
II
C.
IV
D.
X

Back 93

B

Front 94

Aqueous humor drains from the anterior chamber into the
A.
vitreous body
B.
lacrimal duct
C.
ciliary processes
D.
canal of Schlemm

Back 94

D

Front 95

As a result of an injury, a person cannot see at all with the left eye, but has no trouble seeing with the right eye. The injury has probably severed the
A.
optic chiasm
B.
left optic tract
C.
left optic nerve
D.
right optic nerve

Back 95

D

Front 96

The blind spot is the area where
A.
there are more rods than cones
B.
there are more cones than rods
C.
the optic nerve exits the eye
D.
the iris attaches to the cornea

Back 96

C

Front 97

A sty is caused by
A.
infection of the sebaceous ciliary glands
B.
paralyzing the levator palpebrae superioris muscle
C.
damage to the ceruminous glands
D.
infection of the Meibomian glands

Back 97

A

Front 98

Which of the following conditions is not related to lens pathology?
A.
glaucoma
B.
hypermetropia
C.
cataract
D.
astigmatism

Back 98

A

Front 99

In humans, both eyes focus on only one set of objects. This is called
A.
constriction
B.
refraction
C.
binocular vision
D.
LASIK

Back 99

C

Front 100

The fibrous tunic is composed of the
A.
sclera and cornea
B.
choroids, ciliary body, and iris
C.
retina
D.
optic nerve

Back 100

A

Front 101

The white of the eye, which gives shape to the eyeball, makes it more rigid, and protects its inner parts is the
A.
cornea
B.
sclera
C.
choroid
D.
conjunctiva

Back 101

B

Front 102

Most of the refraction of light entering the eye occurs at the
A.
conjunctiva
B.
cornea
C.
lens
D.
retina

Back 102

B

Front 103

During accommodation for near vision
A.
the cornea becomes more curved
B.
the iris dilates and lets in more light
C.
the lens increases in curvature
D.
the eyeball shortens to bring the image in focus

Back 103

C

Front 104

Constriction of the pupil is brought about by contraction of the
A.
ciliary muscle
B.
circular muscle of the iris
C.
extrinsic muscles of the eye
D.
cornea

Back 104

B

Front 105

Photopigment in the rods and cones is imbedded in the
A.
mitochondria
B.
Golgi complex
C.
synapse region between these cells and the horizontal cells
D.
membrane folds of the outer segment of these cells

Back 105

D

Front 106

The most common type of color blindness is
A.
red-blue color blindness
B.
red-green color blindness
C.
blue-green color blindness
D.
total color blindness

Back 106

B

Front 107

In daylight, rods contribute little to vision because
A.
they become totally depolarized
B.
the mitochondria cannot generate enough energy
C.
the rhodopsin is bleached as fast as it is regenerated
D.
the outer segments lose their photopigments

Back 107

C

Front 108

When light hits the rods
A.
Na+ channels close and less inhibitory neurotransmitter is released
B.
the outer segment depolarizes and initiates a nerve impulse
C.
they inhibit the activity of bipolar cells
D.
more photopigment is manufactured

Back 108

A

Front 109

The external auditory meatus passes through the
A.
occipital bone
B.
cribriform plate of the ethmoid
C.
temporal bone
D.
nasal cavities

Back 109

C

Front 110

Which of the following helps maintain proper air pressure in the middle ear?
A.
stapedius muscle
B.
Eustachian tube
C.
external auditory meatus
D.
osseous labyrinth

Back 110

B

Front 111

Endolymph is found within the
A.
scala vestibuli
B.
scala tympani
C.
cochlear duct
D.
otolith

Back 111

C

Front 112

Which of the following generates a receptor potential in hair cells?
A.
contact with the basilar membrane
B.
movement of perilymph
C.
bending of stereocilia
D.
breakdown of photopsin

Back 112

C

Front 113

The round window connects to the
A.
scala tympani
B.
incus
C.
scala vestibuli
D.
basilar membrane

Back 113

A

Front 114

Nerve fibers that synapse with hair cells in the organ of Corti unite to form part of the _____ nerve
A.
optic
B.
oculomotor
C.
olfactory
D.
vestibulocochlear

Back 114

D

Front 115

Which of the following represents the correct pathway leading to the perception of sound?
A.
tympanic membrane, ossicles, endolymph, perilymph, hair cells
B.
tympanic membrane, ossicles, perilymph, endolymph, hair cells
C.
ossicles, tympanic membrane, endolymph, perilymph, hair cells
D.
ossicles, perilymph, tympanic membrane, endolymph, hair cells

Back 115

B

Front 116

Which of the following is associated with equilibrium?
A.
vestibular membrane
B.
basilar membrane
C.
otolithic membrane
D.
ciliary processes

Back 116

C

Front 117

Otoliths are
A.
crystals
B.
hair cells
C.
taste cells
D.
bipolar neurons

Back 117

A

Front 118

Each crista in the semicircular ducts is covered by a gelatinous material called the
A.
macula
B.
utricle
C.
cupula
D.
auricle

Back 118

C

Front 119

Sound waves are translated into nerve impulses in the
A.
cochlea
B.
saccule
C.
middle ear
D.
utricle

Back 119

A

Front 120

A reflex reaction to loud sounds prevents damage to the inner ear. This reaction is due to contraction of:
A.
hair cells
B.
tensor tympani & stapedius muscles
C.
the Eustachian tube
D.
the pinna, allowing it to fold over the external auditory meatus

Back 120

B

Front 121

The oval window connects to the
A.
Eustachian tube
B.
basilar membrane
C.
utricle
D.
stapes

Back 121

D

Front 122

Pitch is
A.
the frequency of a sound vibration
B.
the loudness of a sound
C.
the angle light travels through the lens to reach the fovea centralis
D.
measured in decibels

Back 122

A

Front 123

Perilymph fills the
A.
anterior cavity
B.
bony labyrinth
C.
membranous labyrinth
D.
rods and cones

Back 123

B

Front 124

The neural receptors for the sense of hearing are located in the
A.
outer ear
B.
middle ear
C.
inner ear
D.
brain

Back 124

C

Front 125

High intensity (loud) sounds can cause deafness because they are most damaging to the
A.
hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti
B.
secondary tympanic membrane
C.
bones of the middle ear
D.
tympanic membrane

Back 125

A

Front 126

Meniere's syndrome is caused by
A.
bacterial infection of the middle ear
B.
increased number of blood vessels growing over the ear drum
C.
increased amount of endolymph that enlarges the membranous labyrinth
D.
excessive stimulation of the vestibular apparatus by motion

Back 126

C

Front 127

____ reac­tions are asso­ci­ated with growth. ____ are asso­ci­ated with the release of energy and energy pro­duc­tion.

Back 127

Ana­bolic
Cata­bolic

Front 128

What refers to the process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion?

Back 128

Diffusion

Front 129

If two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semi-permeable membrane which is permeable to to the smaller solvent molecules but not to the larger solute molecules, then the solvent will tend to diffuse across the membrane from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution. This process is called?

Back 129

osmosis.

Front 130

The retina consists of two types of photoreceptor cells, ____ and ____.

Back 130

rods and cones

Front 131

What produces low resolution, black and white images. Rod or Cones?

Back 131

Rods

Front 132

What functions in bright light to produce high resolution color images. Rods or Cones?

Back 132

Cones