Ap Euro Flashcard Chapter 16

Front 1

Sovereign

Back 1

A state may be termed sovereign when it possesses a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries. In a sovereign state, no system of courts, such as ecclesiastical tribunals, competes with state courts in the dispensation of justice; no threat to royal authority because the state's army is stronger. Royal law touches all persons within the country.531.4-532.1

Front 2

Totalitarianism

Back 2

A 20th-cent. phenomenon; it sought to direct all facets of a state's culture-art, education, religion, the economy, and politics-in the interests of the state. By definition totalitarian rule is total regulation.

533.3-533.3

Front 3

Absolutism

Back 3

In the absolutist state kings claimed to rule 'by divine right,' meaning that they were responsible to God alone. In 17 and 18 cent., kings became legislators: they made law. Because they made law, sovereignty was embodied in the person of the king. Absolute rulers tried to control competing jurisdictions, institutions, or interest groups in their territories. The y regulated religious sects. They abolished the liberties long held by certain areas, groups or provinces. They also secured the cooperation of the one class that historically had posed the greatest threat to monarchy, the nobility. (532.3-532.4)

Front 4

mercantilism

Back 4

A collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities, especially commercial activities, by and for the state. To accumulate gold, a country always had to sell more goods abroad than it bought. A country should be self-sufficient.

540.4-540.4

Front 5

republicanism

Back 5

An ideology of being a citizen in a state as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty. Countries can be "republic", meaning that they are not monarchies.

Front 6

constitutionalism

Back 6

The limitation of government by law. Constitutionalism also implies a balance between the authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects, on the other. A nation's constitution may be written or unwritten. It may be embodied in one basic document, occasionally revised by amendment or judicial decision, or it may be partly written and partly unwritten and include parliamentary statutes, judicial constitutions. (548.4-548.5)

Front 7

cabinet government

Back 7

In 18th-cent., the cabinet system of government evolved. The term cabinet derives from the small private room in which English rulers consulted their chief ministers. In a cabinet system, the leading ministers, who must have seats in and the support of a majority of the House of Commons, formulate common policy and conduct the business of the country.

555.3-555.3

Front 8

French Classicism

Back 8

The term that scholars characterize the art and literature of the age of Louis XIV. By this they mean that the artists and writers of the late 17th-cent. imitated the subject matter and style of classical antiquity, that their work resembled that of Renaissance Italy, and that French art possessed the classical qualities of discipline, balance and restraint. Classicism was the official style of Louis's court.

541.8-541.8

Front 9

quixotic

Back 9

From the book, Don Quixote, the English language has borrowed the word quixotic. Meaning 'idealistic but impractical,' the term characterizes 17th-cent. Spain.

548.2-548.2

Front 10

commenwealth

Back 10

When Charles I was beheaded on January 30, 1649, the kingship was abolished. A commonwealth, or republican government, was proclaimed.

551.4-551.4

Front 11

The French intendants

Back 11

A royal intendant held a commission to perform specific tasks, often financial but also judicial and policing. Intendants transmitted information fro local communities to Paris and delivered royal orders from the capital to their generalites. The intendants were solely responsible to the monarch. They enforced royal orders in the generalites of their jurisdiction and to weaken the power and influence of the regional nobility. As the intendants' power increased under Richelieu, so did the power of the centralized French state. (534.6-545.1)

Front 12

Sully

Back 12

Henry IV tried to gain Protestant confidence by appointing the devout Protestant Maximilien de Bethune, duke of Sully, as his chief minister. Sully combined the indirect taxes on salt, sales, and transit and leased their collection to financiers. Sully kept an increase of revenues because of the revival of trade. Sully restored public order in France and laid the foundations for economic prosperity.

534.3-534.4

Front 13

Paulette

Back 13

Henry IV established the paulette, an annual fee paid by royal officials to guarantee heredity in their offices, in compensation for the lost revenues when Henry sharply lowered taxes on the overburdened peasants. This allowed the peasants to stay at ease for the lowering of taxes by establishing a fee paid by the officials.

534.3-534.3

Front 14

Fronde

Back 14

Louis XIV continued Richelieu's centralizing policies, but his attempts increase royal revenues led to the civil wars of 1648-1653 known as the Fronde. After the wars, the government would have to compromise with the bureaucrats and social elites that controlled local institutions and constituted the state bureaucracy, the French economy would be rebuilt, and the period of the Fronde formed the cornerstone of Louis XIV political education and of his conviction that the sole alternative to anarchy was absolute monarchy. 536.5-537.2

Front 15

Cardinal Richelieu

Back 15

Became the first minister of the French crown. Richelieu used his strong influence over King Louis XIII to exalt the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state. HIs policy was the total subordination of all groups and institutions to the French monarchy. Richelieu sought to curb the power of the nobility. He succeeded in reshuffling the royal council, eliminating potential power brokers. He dominated the council in an unprecedented way. 534.6-534.7

Front 16

Richelieu's Generalites

Back 16

An administrative system established by Cardinal Richelieu. France was divided into 32 generalites (districts). In each of which a royal intendant held a commission to preform specific tasks, often financial but also judicial and policing. Intendants would deliver royal orders from the capital to their generalites. This was an effective way of governing France, and as a result the power increased of the centralized French state.

534.6-535.1

Front 17

The French academy

Back 17

In 1635 Richelieu gave official recognition to a group of philologists who were interested in grammar and rhetoric. They began the preparation of a dictionary to standardize the French Academy survives as a prestigious society, and its membership now includes outside the field of literature.

536.4

Front 18

Louis XIV of France

Back 18

In the reign of Louis XIV, the longest in European history, the French monarchy reached the peak of absolutist development, called the Age of Magnificence. French government rested on the social and political structure of 17-cent. France, a structure in which the nobility historically exercised great influence. The French today revere Louis XIV as one of their greatest national heroes because of the culture that he inspired and symbolized. 537.3-539.1

Front 19

Versailles

Back 19

Louis XIV installed his royal court at Versailles, a small town ten miles from Paris. He required all the great nobility of France, at the peril of social, political, an sometimes economic disaster, to live at Versailles for a period of time. The king used architecture to overawe his subjects and foreign visitors.

538.3-538.5

Front 20

Moliere

Back 20

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, refused to join his father's business and entered the theater, he took the stage name 'Moliere.' he produced comedies that exposed the hypocrisies and follies of society through brilliant caricature. Moliere made the bourgeoisie the butt of his ridicule; he stopped short of criticizing the nobility, reflecting the policy of his royal patron. His tragedies and Moliere's comedies are still produced today.

542.2-542.4

Front 21

Racine

Back 21

Louis XIV loved the stage, and in the plays of Moliere and Racine his court witnessed the finest achievements in the history of the French theater. Racine based his tragic dramas on Greek and Roman legends, and his tragic dramas on Greek and Roman legends, and his persistent theme was the conflict of good and evil. For simplicity of language, symmetrical structure, and calm restraint, the plays of Racine represent the finest examples of French classicism.

542.2-542.4

Front 22

Poussin

Front 23

Count-Duke of Olivares

Back 23

Philip IV left the management of his several kingdoms to Gaspar de Guzman, count-duke of Olivares. He devised new sources of revenue. But he clung to the grandiose belief that the solution to Spain's difficulties seted in a return to the imperial tradition. Unfortunately, that meant demanded the revival of war with the Dutch at the expiration of a 12-year truce in 1622 and a long war with France over Mantua. Spain thus joined the 30 years war. This and an empty treasury brought disaster. 547.2

Front 24

Dutch Estates General

Back 24

A federal assembly, handled matters of foreign affairs, such as war. The States General appointed a representative, the stadholder, in each province. Nevertheless, Holland, which had the largest navy and the most wealth, dominated the republic and the Sates General. Significantly, the Estates assembled at Holland"s capital, The Hague. 556.1

Front 25

Dutch East India Company

Back 25

A group of the regents of Holland formed this joint stock company. They cut heavily into Portuguese trading in East Asia. They traded extensively wit hLatin America and Africa. Trade and commerce brought the Dutch enjoyed the highest standard of living in Europe, perhaps in the world. In 1652 the Dutch founded Cape Town on the southern tip of Africa asa fueling station for ships planning to cross the Pacific. 559.2-559.4

Front 26

Peace of Utrecht

Back 26

Represented the balance of power principle in operation, setting limits on the extent to which any one power-in this case, France-could expand. the treat completed the decline of Spain as a great power. It vastly expanded the British Empire. And it gave European powers experience in international cooperation. It marked the end of French expansionist policy.

544.4-544.6

Front 27

Cabal of Charles II

Back 27

Appointment of a council of five men who served both as his major advisers and as members of Parliament, thus acting as liaison agents between the executive and the legislature. It gradually came to be accepted that the Cabal was answerable in Parliament for the decisions of the king. This development gave rise to the concept of ministerial responsibility: royal ministers must answer to the Commons.

553.2

Front 28

Instrument of Government

Back 28

The army had prepared a constitution, that invested executive power in a lord protector and a council of state. the instrument provided for triennial parliaments and gave Parliament the sole power to raise taxes. But after repeated disputes, Cromwell tore the document up. He continued the standing army and proclaimed quasi-martial law. The Instrument of Government gave all Christians, the right to practice their faith. 551.5

Front 29

Puritans

Back 29

They believed that the Reformation had not gone far enough. They wanted to 'purify' the Anglican church of Roman Catholic elements. Puritans wanted to abolish bishops in the Church of England. The Presbyterian Scots firmly rejected elements on church organization and soon revolted. 550.5

Front 30

Oliver Cromwell

Back 30

Protectorate, the rule of Cromwell constituted military dictatorship. He continued the standing army and proclaimed quasi-martial law. He divided England into 12 military districts, each governed by a major general. He favored toleration. His regulation of the nation's economy had features typical of 17-cent. absolutism. Military government collapsed when Cromwell died in 1658. 551.5-552.3

Front 31

James II of England

Back 31

Succeed his brother. James issued a declaration of indulgence granting religious freedom to all. The fear of a Roman Catholic monarchy supported by France and ruling outside the law prompted a group of eminent persons to offer the English throne to James's, Protestant daughter. Early in 1689, William and Mary were crowned king and queen of England. 553.5-.6

Front 32

English Bill of Rights

Back 32

The cornerstone of the modern British constitution. Law was to be made in Parliament. Parliament had to be called at least every 3 years. Additional legislation granted freedom of worship to Protestant

dissenters and nonconformists and required that the English monarch always be Protestant. 553.7-544.1

Front 33

John Churchill

Back 33

Dominated the alliance against France: Eugene, prince of Savoy, representing the Holy Roman Empire, and Englishman John Churchill, subsequently duke of Marlborough. They inflicted a severe defeat on Louis in 1704 Blenheim in Bavaria.

Front 34

Philip II of Spain

Front 35

Cardinal Richelieu

Back 35

Richelieu's policy was the total subordination of all groups and institutions to the French monarchy.

Front 36

James I of England

Back 36

James was devoted to the theory of the divine right of kings. 549.2

Front 37

Thomas Hobbes

Back 37

Maintains that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.

Front 38

Louis XIV of France

Back 38

Louis grew up with an absolute sense of his royal dignity. 537.5

Front 39

John Locke

Back 39

Believed in the separation of church and state. People set up civil governments to protect life, liberty, and property. A government that oversteps its proper function---becomes a tyranny. 554.3

Front 40

Sully

Back 40

Sully along with Henry IV established paulette, an annual fee paid by royal officials to guarantee heredity in their offices, so one can infer that Henry and Sully believed that one had the divine right to rule. 534.3-534.4

Front 41

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Back 41

Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, and then tens of thousands of Huguenot craftsmen, soldiers, and business people emigrated, depriving France of their skills and tax revenues. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes had only minor and scattered effects on French economic development. 541.5-541.7

Front 42

Scottish revolt of 1640

Back 42

The Scots revolted when King Charles I supported the policies of William Laud, who tried to impose elaborate ritual and rich ceremonials on all churches. To finance an army to put down the Scots, King Charles was compelled to summon Parliament in November 1640. Charles later dissolved Parliament. 550.5-550.6

Front 43

War of Spanish Succession

Back 43

Louis XIV granted a respite for 5 years while he prepared for the conflict later known as the War of the Spanish Succession. This war involved the dynastic question of the succession to the Spanish throne. 543.3-543.4