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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-Rapid, automatic nerve responses triggered by specific stimuli -controlled by spinal cord alone, not the brain |
Spinal Reflexes |
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-about 18 inches long -1/2 inch wide -ends between vertebrae L1 and L2 -bilateral symmetry |
Gross anatomy of the spinal cord: |
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-grooves divide the spinal cord into left and right -posterior median sulcus: on posterior side -anterior median fissure: deeper groove on anterior side |
Bilateral symmetry |
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-cervical enlargement -lumbar enlargement - caused by amount of gray matter in segment -involvement with sensory and motor nerves of limbs |
Enlargements of the spinal cord |
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-nerves of shoulders and upper limbs |
Cervical enlargement |
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-nerves of pelvis and lower limbs |
lumbar enlargements |
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-conus medullaris -filum terminale -cauda equina |
The distal end |
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- thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement |
conus medullaris |
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-thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris -attaches to coccygeal ligament |
Filum terminale |
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- nerve roots extending below conus medullaris |
Cauda equina |
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- based on vertebrae where spinal nerves originate -positions of spinal segment and vertebrae change with age -cervical nerves -all other nerves |
31 spinal cord segments |
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-are named for inferior vertebra |
Cervical nerves |
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- are named for superior vertebra |
All other nerves |
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-two branches of spinal nerves -dorsal root ganglia |
Roots |
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-ventral root -dorsal root |
Two branches of spinal nerves |
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-contains axons of motor neurons |
Ventral root |
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-contains axons of sensory neurons |
Dorsal root |
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- contain cell bodies of sensory neurons |
dorsal root ganglia |
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- Each side of spine -Mixed nerves |
The spinal nerve |
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-dorsal and ventral roots join -to form a spinal nerve |
Each side of spine |
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-carry both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers |
Mixed Nerves |
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-specialized membranes isolate spinal cord from surroundings -meningitis |
The spinal Meninges |
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-protect spinal cord -carry blood supply -continuous with cranial meninges |
Functions of the spinal meninges include: |
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-viral or bacterial infection of meninges |
Meningitis |
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-dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater |
The three meningeal layers |
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-outer layer of spinal cord |
Dura mater |
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-middle meningeal layer |
Arachnoid mater |
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-inner meningeal layer |
Pia mater |
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- tough and fibrous -cranially -caudally -the epidural space |
The dura mater: |
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-fuses with periosteum of occipital bone -is continuous with cranial dura mater |
Cranially |
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-tapers to dense cord of collagen fibers -joins filum terminale in coccygeal ligament |
Caudally |
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-between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal -contains loose connective and adipose tissue -anesthetic injection site |
The epidural space |
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-middle meningeal layer -arachnoid membrane |
The arachnoid mater: |
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- simple squamous epithelia -covers arachnoid mater |
Arachnoid membrane |
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- subdural space -subarachnoid space -cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) |
The interlayer spaces of arachnoid mater |
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- between arachnoid mater and dura mater |
Subdural space |
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- between arachnoid mater and pia mater -contains collagen/elastin fiber network( arachnoid trabeculae) -filled with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) |
Subarachnoid space |
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- carries dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes -spinal tap: withdraws CSF |
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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- is the innermost meningeal layer -is a mesh of collagen and elastic fibers -is bound to underlying neural tissue |
The pia mater |
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- Paired denticulate ligaments -blood vessels |
Structures of the spinal cord |
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- extend from pia mater to dura mater -stabilize side to side movement |
Paired denticulate ligaments |
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- along surface of spinal pia mater -within subarachnoid space |
Blood vessels |
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-White matter -Gray matter |
Sectional anatomy of the spinal cord |
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-is superficial -contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons |
White matter |
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- surrounds central canal of spinal cord -contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons -has projections (gray horns) |
Gray matter |
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- posterior ____: contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei - anterior ___: contain somatic motor nuclei - lateral ____: are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei |
The gray horns |
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- axons that cross from one side of cord to the other before reaching gray matter |
Gray commissures |
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-sensory nuclei -motor nuclei |
The cell bodies of neurons form functional groups called nuclei |
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- dorsal( posterior) -connect to peripheral receptors |
Sensory nuclei |
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-ventral (anterior) -connect to peripheral effectors |
Motor nuclei |
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- sensory or motor nucleus location within the gray matter determines which body part it controls |
Control and location |
