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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long is the spinal cord |
42-45 cm or 16-18 inches |
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What part of the vertebral column does the spinal cord go through |
The vertebral foramen |
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Where do the meninges start and end |
Starts at the foramen magnum of the occipital bone and ends at S2 |
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Where is a spinal tap done and where does the spinal cord end |
Spinal cord ends at L2 but the meninges extend to S2 so a spinal tap is done between L3&L4 or L4&L5 to prevent damage to the spinal cord |
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What is in the anatomy of the spinal cord from superficial to deep |
Vertebral column Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater White matter Grey matter Central canal (spinal cord is inside) |
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What is inside the epidural space? |
Cushion of fat that is protective between dura and wall itself |
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What is the cervical enlargement or upper limb nerves |
C4 to T1 supplies nerves to and from upper limbs |
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What is the lumbar enlargement or lower limb nerves |
L9 to L12 supplies nerves to and from lower limbs |
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Conus medullaris |
Inferior end where cord tapers and ends (L1-L2) |
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Cauda equina |
“Horses hair” or roots of spinal nerves that continue down the vertebral column |
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Sensory neurons |
Carries impulses to cns |
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Motor neurons |
Carries impulses away from cns |
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Features of spinal nerves |
31 pairs that pass through the intervertebral column. They contain both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons Each nerve contains an anterior and a posterior root that does not have mixed neurons |
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Anterior or ventral root of spinal nerves |
Contains motor nerve fibers |
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Posterior root of spinal nerves |
Contains sensory or afferent nerve fibers. |
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Dorsal root ganglion |
Root that is “swollen” because it contains cell bodies of sensory neurons. Where chicken pox virus is found |
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Central canal |
Cerebral spinal fluid is found here. Hole in the middle of the spinal cord that is continuous with the fourth ventricle. In the center of the grey matter that extends the whole length of the cord |
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Anterior (ventral) gray horns of the grey matter of the spinal cord |
Contains somatic motor nuclei (collection of cell bodies) |
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Posterior (dorsal) grey horns of grey matter in the spinal cord |
Contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons and axons of incoming sensory neurons |
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Lateral gray horns of gray matter of the spinal cord |
Present only in thoracic and upper lumbar segments. Contain autonomic motor nuclei for cardiac muscle smooth muscle and glands |
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Anterior (ventral) white column of the white matter of the spinal cord |
Contains ascending and descending motor neurons |
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Posterior (dorsal) white column of the white matter of the spinal cord |
Contains interneurons and axons of sensory neurons |
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Lateral white column of the white matter of the spinal cord |
Contains cell bodies of autonomic nervous system |
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Fascicles |
Bundles of axons |
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Endoneurium |
Connective tissue that surrounds each axon |
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Perineurium |
Connective tissue that surrounds fascicles |
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Epineurium |
Connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve |
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Number of pairs of spinal nerves |
8 pairs cervical 12 pairs thoracic 5 pairs lumbar 5 pairs sacral 1 pair coccygeal Only one different is 7 cervical vertebrae instead of 8 because first pair merges between atlas and occipital bone |
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Posterior (dorsal) ramus of spinal nerves |
Innervates deep muscles and skin of posterior trunk |
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Anterior (ventral) ramus of spinal nerves |
Goes everywhere else in that areas upper and lower limbs of anterior trunk Supplies muscles and structures of the upper limbs and skin of anterior and lateral surface of the trunk |
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Rami |
Branches |
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Plexus |
Braids |
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Phrenic nerve |
Innervates the diaphragm so if C2 is broken the diaphragm will not contract |
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What does radial nerve damage result in |
Wrist drop. Resolves with cast or injection |
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What does damage to the median nerve result in |
Passes through carpal tunnel in hand and can lead to immobility |
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What does ulnar nerve damage result in |
“Claw hand” or inability to flex fingers |
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Result of femoral nerve damage |
Inability to extend the leg and loss of sensation |
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What does the sacral plexus do |
Supplies the buttocks perineum and lower limbs |
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What does sciatic nerve damage result in |
Largest and longest nerve of the body. Damage results in pain in the buttocks to leg |
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Coccygeal plexus |
S4 and S5 area of skin in coccygeal region |
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Intercostal (thoracic) nerves |
T2-T12. Does NOT form a plexus |
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Components of a reflex arc in order |
Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Integrating center Motor neuron Effector |
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Reflex |
A fast predictable sequence of involuntary actions that occur in response to certain change in the environment |
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Where do spinal reflexes take place |
Grey matter in spinal cord |
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Where do cranial reflexes take place |
The brain stem |
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Somatic reflexes |
Involves contraction of skeletal muscle |
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Where do all reflexes occur |
In grey matter |
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Stretch reflex (in order) |
Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Integrating center Motor neuron Effector |
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Patellar reflexes |
Loss of movement indicates damage of spinal nerve/cord and nervous system |
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Achilles reflex (ankle jerk) |
If missing, can indicate damage in the posterior leg or lumbosacral region |
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Babinski sign |
For babies 1 1/2 years old or less toes should curl up when stimulated. Any older and there should be flexion |
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Tract |
Collection of axons in the cns |
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How does the autonomic nervous system operate |
Reflex arcs |
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How does the ans maintain homeostasis |
A continual flow of nerve impulses from autonomic sensory neurons in visceral organs and blood vessels into the cns |
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What region of the brain controls the ans |
Hypothalamus and the brain stem |
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How does the ans monitor sensory input |
Interoceptors |
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Why is the sympathetic division of the ans called the thoracolumbar division |
Because thats where the cell bodies are located |
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Why is the parasympathetic division also called the craniosacral division |
Because cell bodies are located in the cranium |
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Dual innervation within the ans |
Whenever an organ is affected by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. This is possible due to the release of certain neurotransmitters |
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Structures that only receive sympathetic innervation |
Skin Spleen Kidneys Most blood vessels Adrenal meduli or medula |
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E situations |
Emergency Excitement Embarrassment Exercise |
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8 effects of fight or flight |
Pupils dilate Increased heart rate Airways will dilate Blood vessels to bladder and digestion constrict Skeletal cardiac liver and adipose tissue are flooded with blood Liver releases glucose Blood glucose levels increase Muscle movements slow down to GI and bladder |
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SLUDD |
Salivation Lacrimation Urination Digestion Defecation |
