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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hemolymph
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insect circulatory fluid that is a mixture of blood and intestinal fluid (not seperate)
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blood vessels
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tube set where the blood flows sepearte from other fluid.
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blood pressure
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the pressure that the fluid exerts on the vessel walls that causes the blood to move when the heart pumps.
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open circulatory system
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system of insects and arthropods where the organs are directly bathed in hemolymph and there is no seperate fluid.
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sinuses
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spaces around organs in an open circulatory system.
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close circulatory system
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when the blood is seperate from the digestive juice, confined to vessels. more efficient and can power bigger organisms.
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cardiovascular system
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a closed system with a 2 or 4 chambered heart
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atria
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chamberes receiving returning blood (1 or 2)
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ventricles
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chambers that pump blood out of heart (1 or 2)
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arteries
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carry blood away from heart to the organs.
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arterioles
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where the artery branches into smaller arteries that go into the organs and form a net.
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capillaries
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very small vessels that form beds or networks for chemical and gas exchange with thin walls to the enclosed organs.
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venules
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small veins the come from the cappilary bed.
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veins
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where the blood traveles back to the heart.
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hepatic vein
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vein from the liver to the heart.
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gill circulation
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blood goes to the gills that gathers O2 and leavs CO2 and then travells into the systemic circulation (Fish)
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systemic circulation
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goes from the gills to the other parts of the body, carrying O2
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Pulmoaotaneous circuit
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in amphibians that leads to capillaries in gas exchange organs. picks up O2 and releases CO2 and then goes to the systemic circuit.
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double circulation
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two different circlations that are used to gather O2 and then travel to the rest of the body.
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pulmonary circuit
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using lungs to gather O2 and then going to the systemic circuit.
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Right Chamber (Mammal heart)
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used to pump and receive O2 poor blood
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Left Chamber (Mammal Heart)
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pumps and receives O2 rich blood.
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cardiac cycle
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the heart contracting and relaxing cycle.
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systole
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the contraction of the heart to pump blood.
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diastole
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the relaxation or the filling of the heart after a systole.
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cardiac output
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volume of blood pumped per minute into systemic circulation
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heart rate (pulse)
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beats per minute
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stroke volume
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blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction (mix of cardiac output and heart rate)
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atrioventricular (AV) valve
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keeps the direction of the flow in the heart
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semilunar valves
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exist where aorta leave left ventricle
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pulmonary artery
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leaves right ventricle
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heart murmer
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defect in valve (leakage of blood)
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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part of heart that sets rate/time of contracting cells.
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pacemaker
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sinoatrial (SA) node
sets rate/time of contractions |
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myogenic heart
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heart with pacemaker INSIDE.
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neurogenic heart
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heart with pacemaker outside, like in arthropods.
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
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delays contraction signal so that the first chamber can empty.
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electrocardigram (ECG/EKG)
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detects currents of impulses (machine)
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endothelium
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layers of flat cells that provide minimum resistance to blood flow. line the lumen of veins and arteries.
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systolic pressure
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highest pressure after a systol or a heart pump.
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pulmonary artery
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leaves right ventricle
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heart murmer
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defect in valve (leakage of blood)
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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part of heart that sets rate/time of contracting cells.
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pacemaker
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sinoatrial (SA) node
sets rate/time of contractions |
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myogenic heart
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heart with pacemaker INSIDE.
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diastolic pressure
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pressure after a diastole or the relaxation of the heart. time of least pressure.
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precapillary sphincters
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control the travel of the blood through the capillaries into the capillary bed. can contract and stop flow. (smooth muscle also controls)
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lymphatic system
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returns the fluid (lymph) to the body from capillary beds.
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blood
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connective tissue
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plasma
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water and solutes in the blood (other stuff suspended in this)
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electrolytes
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ions in the plasma
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells that carry oxygen via. hemoglobin . help with CO2 transport as well.
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leukocytes
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white blood cells that act as the immune system or bodily defense.
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platelets
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act in blood clotting
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erythropoietin (EPO)
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hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production when O2 levels are down.
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fibrinogen
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inactive clotting sealent
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fibrin
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activated protein sealent
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thrumbus
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clot blocking blood flow that causes heart problems.
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cardiovascular disease
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disorders of the heart/blood vessels
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atherosclerosis
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buildup of cholesterol in arteries
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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lipoproteins
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forms of cholesterol that cause problems. low density are bad and high density are good.
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ventilation
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increasing flow of fluid (blood) over surface where the fluid will absorb oxygen.
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tracheal system
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in insects where tiny branching tubes penetrate the whole body and O2 goes directly to the cells.
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larynx
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upper respatory tract
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glottis
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opening of windpipe.
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bronchi
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2 tubes after the trachea that lead to each lung.
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bronchioles
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finer tubes that branch into the lungs.
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alveoli
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air sacs at the end of bronchioles that exchane air with blood.
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positive pressure breathing
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breathing of amphibians that forces air down the trachea.
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negative pressure breathing
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pulls air into the lungs.
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diaphragm
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skeletal muscle forming the bottom of the chest cavity
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tidal volme
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volume in each breath
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vital capacity
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maximal tidal volume
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residual volume
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whatever is left in lungs after exhale.
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breathing control centers
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medula oblongata (basic rythm) and pons (moderates). sensors in heart also monitor O2 and CO2 levels and help control
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partial pressure
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outward and other pressure besides internal.
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respatory pigments
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proteins transporting O2 like hemoglobin.
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bohr shift
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when the respatory pigments don't work because the PH drops and becomes more acidic.
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cardiac output
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voume of blood pumped per minute into systemic circulation
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heart rate
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beats per minute or pulse
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stroke volume
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blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction
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atrioventricular (AV) valve
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keeps direction of flow
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semilunar valves
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exists where aorta leave left ventricles.
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pulmonary artery
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leaves right ventricle and goes to the lungs.
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heart murmer
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defect in a valve such as a leak.
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sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker |
part of the heart that sets the rate/time of contracting cells.
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myorganic heart
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vertebrete heart with pacemaker inside.
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neurogenic heart
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pacemaker is outside the heart, such as in arthropods.
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cardiac output
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voume of blood pumped per minute into systemic circulation
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heart rate
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beats per minute or pulse
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stroke volume
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blood pumped by left ventricle each contraction
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atrioventricular (AV) valve
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keeps direction of flow
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semilunar valves
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exists where aorta leave left ventricles.
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apex
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muscle around the ventricles.
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karotkoff
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describes the sound of the heart (physiologist)
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lymphatic system
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shadows circulatory system and cleans out blood. tonsils, thymus gland, spleen, bone marrow, nodes.
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spleen
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breaks down damaged blood cells.
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bone marrow
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makes new blood cells.
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lymph node
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organized lymphocytes to clean blood.
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tracheal system
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tubes similar to human tracheas in bugs for respiration.
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spiracles
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openings at bug body surfaces that enter into the tracheas into the "lungs"
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ventilate
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help carry liquid/air over gas exchange surface.
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purfusion
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carrying blood over gas exchange surface, not air/water.
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pleural membrane
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covering of lungs (membrane) connected to the ribs.
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bronchi
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2 major branches of the trachea.
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bronchioles
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branching bronchi
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alevioli
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cluster into aleviolar sac.
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intercostal muscles
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between rib muscles.
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Fick's Law of Diffusion
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partial pressure gradient of each compoenent of air.
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Q = DA (P1-P2/L)
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Fick's law's equation.
Q - rate of diffusion D - diffusion constant A - cross-seciton area. P - pressure in first and second locations. L - path length between two locations. |
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Vena Cava
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travels into the right atrium. inferior/superior.
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Endothelium
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muscle/fleshy/ thick covering of heart
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pericardium
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outer covering of the heart
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myocardium
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muscle that pumps ventricles.
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septum
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seperating wall of the two chambers of the heart.
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AV node
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bottom of the right atrium (pacemaker)
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Sinoatrial Node
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pacemaker in right atrium that sends electrical impulses from Ratrium - Rventricle - Lventricle.
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