A&p 2 Lecture Exam 2 - Cardiovascular System

Front 1

Give the two systems of the cardiovascular system.

Back 1

pulmonary and systemmic

Front 2

What are the three layers of the heart?

Back 2

endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

Front 3

What surrounds the heart but is not a part of its layers?

Back 3

pericardium

Front 4

At what point is blood oxygenated: in the right atrium or in the left atrium?

Back 4

left atrium

Front 5

At what point is blood oxygenated: in the left ventricle or the right ventricle?

Back 5

left ventricle

Front 6

Which ventricle pumps blood to the body?

Back 6

left ventricle

Front 7

Which ventricle pumps blood to the lungs?

Back 7

right ventricle

Front 8

Which happens first: heart getting blood or the body getting blood?

Back 8

heart getting blood

Front 9

What supplies blood to the heart?

Back 9

coronary arteries

Front 10

What is the term for heart contraction?

Back 10

systole

Front 11

What is the term for heart relaxation?

Back 11

diastole

Front 12

Give the steps of the cardiac cycle

Back 12

Atrial systole, ventricular systole, atrial diastole, ventricular diastole

Front 13

What is the name of the two sounds that one can hear during a cardiac cycle?

Back 13

lubbdubb

Front 14

In the term "lubbdupp," what causes the "lubb" sound? What causes the "dubb" sound?

Back 14

Lubb is caused by the atrial valves of the heart (mitral and tricuspid) closing, and dubb is caused by the aortic/pulmonary semilunar valves closing.

Front 15

How do the cells within the heart function as a unit?

Back 15

Because they are cardiac muscle fibers which branch and form a network, each connected to another by inteclated disks. These disks have a low resistance to conduction of impulses, resulting in a one-stimulates-all sequence

Front 16

What is interesting about the cardiac muscle fibers in the heart is that they are ___________, meaning they can activate and cause the heart to beat without any outside influence from the nervous system.

Back 16

self-exciting

Front 17

What lies on the ceiling of the right atrium and is the pacemaker of the heart?

Back 17

SA node

Front 18

What does the SA node stimulate?

Back 18

both atria

Front 19

What receives the SA nodes messages and sends them down to the apex and through ventricles and papillary muscles?

Back 19

AV node

Front 20

How are the muscles of the heart arranged? Why is this convenient?

Back 20

in a spiral; when the heart contracts, it twists, squeezing as much blood as it can out of its ventricles like wringing a towel of water

Front 21

What can record the electrical impulses that occur in the cardiac cycle?

Back 21

electrocardiogram

Front 22

What are the three peaks of an electrocardiogram?

Back 22

P wave, QRS complex, and T wave

Front 23

During what wave of an electrocardiogram (ECG) does the atria undergo depolarization, and, as a result, enters systole?

Back 23

P-wave

Front 24

During which wave of an ECG does the ventricle undergo depolarization, resulting in systole, and the atria undergoes repolarization, resulting in diastole?

Back 24

QRS complex

Front 25

During which wave of an ECD does the ventricle undergo repolarization, resulting in diastole?

Back 25

T-wave

Front 26

If an atria/ventricle is undergoing depolarization, what action will come next: systole or diastole?

Back 26

systole

Front 27

If an atria/ventricle is undergoing repolarization, which action will come next: systole or diastole?

Back 27

diastole

Front 28

When the AV node is stimulated, how does the depolarization of the ventricles occur: from top to bottum or from bottom up?

Back 28

bottom up

Front 29

What is the abnormality in heart rhythm?

Back 29

arrhythmia

Front 30

What is rapid and uncoordinated ventricular contractions?

Back 30

ventricular fibrillation

Front 31

What is a condition in which the heart is beating to fast? How many beats per minute are required to fall into this category?

Back 31

tachycardia; more than 100 beats per minute

Front 32

What is the condition in which the heart is beating too slowly? How many beats per minute are required to fall into this category?

Back 32

bradycardia; less than 60 beats per minute

Front 33

What condition is caused the abnormally rapid rate of atrial depolarization, resulting in many small and weak atrial contractions before the QRS complex even begins?

Back 33

atrial flutter

Front 34

During what wave of the ECG is "lubb" heard?

Back 34

during the "s" portion of the QRS complex

Front 35

During what wave of the ECG is "dupp" heard?

Back 35

during the end of the t-wave

Front 36

Which is longer: contraction or relaxation?

Back 36

relaxation

Front 37

What detect high blood pressure and send impulses to the brain?

Back 37

aortic baroreceptors

Front 38

Where in the brain is the heart rate regulated?

Back 38

cardiac center in the medulla oblongata

Front 39

Through what nerve does brain send signals to the heart to cause the release of ACH?

Back 39

parasympathetic/vagus nerve

Front 40

What receptor in SA node receives the ACH and inhibits the SA node to lower the heart rate?

Back 40

muscuranic receptor

Front 41

What sympathetic nerve releases norepinephrine which goes to the beta receptor in the SA node and stimulates it, resulting in raised blood pressure?

Back 41

accelerator nerve

Front 42

What is the difference between a vagus nerve and an accelerator nerve?

Back 42

The vagus nerve inhibits the SA node whereas the accelerator nerve stimulates it.

Front 43

When are the accelerator and vagus nerves used?

Back 43

When the blood pressure is too high or too low.

Front 44

What drugs block the beta receptors from receiving norepinepherine from the accelerator nerves?

Back 44

beta blockers

Front 45

Besides impulses from nerves, what other two things affect heart rate?

Back 45

body temperature and a concentration of certain ions

Front 46

What are the two most important ions that influence heart action?

Back 46

potassium and calcium

Front 47

What is the condition in which the blood has excess potassium ions? What does this result in and can lead to?

Back 47

hyperkalemia; it makes depolarization of the atria and ventricles more difficult, resulting in decreased rate and force of contractions and can even lead to cardiac arrest

Front 48

What is the condition in which the potassium concentration in the blood drops below normal? What condition can develop?

Back 48

hypokalemia; arrhythmia

Front 49

What is the condition in which an excess amount of calcium is in the blood? What can result from this?

Back 49

hypercalcemia; increased heart action, which can lead to dangerously extended heart contractions

Front 50

What is the condition in which the concentration of calcium in the blood drops below normal? What can result from this?

Back 50

hypocalcemia; decreased heart action

Front 51

Which ion is needed for contraction: potassium or calcium?

Back 51

calcium

Front 52

Which ion affects the electrical potential of the cell membrane of cardiac fibers?

Back 52

potassium

Front 53

What are the three layers of large arteries and veins?

Back 53

tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa

Front 54

Which layer of a large artery/vein is smooth and slick?

Back 54

tunica interna

Front 55

Which layer of a large artery/vein is composed of smooth muscle?

Back 55

tunica media

Front 56

Which layer of a large artery/vein is relative thin and consists of connective tissue with irregular elastic and cartilagenous fibers?

Back 56

tunica externa

Front 57

Which blood vessels have valves that are much like the semilunar valves in the heart: arteries or veins? What is the purpose of these valves?

Back 57

veins; to prevent backflow

Front 58

What is unique about the muscles in arterioles?

Back 58

They are arranged in separate rings instead of a full sheath like in the arteries and veins

Front 59

Arrange from larger to smaller: capillaries, arteries, arterioles

Back 59

arteries, arterioles, capillaries

Front 60

What are the smooth muscles in capillaries that control blood flow?

Back 60

precapillary sphincters

Front 61

From artery to vein, describe the five structures the blood flows through.

Back 61

artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

Front 62

What is the name for the small pores which make the capillaries permeable?

Back 62

slits

Front 63

The bigger the slits, the [more/less] permeable a capillary is.

Back 63

more

Front 64

At what end of a capillary is hydrostatic pressure greater than osmotic pressure: the artery end or vein end? What does this result in?

Back 64

artery end; water escapes the capillary to the surrounding tissue

Front 65

At what end of a capillary is osmotic hydrostatic pressure less than osmotic pressure: the artery end or vein end?

Back 65

artery end; water pours into the capillary from the surrounding tissue

Front 66

Where is most of the blood in our body?

Back 66

veins

Front 67

What is the condition in which blood flow is decreased? What is the name of the tissue death that can result from this?

Back 67

ichemia; necrosis

Front 68

What blood vessel condition can cause ichemia and necrosis?

Back 68

atherosclerosis

Front 69

Atherosclerosis happens in (a) smaller blood vessels or (b) major blood vessels?

Back 69

major blood vessels

Front 70

What is the ballooning of a weak arterial wall, leading to eventual rupture?

Back 70

aneurysm

Front 71

What is the inflammation of a vein? If this occurs in deeper veins, what can it lead to?

Back 71

phlebitis, thrombophlebitis

Front 72

What is the name of the condition in which the blood from an inflamed vein clots and blocks normal circulation?

Back 72

thrombophlebitis

Front 73

What is the condition in which superficial veins are abnormally and irregularly dilated? What can this result in?

Back 73

vericose veins; increased back pressure

Front 74

What is the hardening of arteries accompanied by the decrease in the elasticity in the arterial walls? What is usually the cause of this?

Back 74

ateriosclerosis; too much calcium

Front 75

What is name of the maximum pressure achieved by the blood vessels when the left ventricle contracts?

Back 75

systole

Front 76

What is the name of the lowest pressure that remains in the arteries when the ventricle relaxes?

Back 76

diastole

Front 77

What is the name of the device that measures blood pressure? How does it work?

Back 77

sphygmonmanometer; by constricting the artery with a balloon, then releasing the air to measure both pressures

Front 78

What are the five influences that affect blood pressure? Which one is the only one that raises blood pressure when it decreases?

Back 78

blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume, blood vascoscity, and peripheral resistance (dialation and constriction); dialation

Front 79

What are the 8 steps of lowering blood pressure with the heart, starting from the initial rise?

Back 79

cardiac output increases, blood pressure rises, baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinuses are stimulated, sensory impulses to cardiac center, parasympathetic impulses to the heart, SA node inhibited, heart rate decreases, and blood pressure returns to normal

Front 80

What are the 8 steps of lowering blood pressure with arterioles, starting with the initial rise?

Back 80

Rising blood pressure, stimulation of baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinuses, sensory impulses to vasomotor center, vasomotor center inhibited, less frequent sympathetic impulses to arteriole walls, vasodilation of arterioles, decreased peripheral resistance, and blood pressure returns to normal

Front 81

What is the name of hypertension with unknown cause?

Back 81

primary/idopathic

Front 82

What is the name for hypertension with a known cause?

Back 82

secondary

Front 83

What is a higher risk and contributing factor to hypertension?

Back 83

obesity

Front 84

Why is hypertension called the "silent killer"?

Back 84

Because one could have it and not even know, and when they do know they don't usually do anything about it

Front 85

What does hypertension eventually lead to?

Back 85

heart failure

Front 86

Name three risk factors for stroke.

Back 86

alcoholism, elevated cholesterol, and transient ischemic attacks (mini-heart attacks)

Front 87

What four drugs can be used to lower cholesterol?

Back 87

diuretics, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors

Front 88

What drug increases urine output to lower blood pressure?

Back 88

diuretics

Front 89

What drug prevents vasoconstriction, resulting in dilation of blood vessels and lowered blood pressure?

Back 89

calcium channel blockers

Front 90

Which drug prevents the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2, preventing aldosterone and vasoconstriction?

Back 90

ACE inhibitor

Front 91

What does the massaging action of muscles do to the blood?

Back 91

moves it toward the heart