A&p 2 Lecture

Front 1

the gonads produce sex cells, or ______ and secrete ______

Back 1

gametes

steroid (sex) hormones

Front 2

what are the accessory reproductive organs

Back 2

ducts

glands

external genitalia

Front 3

a sperm and egg fuse to form a _____

Back 3

zygote

Front 4

______ = the first cell of a new individual from which all body cells will arise

Back 4

zygote

Front 5

________ = sex hormones in males

Back 5

androgens

Front 6

________= sex hormones in females

Back 6

estrogen

progesterone

Front 7

path of sperm from the testes

Back 7

testes

epididymis

ductus deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

Front 8

what are the accessory sex glands in males

Back 8

seminal glands

prostate

bulbourethral

Front 9

the _______ divides the testes

Back 9

septum

Front 10

the scrotum provides a temperature of ______ degrees lower than core body temp

Back 10

3

Front 11

the ______ muscle wrinkles the scrotal skin

Back 11

dartos

Front 12

the dartos muscle is located in the _______ of the scrotum

Back 12

superficial fascia

Front 13

the ______ muscles are bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes

Back 13

cremaster

Front 14

the cremaster muscles arise from the _______ muscles

Back 14

internal oblique

Front 15

the testes are surrounded by 2 tunics:

Back 15

tunica vaginalis

tunica albuginea

Front 16

outer tunic of the testes is the ____

Back 16

tunica vaginalis

Front 17

what ________ is the fibrous capsule of the testis

Back 17

tunica albuginea

Front 18

septa extending inward from the tunica albuginea divide the testis into about 350 wedge shaped ______

Back 18

lobules

Front 19

each lobule of the testes contains 4 tightly coiled _____

Back 19

seminiferous tubules

Front 20

______ = "sperm factories"

Back 20

seminiferous tubules

Front 21

seminiferous tubules consist of epithelium containing ______ and ______ cells

Back 21

spermatogenic cells

sustentocytes

Front 22

surounding each seminiferous tubule are 3-5 layers of smooth-muscle like ______ cells

Back 22

myoid

Front 23

______ cells help squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules and out of the testes

Back 23

myoid

Front 24

the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to form a _____________ that convey sperm into the _____

Back 24

straight tubule

rete testis

Front 25

_______= a tubular network on the posterior testes that go through here before efferent ductules

Back 25

rete testis

Front 26

the sperm leave the rete testes through the _______and enter the _______

Back 26

efferent ductules

epididymis

Front 27

three parts of the epididymis

Back 27

head

body

tail

Front 28

immature sperm are are stored in the _____ of the ______ until ejaculation

Back 28

tail

epididymis

Front 29

_______ cells lie in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules

Back 29

leydig cells

Front 30

_______ cells produce androgens, most importantly ____

Back 30

leydig

testosterone

Front 31

leydig cells secrete hormones into the _____

Back 31

interstitial fluid

Front 32

testicular arteries and veins arise from a network called _______ that surrounds the scrotum to keep the temperature right

Back 32

pampiniform plexus

Front 33

function of the penis

Back 33

deliver sperm into female reproductive tract

Front 34

the penis and scrotum hand from the _______

Back 34

perineum

Front 35

_______ = enlarged tip of the penis

Back 35

glans penis

Front 36

loose skin covering the penis is called the _______ which is usally removed

Back 36

prepuce

Front 37

the midventral erectile body is called the ________ that surrounds the urethra

Back 37

corpus songiosum

Front 38

the root of the penis is called the _________

Back 38

bulb of the penis

Front 39

the muscle that covers the bulb of the penis is called the ______ and secures it to the _______

Back 39

bulbospongiosus
urogenital diaphragm

Front 40

the paired dorsal erectile bodies are called the _________ that make up most of the penis

Back 40

corpora cavernosa

Front 41

the two corpora cavernosa are bound by the ____

Back 41

fibrous tunica albuginea

Front 42

the proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa form the ______ of the penis

Back 42

crura

Front 43

each crura is surounded by an _______ muscle and anchors to the _______

Back 43

ischiocavernosus muscle
pubic arch of the bony pelvis

Front 44

describe erectile tissue

Back 44

dense fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces that fill with blood

Front 45

name the accesory ducts of the penis in order from proximal to distal

Back 45

epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra

Front 46

describe the tissue of the epididymis

Back 46

pseudostratified epithelial
nonmotile microvilli

Front 47

what does the microvilli of the epididymis do

Back 47

absorb excess tesituclar fluid
pass nutrients to sperm stored in lumen

Front 48

fluid of the epididymis contain _______, most importantly ___

Back 48

antimicrobial proteins
defensins

Front 49

the trip from the testes to the epididymis takes about _______ and what happens during this trip

Back 49

20
gain ability to swim

Front 50

sperm is moved through the vas deferens by _____

Back 50

peristalsis

Front 51

the vas deferens connects the _____ to the ____

Back 51

epididymis
ejaculatory duct

Front 52

three regions of the male urethra

Back 52

prostatic
membranous
spongy

Front 53

what are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system

Back 53

paired seminal glands
paired bulbo-urethral
prostate

Front 54

what does semen contain

Back 54

sperm
testicular fluid
accessory gland secretions

Front 55

______ lie on the posterior bladder surface

Back 55

seminal vesicles

Front 56

what does the seminal vesicle contain

Back 56

fibrous capsule that enclosed a thick layer of smooth muscle that contacts during ejaculation to empty the gland

Front 57

seminal gland is made up of _______ epithelium

Back 57

pseudostratified columnar

Front 58

seminal vesicles secretion:

Back 58

yellowish viscous alkaline fluid containing
fructose sugar
citric acid
coagulating enzyme vesiculase
prostaglandins

Front 59

the yellow color of the seminal fluid is due to:

Back 59

a yellow pigment that fluorecses under UV light

Front 60

_____ and _____ mix in the ejaculatory duct and enter the _______ together during ejaculation

Back 60

sperm
seminal fluid
prostatic urethra

Front 61

seminal gland secretion accounts for _____% of the volume of semen

Back 61

70

Front 62

role of prostatic secretion and what does it contain

Back 62

activates sperm
milky slightly acidic contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Front 63

prostatic secretion accounts for ____% of the semen volume

Back 63

30

Front 64

______ is the second most cmmon cause of cancer in men

Back 64

prostate

Front 65

what is the function of bulbourethral secretion

Back 65

lubricates the glans penis
mucus neutralizes traces of acidic urine and lubricates the urethra prior to ejactulation

Front 66

the _____ from the seminal gland secretion provides all fuel needed for sperm ATP synthesis

Back 66

fructose

Front 67

______ decrease the viscosity of the mucus guarding the entry of the uterus

Back 67

prostaglandins

Front 68

the hormon ______ in semen enhance sperm motiliy

Back 68

relaxin

Front 69

pH of semen

Back 69

7.2-8

Front 70

what is the amount of semen propelled during ejaculation

Back 70

2-5mL - 10% sperm (20-150 million sperm per mL)

Front 71

what are the chief phases of male sexual response

Back 71

erection of the penis
ejaculation

Front 72

sexual excitement triggers a _______ reflex that promotes the release of _____ locally

Back 72

parasympathetic
nitric oxide

Front 73

role of NO on erection

Back 73

relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessel walls - dilating arterioles and allowing to fill with blood

Front 74

how does blood not come out of penis during erection

Back 74

enlargement of the corpus cavernosa compresses drainage veins - maintianing engorgement

Front 75

role of corpus spongiosum during erection

Back 75

keep the urethra open during ejaculation

Front 76

bulbourethral glands are under ______ control in lubritcating the glans penis

Back 76

parasympathetic

Front 77

ejaculation is under _______ control

Back 77

sympathetic

Front 78

what are the 3 responses required for ejaculation

Back 78

1. the bladder sphincter muscle constricts, preventing expulsion of urine or reflux of semen into the bladder
2. the reproductive ducts and accessory glands contract, emptying their contents into urethra
3. semen in the urethra triggers a spinal reflex through somatic motor neurons

Front 79

speed of ejactulation

Back 79

11mph

Front 80

what causes Erectile Dysfunction to occur

Back 80

parasympathetic nerves do not release enough NO

Front 81

what are the lifestyle factors of ED

Back 81

psychological factors
alcohol
drugs
diabetes mellitus
arteriosclerosis
nervous system

Front 82

diploid is the chromosomal number in ___ cells

Back 82

body

Front 83

haploid is the chromosomal number in ____ cells

Back 83

gamete

Front 84

number of chromosomes in body cells

Back 84

46

Front 85

number of chromosomes in gametes

Back 85

23

Front 86

what cellular event must take place before meiosis can begin

Back 86

one round of DNA replication resulting in 4 daughter cells - each with half as many chromosomes as body cells

Front 87

why is meiosis I called the reduction division

Back 87

reduces the chromosome number from 2n to n

Front 88

prophase I of meiosis I

Back 88

replicated chromosomes seek out their homologous partners and pair up with them - takes place a discrete spots - called synapsis

Front 89

synapsis forms:

Back 89

4 little groups of 4 chromatids called tetrads

Front 90

during synapsis, a second unique event called _____ happens

Back 90

crossover

Front 91

what happens during crossover

Back 91

form within each tetrad - pairs maternal and paternal chromosomes to exchange genetic material

Front 92

______ accounts for 90% of the total period of meiosis

Back 92

Prophase I

Front 93

what happens during metaphase I of meiosis I

Back 93

tetrads line up randomly at spindle equator so either the paternal or maternal chromosome can be on a given side

Front 94

meiosis I results in: (2)

Back 94

1. two copies of one member of each homologous pair either parternal or maternal and none of the other
2. A haploid chromosomal number, but twice the amount of DNA in each chromo

Front 95

how many cells are produced by meiosis I, know the chromosome number

Back 95

2
2n

Front 96

why is meiosis II called the equational divison of meosis

Back 96

bc the chromatids are distributed equally to the daughter cells

Front 97

what are the two important tasks of meosis

Back 97

1. reduces the chromosomal number by half
2. introduced genetic variability

Front 98

how many cells are produced by meiosis II? know chromosome number

Back 98

4
n

Front 99

fate of type A daughter cell in spermatogenesis

Back 99

remains at basal lamina to maintain the pool of dividing germ cells

Front 100

fate of type B daughter cell in spermatogenesis

Back 100

pushed toward lumen where becomes primary spermatocyte

Front 101

one primary spermatocyte forms:

Back 101

4 sperm

Front 102

where does spermatogenesis take place

Back 102

outermost tubule cells in direct contact with epitherlial basal lamina

Front 103

explain spermatocytes to spermatids

Back 103

spermatocyte -> meiosis I -> 2 seconday spermatocytes -> meiosis II -> 4 spermatids

Front 104

spermiogenesis is _____ to ______

Back 104

spermatids to sperm

Front 105

each spermatid is has the chromosomal number ___

Back 105

n

Front 106

what happens during spermiogenesis

Back 106

spermatid elongates
sheds excess cytoplasmic baggage
forms tail

Front 107

sperm is also called ____

Back 107

spermatozoa

Front 108

three parts of sperm

Back 108

head
midpeice
tail

Front 109

what does the head of the sperm contain

Back 109

flattened nucleus of compacted DNA
acrosome sits ontop of the nucleus containing hydrolytic enzymes that help penetration

Front 110

what is the function of the sperm midpiece

Back 110

mitochondiea spiraled around microtubules of the tail

Front 111

during spermatogenesis, nonreplicating supporting cells called _____ or _____ are formed

Back 111

sertoli
sustentocytes

Front 112

sertoli cells extend from the ____ to the _____

Back 112

basal lamina
tubule lumen

Front 113

sustentocytes are bound to each other by _______ and divide the ______

Back 113

tight junctions
seminiferous tubule

Front 114

the seminiferous tubule is divided into ______ and _____ by sustentocytes

Back 114

basal
adluminal

Front 115

the _____ compartment of the seminiferous tubule contains meiotically active cells

Back 115

adluminal

Front 116

the tight junctions between the sustentocytes form the ______

Back 116

blood testis barrier

Front 117

the blood testis barrier prevents:

Back 117

membrane antigens of sperm from escaping = would activate immune system

Front 118

functions of sustentocytes (5)

Back 118

1. provide nutrients and essential signals to the dividin cells - live or die
2. move the cells along the lumen
3. secrete testicular fluid - provides the transport medium for sperm in the lumen
4. phagocitize faulty germ cells
5. product chemical mediators that help regulate spermatogenesis

Front 119

what are the chemical mediators that regulate spermatogenesis

Back 119

inhibin
androgen-binding protein

Front 120

the _______ regulates the production of gametes and sex hormones

Back 120

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
(HPG)

Front 121

explain the sequence of events involving the HPG axis

Back 121

1. hypothalamus released GnRH - releases FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
2. FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by stimulating the sustentocytes to release androgen binding protein - keeps conc of testosterone high
3. LH binds to interstitial endocrone cells surrounding seminiferous toubules - secrete testosterone -> spermatogenesis
4. testosterone stimulates maturation of sex organds, ddevelopment and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, and sex drive
5. raising levels of testosterone cause inhibit GnRH and inhibit gonadotropin release

Front 122

hormones that regulate the HPG axis

Back 122

GnRH
FSH
LH
testosterone

Front 123

testosterone is synthesized from ___

Back 123

cholesterol

Front 124

estrogen and progesterone are produced in _____

Back 124

ovary

Front 125

what are the female accessory ducts

Back 125

uterine tubes
uterus
vagina

Front 126

what are the ligaments in the female reproductive system

Back 126

ovarian
suspensory
broad

Front 127

_______ anchors the ovary medially to the uterus

Back 127

ovarian ligament

Front 128

________ anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

Back 128

suspensory ligament

Front 129

________ suspends the ovary inbetween the ovarian and suspensory ligaments

Back 129

mesovarium

Front 130

the suspensory ligamenta nd the mesovarium are part of the ______, a peritoneal fold that tents over the uterus

Back 130

broad ligament

Front 131

the _______ encloses the ovarian ligaments

Back 131

broad ligament

Front 132

the ovarian blood essels reach the ocaries by traveling through the _______ and _____

Back 132

suspensory ligaments
mesovariua

Front 133

each ovary is surrounded externally by a fibrous _________

Back 133

tunica albuginea

Front 134

the tunica albuginea of the ovaries are covered by a layer of _______ epithelial cells called the ______

Back 134

cuboidal
germinal epithelium

Front 135

embedded in the ovary cortex are sac like structures called __________

Back 135

ovarian follicles

Front 136

each ovarian follicle contains _______

Back 136

an immature egg called an oocyte

Front 137

the cells surrounding the oocyte are called ______ if a single layer, and _______ if more than one layer

Back 137

follicle
granulosa

Front 138

single layer of follicle cells surrounding an oocyte is called a _____

Back 138

primordial follicle

Front 139

the fully mature follicle can be called three things:

Back 139

vesicular
antral
tertiary

Front 140

fully mature follicles have a central fluid-filled cavity called an ______

Back 140

antrum

Front 141

describe a mature follicle

Back 141

extends from the deepest part of the ovarian cortex
bulges from the surface of the ovary
oocyte sits on a stalk of granulosa cells at one side of the antrum

Front 142

_______ = the event when the follicle ejects its oocyte from the ovary

Back 142

ovulation

Front 143

after ovulation, the follicle is transformed into a ______ that is eventually degenerated

Back 143

corpus luteum

Front 144

the _______ receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization occurs

Back 144

uterine tubes

Front 145

the ______ connects the uterine tube and the uterus

Back 145

isthmus

Front 146

the distal end of each uterine tube expands as it curves around the ovary, this is known as the ____

Back 146

ampulla

Front 147

the ampulla of the uterine tube ends in the ______

Back 147

infundibulum

Front 148

______ = an open funnel shaped structure with ciliated fingerlike projections called fimbrae

Back 148

infundibulum

Front 149

the _______ on the fimbriae create currents in the peritoneal fluid that carry the oocyte into the uterine tube

Back 149

cilia

Front 150

the oocyte is carried toward the uterus by a combination of _____ and _____

Back 150

peristalsis
beating cilia

Front 151

nonciliated cells of the mucosa in the uterine tubes contain _______ that produce secretion that keeps the oocyte moist and nourished

Back 151

dense microvilli

Front 152

the uterine tubes are covered by ______ and supported by a short mesentery called _____

Back 152

peritoneum
mesoalpinx

Front 153

_______ = inflammation in the reproductive tract that can cause scarring of the uterine tubes and ovaries resulting in sterility

Back 153

pelvic inflammatory disease

Front 154

the ______ receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum

Back 154

uterus

Front 155

three parts of the uterus

Back 155

body
fundus
cervix

Front 156

the _____ is the part of the uterus that projects into the vagina

Back 156

cervix

Front 157

the cavity of the cervix is called the _______ that communicates with the vagina via the ______ and with the uterine body via the _____

Back 157

cervical canal
external s
internal os

Front 158

the mucosa of the cervical canal contains _______ that secrete a mucus that blocks the spread of bacteria from the vagina into the uterus

Back 158

cervical glands

Front 159

________ blocks sperm entry except at the midcycle when it becomes less viscous

Back 159

cervical mucous

Front 160

the uterus is supported laterally via a part of the broad ligament called the _____

Back 160

mesometrium

Front 161

the _______ extend from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis

Back 161

cardinal ligaments

Front 162

the _______ secure the uterus to the sacrum posteriorly

Back 162

uterosacral

Front 163

the condition where the muscles tear during childbirth and the uterus sinks until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the external vaginal opening

Back 163

prolapse of the uterus

Front 164

blind ended peritoneal pouch between the bladder and uterus

Back 164

vesicouterine pouch

Front 165

blind ended peritoneal pouch between the retcum and uterus

Back 165

rectouterine pouch

Front 166

three layers of the uterine wall

Back 166

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

Front 167

the _____ = layer of the uterine wall that contains muscle that contracts during child birth

Back 167

myometrium

Front 168

if fertilization occurs, the embryo is implanted into the _______ for the rest of development

Back 168

endometrium

Front 169

the endometrium has two chief layers:

Back 169

stratum functionalis
stratum basalis

Front 170

the ________ layer of the endometrium undergoes cycle changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones

Back 170

stratum functionalis

Front 171

the _______ layer is shed during mestruation

Back 171

stratum functionalis

Front 172

the _______ layer of the endometrium contains glands and forms a new stratum functionalis after menstruation ends

Back 172

stratum basalis

Front 173

the uterine arteries arise from the ________ arteries

Back 173

internal iliac

Front 174

the uterine arteries break into ____ and ____ arteries into the endometrium

Back 174

arcuate
radial

Front 175

the vascularization of the straum basalis is called the _____ arteries; _______ is in the functionalis

Back 175

straight
spiral

Front 176

the wall of the vagina has three layers:

Back 176

fibroelastic adventita
muscularis
inner mucosa

Front 177

the inner mucosa of the vagina is marked by ______ that stimulate the penis during intercourse

Back 177

rugae

Front 178

the mucosa of the vagina is made up of _____ epithelium

Back 178

stratified squamous

Front 179

________ are present in the mucosa of the vagina and act as antigen presenting cels

Back 179

dendritic

Front 180

the ________ are thought to provide the route of HIV transmission during intercourse

Back 180

dendritic cells

Front 181

the ____ breaks during the first sexual intercourse

Back 181

hymen

Front 182

the vagina is very acidic due to:

Back 182

epithelial cells release glycogen which is metabolized to lactic acid by the resident bacteria

Front 183

what are the structures of the external genitalia

Back 183

mons pubis
labia
clitoris
vestibule

Front 184

________ = rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis that is covered with hair during puberty

Back 184

mons pubis

Front 185

outer skin folds of the vagina
inner skin folds

Back 185

labia majora
labia minora

Front 186

labia minora enclose the _______ that contain the external openings of the urethra and vagina

Back 186

vestibule

Front 187

the vaginal opening contain glands called ________ that release mucus into the vestibule for lubrication

Back 187

greater vestibular glands

Front 188

the vestibule and the labia minora come together to form a ridge called the _____

Back 188

fourchette

Front 189

anterior to the vestibule is the _____ = small protruding structure composed of erectile tissue

Back 189

clitoris

Front 190

the exposed portion of the clitoris is called the _______ and is hooded by a skin fold called the ______

Back 190

glans of the clitoris
prepuce of the clitoris

Front 191

the _______ of the clitoris has dorsal erectile columns that become swollen with blood

Back 191

body

Front 192

the ______ , in females become engorged with blood and help the vagina grip the penis, and shuts off the ________ which prevents semen from getting into the bladder during intercourse

Back 192

bulbs of the vestibule
urethral orifice

Front 193

fxnmammary glands are modified ________ and are part of the _______ system

Back 193

sweat glands
integumentary

Front 194

the mammary glands are located within the _____ of the breast

Back 194

hypodermis

Front 195

_________ make te areola slightly bumpy and produce sebum

Back 195

large sebaceous glands

Front 196

_______ attach the breast to the muscle fascia and dermis

Back 196

suspensory ligaments

Front 197

________ within the lobules of the mammary glands produce milk

Back 197

alveoli

Front 198

alvolar glands pass the milk into the ______ that open to the outside of the nipple

Back 198

lactiferous ducts

Front 199

_______ = production of female sex cells

Back 199

oogenesis

Front 200

explain oogenesis

Back 200

1. diploid stem cells multiply rapidly by mitosis
2. primordial follicles
PUBERTY
3. primary oocytes - surrounded by follicle cells

Front 201

at puberty, _____ rescuses a small number of growing follicles each month

Back 201

FSH

Front 202

in each cycle, one of the rescued follicles is selected to become the ______ and continue to _____

Back 202

dominant follicle
meiosis I

Front 203

following meiosis I, two haploid cells are produced - 1 large and 1 small
large cell = ______
smalled cell ________

Back 203

small - first polar body
large - secondary oocyte

Front 204

following oogenesis, the ______ becomes ovulated

Back 204

secondary oocyte

Front 205

what happens to polar bodys after oogenesis

Back 205

they degenerate

Front 206

if no ovulation what happens to the secondary oocyte

Back 206

become a corpus luteum and degenerates

Front 207

if ovulation happens what happens to the secondary oocyte

Back 207

if sperm penetrates goes into meiosis II

Front 208

two phases of the ovarian cycle

Back 208

follicular
luteal

Front 209

_______ = period when the dominant follicle is selected and beings to secrete large amounts of estrogen

Back 209

follicular phase

Front 210

how long does the follicular phase last

Back 210

2 weeks: day 1 - 14

Front 211

at what point of the follicular phase does ovulation begin

Back 211

usually at the 14th day

Front 212

______ = period of corpus luteum activity

Back 212

luteal phase

Front 213

what days are the luteal phase

Back 213

14-28

Front 214

the ______ phase of the ovarian cycle is always the same in every person

Back 214

luteal - 14 days

Front 215

name the 6 events of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle - state the stage of oogenesis for each

Back 215

1. primordial follicle becomes primary follicle - 1 year before ovulation
2. primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
3. secondary follicle - late secondary follicle
4. late secondary becomes vesicular follicle
5. ovulation
6. luteal phase

Front 216

two phases of the follicular phase - what happens

Back 216

1. gonadotropin preantral phase - intrafollicular paracrines (cytokines and growth factors) control oocyte and follicle development

2. antral phase - directed by FSH and LH - activated follicles grow and primary oocyte in dominant follicle resumes meiosis I

Front 217

in the late secondary follicle stage, _______ forms by connective tissue and epithelial cells

Back 217

theca folliculi

Front 218

as the follicle grows,the thecal and granulosa cells cooperate to produce _______

Back 218

estrogens

Front 219

in response to LH, the inner thecal cells produce _______ which the granulosa cells convert to _____

Back 219

androgens
estrogens

Front 220

late secondary follicle - oocyte secretes a glycoprotein rich substance that forms a thick transparent extracellular layer called the ______

Back 220

zona pellucida

Front 221

no pregnancy -> corpus luteum -> degenerates -> remains is a scar called a ______

Back 221

corpus albicans

Front 222

the last two or three days of the luteal phase where the endometrium starts to erode - this is called +_____

Back 222

luteolytic phase

Front 223

which hormones interact to produce the cyclic events in the ovaries

Back 223

GnRH
pituitary gonadotropins
estrogen
progesterone

Front 224

______ plays an important role on stimulating the hypothalamus to release GnRH

Back 224

leptin

Front 225

leptin is directly linked to the amount of ______

Back 225

adipose tissue

Front 226

________ inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH

Back 226

estrogens

Front 227

GnRH stimulates the release of ____ and _____ which prompts the ovaries to secrete hormones

Back 227

LH FSh

Front 228

first menstrual period is known as _____

Back 228

menarche

Front 229

menstrual cycles usually take _____ years to become regulatory

Back 229

3

Front 230

surge of _____ triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum

Back 230

LH

Front 231

_______ released by granulosa cells, exerts negative feedback on FSH release

Back 231

inhibin

Front 232

what happens when inhibit stops FSH release

Back 232

only the dominant follicle survives

Front 233

main function of FSH

Back 233

graulosa cells of late secondary and vesicular follicles - causes them to release estrogens

Front 234

main fxn of LH

Back 234

prods the thecal cells to release adrogens

Front 235

granulosa cells convert LH and FSH to _____

Back 235

estrogens

Front 236

as estrogen levels rise, they inhibit the release of ____ and ____

Back 236

FSH
LH

Front 237

the _______ causes the primary oocyte to move from is resting state and it completes the first meiotic division

Back 237

LH surge

Front 238

mestruation lasts ______

Back 238

3-5 days

Front 239

during menstruation what is happening with ovarian hormones

Back 239

at their lowest

Front 240

what happens in the proliferative phase of menstruation

Back 240

endometrium rebuilds itself - under the influence of rising blood levels of estrogens - induce endometrial cells to synthesize progesterone receptors

Front 241

what happens to the cervix during proliferative phase of mestruation

Back 241

mucus becomes thin due to rising estrogen levels - form channels that facilitate sperm passage to the uterus

Front 242

______ occurs at the end of the proliferative stage (day 14)

Back 242

ovulation

Front 243

ovulation occurs in response to:

Back 243

sudden release of LH from the anterior pituitary

Front 244

the secretory phase is also known as the ______ phase

Back 244

postovulatory

Front 245

how long is the secretory phase

Back 245

14 days

Front 246

which phase is the most constant

Back 246

secretory

Front 247

what happens during the secretory phase

Back 247

endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant
1. rising levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum act on the endometrium
2. causes spiral arteries to elaborate - converts the functional layer to a secretory mucosa
3. endometrial glands enlarge, coil and secrete nutrients into the uterine cavity that sustains the embryo until it has implanted in the lining

Front 248

as progesterone levels rise, what happens to the cervix

Back 248

mucus becomes viscous - forming the cervical plug - block entry of sperm and pathogens

Front 249

rising _____ levels inhibit LH release

Back 249

progesterone

Front 250

if fertilization has no occured, the corpus luteum degenerates and ______ levels decline

Back 250

LH

Front 251

two main fxns of estrogen

Back 251

1. promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary
2. exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract

Front 252

what are the estrogen-induced secondary sex characteristics

Back 252

breast development
increasing deposition of subcutaneous fat - hips and breast especially
development of a wider and lighter pelvis

Front 253

metabolic effects of estrogens

Back 253

maintaining low total blood cholesterol levels
calcium uptake

Front 254

______ is an androgen produced by the adrenal cortex that associates the male desire in females

Back 254

DHEA

Front 255

causitive agent of gonorrhea

Back 255

neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 256

_______ invades the mucosae of the reproductive and urinary tracts

Back 256

gonorrhea

Front 257

symptoms of gonorrhea in males

Back 257

inflammation of the urethra
painful urination
discharge of pus

Front 258

symptoms of gonorrhea in women

Back 258

abdominal discomfort
vaginal discharge
abnormal uterine bleeding

Front 259

what happens with untreated gonorrhea in males and females

Back 259

males - urethral constriction and inflammation of duct system
females - pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility

Front 260

what is the antibiotic used to treat gonorrhea

Back 260

ceftriaxone

Front 261

_____ is caused by the bacteria treponema pallidum

Back 261

syphillis

Front 262

_____ can be contracted from an infected mother and usually causes death in infants

Back 262

syphilis

Front 263

incubation period of syphilis

Back 263

2-3 weeks

Front 264

what is the first sign of syphilis

Back 264

red, painless lesion called a chancre appears at the site of bacterial invasion

Front 265

if syphilis is untreated, what are the secondary signs that appear several weeks later

Back 265

pink skin rash all over the body
fever
joint pain

Front 266

what is after the secondary phase of syphilis

Back 266

latent period - detectable only by a blood test

Front 267

tertiary syphilis is known as _______

Back 267

gummas

Front 268

what are the symptoms of gummas

Back 268

destructive lesions of the CNS, blood vessels, bones, and skin

Front 269

______ is the treatment of choice for all stages of syphilis

Back 269

penicillin

Front 270

______ is the largely undiagnosed silent epidemic on college campuses

Back 270

chlamydia

Front 271

_______ is the most common bacterial STD

Back 271

chalmydia

Front 272

______ is responsible for 20-50% of diagnosed pelvic inflammatory disease

Back 272

chlamydia

Front 273

______ is the bacteria causing chlamydia

Back 273

chlamydia trachomatis

Front 274

incubation period of chlamydia

Back 274

1 week

Front 275

symptoms of chlamydia

Back 275

urethritis - painful urination, discharge
vaginal discharge
abdominal, rectal, testicular pain
painful intercourse
irregular mestration
URI

Front 276

_____% of women with chlamydia have no symptoms

Back 276

80%

Front 277

newborns infected by chlamydia in the birth canal develop ______ and ___

Back 277

conjunctivitis - eye infection
pneumonia

Front 278

chlamydia is treated with ________

Back 278

tetracycline

Front 279

________ is the more common curable STI in sexually active women

Back 279

trichomoniasis

Front 280

_______ is indicated by yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor

Back 280

trichomoniasis

Front 281

genital herpes is caused by the ________ virus

Back 281

herpes simplex 2

Front 282

only about _____% of the population displays signs of genital herpes

Back 282

15

Front 283

the antiviral drug ______ helps lesions of genital herpes heal and reduces the frequency of flare ups

Back 283

acyclovir

Front 284

the _______ gene is the master switch that decides gender

Back 284

SRY

Front 285

________ when meiosis distributes the sex chromosomes to the gametes improperly

Back 285

nondisjunction

Front 286

females with a single X chromosome is known as ____

Back 286

turners syndrome

Front 287

what happns with turners syndrome

Back 287

females never dvelop ovaries

Front 288

________ most common sex chromosome abnormality in males

Back 288

klinefelters syndrome

Front 289

what happens in klinefelters syndrome

Back 289

males have Y and two or more X chromosomes = sterile

Front 290

what happens to males with only a Y chromosome

Back 290

dies during embryonic development

Front 291

gonads develop at week 5 and from the _____

Back 291

masses of mesoderm called gonadal ridges

Front 292

________ causes the descent of the gonads and the migration is guided by a cord called the ______

Back 292

testosterone
gubernaculum

Front 293

_______ is the time frame from last period to birth

Back 293

gestation (280 days)

Front 294

_______ to _______ weeks is called embryo

Back 294

1-8

Front 295

______ to ______ weeks is called fetus

Back 295

9-birth

Front 296

why do very little sperm reach the oocyte

Back 296

sperm leak from the vagina
destroyed by acidic environment
fail to make it through the cervix
forceful uterine contraction - disperse them
destroyed by resident phagocytes

Front 297

before the sperm can penetrate an oocyte they must first be ______

Back 297

capacitated

Front 298

what happens when sperm are capacitated

Back 298

in the vagina - motility enhanced and membranes become fragile so the enzymes in their acrosome can be released

Front 299

how do sperm navigate to the oocyte

Back 299

contain smell receptors that respond to chemical stimuli

Front 300

what are the steps of sperm penetration

Back 300

after breaching corona - sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein of the zona pellucida -> opens the calcium channels that triggers the acrosomal reaction

Front 301

what is the acrosomal reaction

Back 301

release of acrosomal enzymes that digest holes through the zona pellucida

Front 302

what are the events after the acrosomal reaction

Back 302

oocyte forms microvilli that surround the sperm head and the membranes of sperm and oocyte fuse - contents enter the oocyte leaving the sperms plasma membrane behind - creating a single membrane

Front 303

what happens to ensure only one sperm enters the oocyte

Back 303

waves of Calcium are released by endoplasmic reticulum which activates the oocyte to prepare for the second meiotic division
also causes the cortical reaction

Front 304

what is the cortical reaction

Back 304

granules in the plasma membrane spill their enzymes called zonal inhibiting protiens ZIP - destroy the sperm receptors and prevent sperm from entering

Front 305

what is the true moment of fertilization

Back 305

maternal and paternal chromosomes combine and produce a zygote

Front 306

________ is a period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth

Back 306

cleavage

Front 307

what is the goal of cleavage

Back 307

produce small cells with a high-surface to volume ratio -> enhances their uptake of nutrients and oxygen and the disposal of wastes

Front 308

______ hours after fertilization, the first cleavage division of the zygote has produced to identical cells called _______

Back 308

36

blastomeres

Front 309

two identical blastomeres divide to produce a cluster of cells called a _______

Back 309

morula

Front 310

what happens 4-5 days after fertilization

Back 310

embryo consists of about 100 cells and begins accumulating fluid within an internal cavity and floats free in the uterus

zona pellucida begins to break down

Front 311

what happens to the embryo when the zona pellucida breaks down

Back 311

becomes a blastocyst

Front 312

blastocysts are fluid filled hollow sphere composed of a single layer of large flattened cells called _____ and a small cluster of 20-30 rounded cells called the ______

Back 312

trophoblast cells

inner cell mass

Front 313

after the blastocyst forms, trophoblast cells begin to display _______ molecules on their surface and they take part in:

Back 313

L-selectin adhesion

placenta formation and secrete immunosuppressive effects that protect the trophoblast from being attacked by the mother cells

Front 314

the inner cell mass becomes the ________ which forms the embryo proper

Back 314

embryonic disc

Front 315

what is the fourth embryonic membrane called

Back 315

chorion

Front 316

while the blastocyst floats in the uterine cavity for 2-3 days, it is nourished by the:

Back 316

glycoprotein-rich uterine secretions that contain steroids and various nutrients including iron and fat soluble vitamins

Front 317

6-7 days after ovulation, given a properly prepared endometrium, ______ begins

Back 317

implantation

Front 318

the receptivity of the endometrium to implantation is called the _________ which is opened by the:

Back 318

window of implantation

surging levels of ovarian hormones in the blood

Front 319

if the mucosa is properly prepared for implantation, _____ and _____ proteins on the trophoblast cells bind to the extracellular matrix components: (3) of the endometrial cells

Back 319

integrin and selectin

collagen, fibronectin, laminin

Front 320

the trophoblast proliferates to form two distinct layers: the inner layer is called the ______ and the outerlayer is called the _____

Back 320

cellular trophoblast

syncytial trophoblast

Front 321

implantation takes about _____ days and is usually completed by the ____ day of ovulation

Back 321

5

12th day

Front 322

viability of the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone called _______ secreted by the _____

Back 322

hCG

trophoblast cells

Front 323

hCG overrides ______ controls and prompts the corpus luterum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen

Back 323

hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian

Front 324

_______ is an extraembryonic membrane that that develops from the trophoblast after implantation, this continues the hormonal stumulus from hCG

Back 324

chorion

Front 325

hCG is detectable in the mothers blood _____ (time) after fertilization

Back 325

1 week

Front 326

blood levels of hCG decline sharply to a low value at ________ (time)

Back 326

4 months

Front 327

between the second and the third month of implantation, the ______ assumes the role of progesterone and estrogen and the _________ degenerates

Back 327

placenta

corpus luteum

Front 328

all pregnancy tests for _____ in a womans blood or urine

Back 328

hCG

Front 329

what is the role of the placenta

Back 329

provides nutrients and oxygen

carries away metabolic wastes

Front 330

_______ = a temporary organ that originates from embryonic material and maternal tissues - provides nutrients and oxygen to embryo

Back 330

placenta

Front 331

cells from the inner cell mass give rise to a layer of ________ that lines the inner surface of the _____

Back 331

embryonic mesoderm

trophoblast

Front 332

the emrbyonic mesoderm and trophoblast become the ______

Back 332

chorion

Front 333

the chorion forms _______ that are invaded by embryonic blood vessels

Back 333

chorionic villi

Front 334

the chorionic villi extend to the embryo as the _________ and ______

Back 334

umbilical arteries and vein

Front 335

the chorionic villi produce large, blood-filled ________ in the stratum functionalis of the endometrium

Back 335

lacunae

Front 336

the chorionic villi lie in the ______ that are immersed in maternal blood

Back 336

lacunae

Front 337

the part of the endometrium that lies beneath the embry becomes the _______, and the embryo forms the _______

Back 337

decidua basalis

decidua capsularis

Front 338

_______ + _______ = placenta

Back 338

decidua basalis

chorionic villi

Front 339

when is the placenta fully functional

Back 339

3 months

Front 340

blastocyts are converted to ________ in which three primary germ layers are formed

Back 340

gastrula

Front 341

the subdivided innercell mass becomes the _____

Back 341

embryonic disc

Front 342

the extraembryonic membranes that form during the first 2-3 weeks of development are the: (4)

Back 342

amnion

yolk sac

allantois

chorion

Front 343

______ develops when the cells of the epiblast fashion themselves into a transparent membranous sac

Back 343

amion

Front 344

amnion fills with ________

Back 344

amniotic fluid

Front 345

eventually, the amnion extends all the way around the embryo, broken only by the _______

Back 345

umbilical cord

Front 346

what is the function of the amnion (3)

Back 346

buoyant environment that protects the developing embryo from physical trauma

helps maintain a constant homeostatic temperature

prevents rapidly growing parts from adhering and fusing together

Front 347

_______ forms from cells of the primitive gut that hangs from the ventral surface of the embryo

Back 347

yolk sac

Front 348

the ______ and the ____ resemble two balloons touching each other with the ________- at the point of contact

Back 348

yolk sac and amnion

embryonic disc

Front 349

what are the functions of the yolk sac (2)

Back 349

1. forms part of the gut (digestive tubes)

2. is the source of the earliest blood cells and blood vessels

Front 350

________ forms a small outpocketing of embryonic tissue at the caudal end of the yolk sac which is a structural base for the umbilical cord

Back 350

allantois

Front 351

the umbilical cord links the _____ to the _____ and eventually becomes part of the ______

Back 351

embryo to the placenta

urinary bladder

Front 352

the umbilical cord contains:

Back 352

-core of embryonic connective tissue

-umbilical arteries and vein

-covered externally by amniotic membrane

Front 353

during week _____ the two layered embryonic disc transforms into a three layered _____ : name the germ layers

Back 353

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Front 354

_______ = process of embryonic disc transforming into embryo

Back 354

gastrulation

Front 355

gastrulation begins when a groove with raised edges called the _______ appears on the embryonic disc

Back 355

primitive streak

Front 356

the first cells to enter the primitive streak displace the ________ and form the _____

Back 356

hypoblast cells of the yolk sac

endoderm

Front 357

as soon as the mesoderm is formed, the cells beneath the primitive streak aggregate to form the ______

Back 357

notochord

Front 358

________ = the first axial support of the embryo

Back 358

notochord

Front 359

the ectoderm forms the ______ and____

Back 359

nervous system

skin epidermis

Front 360

the endoderm forms the:

Back 360

epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems and associated glands

Front 361

_______ is a mesenchyme which is an embryonic tissue with star shaped cells that migrate within the embryo

Back 361

mesoderm

Front 362

gastrulation sets the stage for the rearrangements that occur during ______

Back 362

organogenesis

Front 363

________ = formation of body organs and systems

Back 363

organogenesis

Front 364

by the end of ____ weeks, all of the adult organ systems are recognizable

Back 364

8 weeks

Front 365

the tube of the endoderm formed by the folding process is called the _________ that becomes the epithelial lining of the GI tract

Back 365

primitive gut

Front 366

the first major event in organogenesis is _______

Back 366

neurulation

Front 367

________ = the differentiation of ectoderm that produces the brain and spinal cord

Back 367

neurulation

Front 368

neurulation is induced by chemical signals from the ______

Back 368

notochord

Front 369

the ectoderm overlying the norochord thickens to form the _______ and then folds inward forming the ______

Back 369

neural plate

neural groove

Front 370

the ______ cells migrate widely and give rise to the cranial, spinal, and sympathetic ganglia

Back 370

neural crest

Front 371

the _______ cells of the adrenal medulla give rise to pigment cells of the skin, and contribute to some connective tissues

Back 371

chromaffin

Front 372

by the end of the ________ (time) the three primary brain vessicles are apparent

Back 372

1st

Front 373

the first evidence of mesodermal differential is the appearance of the ______ in the _____

Back 373

notochord

embryonic disc

Front 374

the notochord is eventually replaced by the ________

Back 374

vertebral column

Front 375

the ________ are paired mesodermal blocks that hug the notochord on either side

Back 375

somites

Front 376

there are ____ pairs of somites presens by the end of week 4

Back 376

40

Front 377

three functional parts of somites

Back 377

sclerotome

dermatome

myotome

Front 378

cells of the ______ migrate medially and gather around the notochord and neural tube to produce the vertebra and rib

Back 378

sclerotome

Front 379

_______ cells help form the dermis of the skin

Back 379

dermatome

Front 380

_______ cells form the skeletabl muscles of the neck and body trunk via their ______

Back 380

myotome

limb buds

Front 381

cells of the _______ form the gonads and kidneys

Back 381

intermediate mesoderm

Front 382

the __________ mesoderm consists of paired mesodermal plates: (2)

Back 382

lateral plate

somatic and splanchinic mesoderm

Front 383

cells of the superior mesodoerm plates help to form (3);

Back 383

- skin dermis

- parietal serosa of ventral body cavity

- tissues of the limbs

Front 384

________ cells form the heart and blood vessels and most connective tissues of the body

Back 384

mesenchymal

Front 385

the lateral mesodermal layers cooperate to form the serosae of the ________or ventral body cavity

Back 385

coelom

Front 386

the first blood cells arise in the ______

Back 386

yolk sac

Front 387

most of the blood coming through the umbilical vein enters the ________ which bypasses the liver sinusoids

Back 387

ductus venosus

Front 388

the ductus venosus empties into the _______

Back 388

inferior vena cava

Front 389

_________ opening in the interatrial septum that allows blood from the R atrium to the L atrium

Back 389

foramen ovale

Front 390

_______ trasfers most of the the R ventricle blood directly into the aorta, bypassing the pulmonary ciruit

Back 390

ductus arteriosus

Front 391

umbilical arteries branch from the ______

Back 391

intenral iliac arteries

Front 392

deoxygenated blood with metabolic wastes from the embryo is delivered back to the capillaries via the ________ of the placenta

Back 392

chorionic villi

Front 393

what is the mean duration of pregnancy

Back 393

38 weeks

Front 394

during pregnancy: female reproductive organs become engorged with blood and the vagina develops a purplish hue called ________

Back 394

chadwicks sign

Front 395

the placental production of the hormone ______ causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax, widen, and become more flexible

Back 395

relaxin

Front 396

as placenta enlarges, it secretes increasing amounts of _____ and _____

Back 396

hPL - human placental lactogen

hCS - human chorionic somatomammotropic

Front 397

functions of hPL

Back 397

-stimulates maturation of breasts for lactation

-promotes growth of the fetus

-exerts glucose-sparing effect in mother

Front 398

nausea and vomiting of women during first few months of pregnancy is releated to:

Back 398

elevated levels of hCG, estrogens and progesterone

Front 399

_______ are factors that may cause severe congenital abormalities or fetal death - include alcohol, nicotine, and drugs

Back 399

teratogens

Front 400

accomplishments during month 3

Back 400

retina of eye present

skin obvious

liver prominent and bile sercreted

palate is fusing

blood cell formation begins in bone marrow

limbs molded

sex readily detected

Front 401

accomplishments during month 4

Back 401

cerebellum prominent

sensory organs differentiated

eyes and ears shaped

blinking of eyes and sucking motions of lips

glands in GI tract develops

kidneys attain structure

most bones are now distinct

Front 402

accomplishments during month 5

Back 402

vernix vasenosa covers body

lanugo covers skin

fetal position assumed

Front 403

accomplishments during month 6 and 7

Back 403

substantial increase in weight

myelination of spinal cord

eyes are open

skin wrinkled and red

fingernails and toenails present

bone marrow becomes sole sit of RBC formation

Front 404

________ = insufficient placental blood supply

Back 404

preeclampsia

Front 405

________ = giving birth

Back 405

parturition

Front 406

parturition occurs within _____ days of the calculated due date

Back 406

15

Front 407

rises in estrogen during last few weeks of pregnancy has 3 important consequences

Back 407

1. stimulates the myometrial cells of the uterus to form abundant oxytocin receptors

2. it promotes formation of gap junctions between the uterine smooth muscle cells

3. it antagonizes progesterones quieting influce on uterine muscle

Front 408

results of rise in estrogens on myometrial cells cause false labor contractionsknown as ______

Back 408

braxton hicks

Front 409

chemical signals as birth nears:

Back 409

fetal cells being to produce oxytocin - placenta releases prostaglandins - stimulate smooth muscle

Front 410

many studies indicated that the _______ acting as paracrines trigger the contractions of true labor and contribute to the thinning and softening of the cervix

Back 410

prostaglandins

Front 411

expulsive contractions from oxytocin and prostaglandins are aided by _______, an adhesive that binds to the tissues of the placenta and marternal tissues

Back 411

fetal fibronectin

Front 412

-hat are the major events of the dilation stage

Back 412

labors onset until the cervix is completely dilated by babys head

contractions 15-30 min apart and last 10-30sec

eventually amnion ruptures "breaking water"

longest part of labor 6-12 hours

engagement occurs

Front 413

_______ occurs when the infants head enters the true pelvis

Back 413

engagement

Front 414

what are the main events of the expulsion stage

Back 414

fulldilation to child birth

contractions every 2-3 minutes that last 1 minute

about 50 min in first birth, 20 minutes in subsequent births

crowning

Front 415

______ occurs when the largest dimension of the babies head distends the vulva

Back 415

crowning

Front 416

when crowning occurs, an ______ may be done to reduce tissue tearing

Back 416

episotomy

Front 417

in _____, an infant is in non-vertex position

Back 417

breech

Front 418

_______ is when the woman has a deformed pelvis making labor longer and more difficult

Back 418

dystocia

Front 419

what are the main events of the placental stage

Back 419

delivery of the placenta and its attached fetal membranes - called the afterbirthw

30 minutes after the birth of infant

Front 420

what are the stages of labor

Back 420

dilation

expulsion

placental

Front 421

the _______ period is the four-week period immediately after birth

Back 421

neonatal

Front 422

1-5 min after bitch, the infants physical status is assesed based on an _______: (5) things assesed

Back 422

apgar score

heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes

Front 423

crucial first requirement of a newborn

Back 423

breathing

Front 424

6-8 hours after birth is known as the _________ period - alternating periods of activity and sleep

Back 424

transitional

Front 425

umbilical vein becomes the _____ which is the:

Back 425

ligamentum teres

round ligament of the liver

Front 426

the ductus venosus becomes the ____

Back 426

ligamentum venosum on the livers undersurface

Front 427

_______ is production of milk by the mammary glands

Back 427

lactation

Front 428

______ stimulates milk secretion

Back 428

prolactin

Front 429

a delay of 2-3 days before milk production begins, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called _______

Back 429

colostrum

Front 430

describe colostrum

Back 430

less lactose than milk, almost no fat but contains more protein, vitamin A, and minerals

rich in IgA antibodies

Front 431

______ causes the let-dwon reflex in ejection of milk from the mammary glands

Back 431

oxytocin

Front 432

advantages of breast milk for infant (5)

Back 432

fats and iron better absorbed

amino acids metabolized more efficiently

chemicals IgA and lysozyme prevents infections

natural laxative effect helps cleans the bowels of meconium

encourages bacteria to colonize in large intestines (vit B and K)

Front 433

_______ = tarry green-black paste containin epithelial cells, bile and substances that are later feces

Back 433

meconium

Front 434

_________ are pairs of chromosomes - one from the father and one from the mother

Back 434

homologous chromosomes

Front 435

________ = diploid chromosomal complement displayed in homologous pairs

Back 435

karyotype

Front 436

the diploid ______ or genetic makeup represents two sets of genetic instructions

Back 436

genome

Front 437

_________ - matched genes at the same location on homologous chromosomes

Back 437

alleles

Front 438

________ = genetic make up

________ = genotype expressed

Back 438

genotype

phenotype

Front 439

what are two important points about metaphase of meiosis I

Back 439

1. the two alleles determining each trait are segregated - which means they are distributed to different gametes

2. Alleles on different pairs of homo chromos are distributed independently of each other

Front 440

_________ = mixed contributions from each parents - chromosomes exchange gene segments

Back 440

recombinant chromosomes

Front 441

why are disorders caused by dominant genes uncommon

Back 441

almost always expressed and result in the death of the embryo

Front 442

examples of recessive diseases

Back 442

albinism

cystic fibrosis

tay sachs disease

Front 443

disorder of the brain lipid metabolism causing an enzyme defecit

Back 443

tay sachs

Front 444

______ when a heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between dominant and recessiv

Back 444

incomplete dominance

Front 445

_______ is caused by a substitution of one amino acid in the beta chain of hemoglobin

Back 445

sickel cell

Front 446

example of multiple allele inheritance

Back 446

blood type

Front 447

_______ results in continuous or quantitative phenotypic variation between two extremes and explains many human charateristics

Back 447

polygene inheritance

Front 448

example of polygene inheritance

Back 448

skin color - determined by three different genes

Front 449

________ are environmentally produced phenotypes that are caused by genetic mutations

Back 449

phenocopies

Front 450

_________ small RNAs that replicate themselves and insert their copies into distance DNA sites that disable those genes

Back 450

transposons

Front 451

______ control timing of programmed cell death during development

Back 451

small RNAs

Front 452

_________ underlie genomic imprinting - maternal and paternal genes turn on or off at the same time

Back 452

epigenetic

Front 453

_________ tags genes as paternal or maternal and confers important functional differences in embry

Back 453

genomic printing

Front 454

_____ - chemical tags that bind to DNA segments and histones that determine if DNA is available for transcription

Back 454

epigenetic marks

Front 455

_____ (number) genes are in the mitochondria and are transmitted by the mother because the ovum donates all cytoplasm- this is called _____

Back 455

37 - extranuclear inheritance

Front 456

_______ traces a genetic train through several generations and helps predict the future

Back 456

pedigree

Front 457

_______ fetal testing where amniotic fluid is withrrawn

Back 457

amniosentesis

Front 458

________ - suctions bits of the chorionic willi from the placenta for examination

Back 458

chorionic villus sampling