A&p 1 Topic 4

Front 1

What are the four types of tissue?

Back 1

Epithelial

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervous Tissue

Front 2

Which type of tissue covers external surfaces, internal cavities, and some glands?

Back 2

Epithelial Tissue

Front 3

What are the germ layers?

Back 3

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Front 4

Endoderm goes on to form what organs?

Back 4

GI tract, liver, pancreas, small/large intestines, lungs, stomach

Front 5

Mesoderm goes on to form what?

Back 5

Inner skin layer (dermis), connective tissue, the heart, muscles, bones, and eurogenital system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, testes, and ovaries)

Front 6

Ectoderm goes on to form what?

Back 6

Nervous system (brain and spinal cord), sweat glands, hair, and the epidermis.

Front 7

What covers hollow organs, blood vessels, and body cavities?

Back 7

Endothelium (type of epithelium)

Front 8

What does the basal side of epithelium contain?

Back 8

Glycoproteins and collagen to connect to connective tissue

Front 9

What is opposite of the basal side?

Back 9

Apical side

Front 10

Basement membrane is formed by what?

Back 10

Basal lamina and reticular lamina

Front 11

Glands are formed by?

Back 11

Epithelial tissue

Front 12

What are the two types of epithelium?

Back 12

Proper

Glandular

Front 13

What are common characteristics between epithelial tissue?

Back 13

Little extra cellular space between cells at cell junction, avascular (no blood vessels cross), receives nutrients by diffusion and absorption by neighboring tissues, and are polar (opposite sides)

Front 14

Which side of epithelial cells can contain cilia?

Back 14

Apical side

Front 15

Epithelial tissue is the first line of defense against?

Back 15

Chemicals, physical, and biological harm

Front 16

What’s the permeability of epithelial cells?

Back 16

Selectively permeable

Front 17

Epithelial cells may secrete?

Back 17

Mucous or enzymes for defense

Front 18

Epithelial tissues have the ability to regenerate meaning?

Back 18

Able to rapidly replace dead or damaged cells

Front 19

Epithelial cells can also be innervated, meaning?

Back 19

Contain nerve fibers such as pain receptors, sensory receptors

Front 20

What are the 3 types of cell shapes?

Back 20

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Front 21

What are pseudostratified cells?

Back 21

Columnar cells that appear to be stratified due to their irregular shape, but are simple. May have cilia, good for secretion

Front 22

Squamous cells are?

Back 22

Flat and thin, most common to be stratified

Front 23

Cuboidal cells are?

Back 23

Boxy like a square, they are active in secretion and absorption

Front 24

Columnar cells are?

Back 24

Taller than wide, may have cilia, good for secretion

Front 25

What is the shape of the nucleus in squamous cells?

Back 25

Flat

Front 26

What is the shape of the nucleus in columnar cells?

Back 26

Elongated

Front 27

Simple Columnar cells may be found where?

Back 27

in the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, fallopian tubes, endometrium, and respiratory bronchioles. In essence, they are found in parts of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts where mechanical abrasion is low, but secretion and absorption are important.

Front 28

Squamous cells may be found where?

Back 28

Lungs, skin, inside the mouth

Front 29

Where can you only find transitional epithelium?

Back 29

In the bladder. Transition from cuboid cells when the bladder is empty to squamous whenever it fills

Front 30

Simple squamous cells are often found?

Back 30

In kidney tubules, alveoli of lungs, and capillaries; Where rapid passage of chemical compounds is seen (vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system)

Front 31

Simple cuboidal cells’ main function is?

Back 31

Secretion and absorption

Front 32

Simple cuboidal cells can be found in?

Back 32

Kidney tubules and ducts of glands

Front 33

What is the function of simple columnar epithelial cells?

Back 33

Absorbs; it also secretes mucous and enzymes

Front 34

Where can you find simple columnar cells?

Back 34

In some of the sections of the digestive system and the female reproductive tract (fallopian tubes); cilia on these move female eggs along the tubes

Front 35

What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar cells?

Back 35

Secretes mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus

Front 36

Where can you find pseudostratified cells?

Back 36

In the respiratory tract

Front 37

What are two types of pseudostratified cells?

Back 37

Keratinized

Non-keratinized

Front 38

What are keratinized pseudostratified cells?

Back 38

Make up our epidermis (outermost layer) and “water proof” our skin

Front 39

Pseudostratified non keratinized cells do what?

Back 39

Keep areas moist, mouth, anus, esophagus, vagina, and penis

Front 40

What is the advantage of stratified squamous cells over simple squamous?

Back 40

Very resilient protective barrier against scratching, sunburn

Front 41

Stratified cuboidal cells can be found?

Back 41

In sweat glands, salivary glands, and the mammary glands

Front 42

Stratified columnar cells who’s main function serves to secrete and protect can be found where?

Back 42

The male reproductive system (urethra) and the ducts of some glands

Front 43

What is a gland?

Back 43

Made up of one or more cells, modified to make and secrete chemical substances

Front 44

Glandular Epithelium consists of what types of glands?

Back 44

Endocrine

Exocrine

Front 45

What is the Endocrine Gland?

Back 45

Ductless gland that secretes into the tissues or fluid ( blood), used for hormones (ex. Testosterone and estrogen)

Front 46

What are examples of endocrine glands?

Back 46

Testes, ovaries, pituitary gland (brain), thyroid gland (neck), adrenal gland (kidneys), and pancreas

Front 47

What are exocrine glands?

Back 47

Have a duct that opens to external environment (mucous, saliva, sweat, and breast milk). May be unicellular (goblet cell) or multicellular

Front 48

What shape is this?

Back 48

Simple Tubular

Front 49

What shape?

Back 49

Simple alveolar (acinar)

Front 50

Which formation of glandular epithelium is not found in adults, as it is a stage of development of simple branches glands?

Back 50

Simple alveolar (acinar)

Front 51

What is the difference between simple and compound shape glandular epithelium?

Back 51

Simple only has 1 duct, compound has 3

Front 52

Where can you find simple tubular glandular epithelium?

Back 52

Sweat glands and intestinal glands

Front 53

What shape?

Back 53

Simple branched alveolar

Front 54

Where could you find simple branched alveolar glandular epithelium?

Back 54

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Front 55

Both of these are known as?

Back 55

Compound Tubular

Front 56

Where can you find compound tubular glands?

Back 56

Salivary glands in the mouth, bulbaurethral glands (male reproductive system), and testes (seminiferous tubules)

Front 57

Where can you find compound tubular glands?

Back 57

Salivary glands in the mouth, bulbaurethral glands (male reproductive system), and testes (seminiferous tubules, location of sperm production)

Front 58

Compound alveolar (acinar) form can be found where?

Back 58

Mammary glands

Front 59

What are 3 types of Glandular Secretion?

Back 59

Eccrine (Merocrine)

Apocrine

Holocrine

Front 60

Within which Glandular secretion does the secretion move to the apical surface of the cell to be released by Exocytosis

Back 60

Eccrine (Merocrine)

Front 61

Within which glandular secretion does the cell remain undamaged whenever the secretions leave?

Back 61

Eccrine (Merocrine)

Front 62

Which glandular secretion is also known as the “watery” sweat glands; found in hairless parts of our body (palms, foot soles, salivary glands in our mouth

Back 62

Eccrine (Merocrine)

Front 63

Which type of glandular secretion?

Back 63

Apocrine

Front 64

Which glandular secretions are known as puberty glands?

Back 64

Apocrine

Front 65

Where are apocrine secretions located?

Back 65

Axillary region, genital region, nipple region

Front 66

Which glandular secretion secrete their products into the hair follicles?

Back 66

Apocrine secretion; they secret organic products (proteins, lipids, steroids) and then mix with bacteria, bacteria breaks down these compounds releasing stench

Front 67

Which secretion is responsible for emotional sweating?

Back 67

Aprocrine secretions

Front 68

Which type of secretion?

Back 68

Holocrine Secretion

Front 69

Which secretion constitutes the eruption and destruction of gland cell, produces oil on skin and hair?

Back 69

Holocrine secretion

Front 70

Which secretion is known as sebaceous glands? (Produce sebum)

Back 70

Holocrine Secretion

Front 71

What is sebum?

Back 71

Oil, lubricant, in hair. Non-polar

Front 72

Acne on your back, face, or chest are caused by which secretion?

Back 72

Holocrine secretion, due to overproduction of sebum, pores get clogged

Front 73

What is “-*itis”?

Back 73

Inflammation

Front 74

What is inflammation?

Back 74

The standard and initial response of the body to injury. Limits the extent of the injury, initiates the regeneration of the damaged tissue

Front 75

What are examples of inflammation?

Back 75

Arthritis (joints)

Meningitis (nerves)

Front 76

What are the five signals are inflammation?

Back 76

Pain, Heat, Redness, Swelling, and loss of function

Front 77

After being cut, your body releases these inflammatory signals that cause what?

Back 77

Evoke vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) to increase blood flow, leading to heat and redness.

Front 78

Which vasodilator is called for increasing blood flow to an injury?

Back 78

Histamine

Front 79

After Histamine has increased blood flow to an injury, our blood vessels become leaky, which results in?

Back 79

The fluid out of the blood vessels to leak into the interstitial space, causing the tissues to swell (edema)

Front 80

What is edema?

Back 80

Swelling of tissues (post leaking from increased blood flow caused by Histamine)

Front 81

How can edema cause pain?

Back 81

The swollen tissues can press against pain receptors in the skin

Front 82

What is an NSAID?

Back 82

Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug

Front 83

How do NSAIDs stop pain?

Back 83

By stopping the synthesis of prostaglandins, thus reducing inflammation

Front 84

How do antihistamines help with allergies?

Back 84

They block histamine receptors

Front 85

What causes gray hair?

Back 85

Less melanin

Front 86

What causes wrinkles?

Back 86

Decreased elasticity due to the production of less protein (collagen and elastin protein). Tissues also become dryer and thinner

Front 87

Hearing loss is caused by?

Back 87

Losing elasticity in the ear and hair loss in the ears

Front 88

What is atrophy?

Back 88

Muscle loss

Front 89

What causes loss of memory/cognition?

Back 89

Decrease in nerve signaling communications to each other

Front 90

How do cells change with age?

Back 90

Telomeres at the ends of chromosomes shorten after every division, slowing down regeneration over time

Front 91

How are bones affected with age?

Back 91

Bone density decreases and calcium is lost (extremely important for bone health).

Front 92

How are joints affected by age?

Back 92

Joints stiffen due to the decrease in the production of synovial fluid (helps lubricate and cushions our joints). Loss of cartilage (once you lose it, it’s gone)

Front 93

Which type of epithelial tissue usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by diffusion occurs?

Back 93

Simple squamous