A&p 1 Topic 3

Front 1

Where is glycogen stored?

Back 1

Muscles and liver

Front 2

What does hemoglobin do?

Back 2

Carries oxygen throughout our body

Front 3

What type of protein are antibodies?

Back 3

Globular

Front 4

Which two protein aid in muscle contractions?

Back 4

Actin and myosin (both Globular)

Front 5

What is one difference between DNA and RNA?

Back 5

RNA has one additional Oxygen

Front 6

Non-polar molecules, gases, and small molecules move through the phospholipid bilayer by?

Back 6

Simple diffusion

(Passive transport)

Front 7

Glucose moves through the phospholipid bilayer via?

Back 7

Facilitated diffusion

(Passive transport)

Front 8

What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Back 8

Facilitated requires transport proteins

Front 9

What are two types of passive transport?

Back 9

Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

Front 10

What are the types of Endocytosis?

Back 10

Phagocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Front 11

What 3 things do all cells have?

Back 11

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

DNA

Front 12

What is the tangled spread out form of DNA?

Back 12

Chromatin

Front 13

DNA condenses into what when it is ready to divide?

Back 13

Chromosomes

Front 14

Where are ribosomes created?

Back 14

Nucleolus

Front 15

Which organelle makes ATP?

Back 15

Mitochondria

Front 16

What helps cells maintain their shape?

Back 16

Cytoskeleton

Front 17

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

Back 17

Microfilaments (Thread-like protein) & Microtubules (thin hollow tubes)

Front 18

What is going on in cells during interphase?

Back 18

Growth, DNA replication, and cell functions

Front 19

What percentage of the cell cycle is made of Mitosis and Interphase?

Back 19

Mitosis 10%

Interphase 90%

Front 20

What is the part of chromosomes where the sister chromatids are held together?

Back 20

Centromere

Front 21

What is happening during prophase?

Back 21

Chromosomes are thickening and visible. Nucleus still present in cell

Front 22

What are the stages of mitosis?

Back 22

PMAT

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Front 23

What is happening during Metaphase?

Back 23

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The nucleus has been disassembled

Front 24

What is happening during anaphase?

Back 24

Chromosomes are moving away to opposite sides via spindles attached to opposite centrioles

Front 25

What is happening during Telophase?

Back 25

Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends. New nuclei are forming at opposite ends and surround the chromosomes

Front 26

What is responsible for the final separation into two cells during mitosis?

Back 26

Cytokinesis, splitting the cytoplasm into two cells

Front 27

The human genome is split into how many pairs of chromosomes?

Back 27

23

Front 28

Chromosomes contain a long strand of DNA tightly packaged around what?

Back 28

Proteins called Histones

Front 29

After a gene switches on what is attached to the the start of the gene?

Back 29

Enzyme called RNA polymerase

Front 30

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

Back 30

Fatty acid with more than 1 double carbon bond

Front 31

What is a glycolipid?

Back 31

Lipid with carbohydrate attached

Front 32

What is a glycolipid?

Back 32

Lipid with carbohydrate attached

Front 33

What is a glycoprotein?

Back 33

Protein with a carbohydrate attached

Front 34

What is the purpose of glycolipids?

Back 34

Act as a marker between cells (mailbox)

Front 35

What is the purpose of a glycoprotein?

Back 35

Receptor for signals such as neurotransmitters or hormones

Front 36

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Back 36

Maintains its fluidity

Front 37

Where is cholesterol located within the phospholipid bilayer?

Back 37

Between the phospholipid tails

Front 38

What is the function of peripheral membrane protein?

Back 38

Break down molecules so that they can enter the cell

Front 39

What is an example of a integral membrane protein?

Back 39

Channel protein

Front 40

What kind of protein?

Back 40

Carrier protein

Front 41

What kind of protein?

Back 41

Channel protein

Front 42

Phospholipids are amphipathic, what does this mean?

Back 42

They contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Front 43

What are the types of cell connections?

Back 43

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

Tight junctions

Front 44

Cell connection that is an anchoring junction found in intercalated discs (skin and heart)

Back 44

Desmosomes

Front 45

Cell connection that are openings that let ions pass from 1 cell to the next, found in intercalated discs (heart cells)

Back 45

Gap junctions

Front 46

Cell connections that keep space between cells close together (stomach and skin)

Back 46

Tight junctions

Front 47

Which cell connection helps keep the integrity of our skin through stress or tugging?

Back 47

Desmosomes

Front 48

Which is the tightest cell connection?

Back 48

Tight junctions

Front 49

Which cell connection helps keep urine in bladder, making it water tight?

Back 49

Tight junctions

Front 50

Which cell connection is known as a communicating junction? Allows ions and small molecules to pass for intercellular communication

Back 50

Gap junctions

Front 51

Plasma membrane is selectively permeable. What will it allow to pass through easily?

Back 51

Lipids (They are non-polar)

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Alcohol

Front 52

Plasma membrane is selectively permeable. What will need help passing through because they are repelled by the hydrophobic tails?

Back 52

Glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and ions

Front 53

What are the two types of transport across the cell membrane?

Back 53

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Front 54

What is osmosis?

Back 54

Facilitated diffusion of water

Front 55

What protein is required for transport of water across the cell membrane?

Back 55

Aquaporin

Front 56

What are 4 types of passive transport?

Back 56

Simple Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Filtration

Osmosis

Front 57

What is filtration?

Back 57

Same as diffusion, but due to hydrostatic pressure. (BP and Glomerular kidney filtration)

Front 58

What are 4 types of active transport?

Back 58

Excocytosis

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Front 59

Moving a solute that is in a vesicle out of a cell, requires ATP, is called? (Neurotransmitters or waste)

Back 59

Exocytosis

Front 60

Moving a solute into a cell by engulfing it into a vesicle, requires ATP, Is called?

Back 60

Endocytosis

Front 61

What are two types of Endocytosis?

Back 61

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Front 62

What two types of cells move into a cell via phagocytosis?

Back 62

Macrophages and Neutrophils (WBC)

Front 63

Cell takes small amount of extra cellular fluid into the cell via?

Back 63

Pinocytosis

Front 64

What two forms of transport are known as bulk transport?

Back 64

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

Front 65

Sodium potassium pump is what kind of transport?

Back 65

Active Transport

Front 66

What is the issue in cystic fibrosis?

Back 66

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (integral protein) has in issue transporting Cl- ions out of the cell. These expelled ions attract cations like K+ (resulting in osmosis)

Front 67

What is the pH of Intercellular fluid?

Back 67

7.0

Front 68

What is the pH of extra cellular fluid?

Back 68

7.4

Front 69

Composition of solute and solvent is identical to ICF is considered?

Back 69

Isotonic

Front 70

Higher concentration of solutes outside of the cell than in ICF is called?

Back 70

Hypertonic, net water movement is out of the cell. Can cause cell to shrivel

Front 71

Lower concentration of solutes outside of the cell than in ICF is considered?

Back 71

Hypotonic, net water movement is in the cell. Can cause cell to burst

Front 72

What direction does water move within the concentration of solutes?

Back 72

From low concentration to high concentration

Front 73

What is the membrane enclosing the nucleus?

Back 73

Nuclear envelope, protein-lined pores allow material to move in and out

Front 74

DNA plus associated proteins is called?

Back 74

Chromatin

Front 75

What do peroxisomes do?

Back 75

Metabolize waste

Front 76

Associated with ribosomes; makes secretory and membrane proteins

Back 76

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 77

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

Back 77

Makes lipids

Front 78

What are fibrous proteins that hold organelles in place?

Back 78

Intermediate filaments

Front 79

Fibrous proteins; form the cellular cortex

Back 79

Microfilaments

Front 80

What is the function of lysosomes?

Back 80

Digests food and waste materials

Front 81

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 81

Modifies protein/ lipids. Processes material to be removed from the cell

Front 82

Which organelle adds sugar to proteins by glyosylation?

Back 82

Rough ER

Front 83

Site of protein synthesis

Back 83

Ribosomes, 2 RNA subunits to wrap around mRNA and start translation

Front 84

Protein is made in which organelle and modified in which?

Back 84

Ribosomes

Rough ER

Front 85

Which organelle synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones, stores Calcium, metabolizes some carbs, and breaks down certain toxins?

Back 85

Smooth ER

Front 86

Which organelle sorts, modifies, and ships products from rough ER?

Back 86

Golgi apparatus

Front 87

What are 2 examples of the steroid hormones the smooth ER synthesizes?

Back 87

Testosterone and Estrogen

Front 88

Which organelle contains enzymes that break down, digest, or destroy foreign materials, toxins, or even dead cells?

Back 88

Lysosomes

Front 89

The process of lysosomes releasing enzymes to destroy damaged cells is called?

Back 89

Autolysis

Front 90

What is controlled cell death?

Back 90

Apoptosis

Front 91

Where is mitochondria more common?

Back 91

Muscles and nerves

Front 92

Which organelle contains enzymes to produce H2O2 and convert it to O2 and H2O, this will detoxify the cell? Also plays a role in cell metabolism.

Back 92

Peroxisome

Front 93

What are 3 types of Cytoskeleton?

Back 93

Microtubule

Microfilaments

Intermediate filament

Front 94

Which cytoskeleton type maintains cell shape, position organelles, and form cilia and flagella?

Back 94

Microtubules

Front 95

Which cytoskeleton type consist of actin and myosin in muscles cells for contractions?

Back 95

Microfilaments

Front 96

Which cytoskeleton type resists tension on the cell?

Back 96

Intermediate filaments

Front 97

What is a difference between microfilaments and Microtubules?

Back 97

Microfilaments aid with movement within the cell and Microtubules aid with movement outside the cell

Front 98

Which cytoskeleton type plays a role in the formation of the mitotic spindle?

Back 98

Microtubules

Front 99

Peroxisomes are found in abundance in the liver because of their huge role in?

Back 99

Detoxification

Front 100

The scarring of the liver is known as?

Back 100

Cirrhosis

Front 101

What determines structure and function of a cell?

Back 101

Nucleous

Front 102

2 adjacent lipid bilayers that separate the nucleus and the cytoplasm and connects to the ER is called?

Back 102

Nuclear envelope

Front 103

What is the regulated pathway for proteins, RNA, and solutes into the Nucleus?

Back 103

Nuclear pore

Front 104

Which cells in our body do not have a nucleus?

Back 104

RBCs, in order to make more room for hemaglobin

Front 105

Which cells in our body are multi-nucleated?

Back 105

Skeletal muscle cells (smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells only have 1)

Front 106

What are the phases of interphase?

Back 106

G1, S, G2

Front 107

During G1, what are cells doing?

Back 107

Growing

Front 108

During S phase of interphase, what is happening?

Back 108

DNA synthesis

Front 109

What is happening during G2 phase of interphase?

Back 109

Cells continue to grow and prepare of mitosis

Front 110

How many chromosomes does the human cell have?

Back 110

46 chromosomes (up to 92 chromatids)

Front 111

What are homologous chromosomes?

Back 111

One set of chromosomes from each parent

Front 112

What are the roles of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?

Back 112

Prophase - starts to form

Metaphase- starts to attach to chromosomes

Anaphase- shortens

Telophase- breaks apart

Front 113

What is cyclin?

Back 113

Checkpoint in cell division

Front 114

When does the cell reach checkpoints in cell division?

Back 114

End of G1, end of G2, and end of Mitosis before cytokinesis.

Front 115

Where does transcription in DNA synthesis happen?

Back 115

Nucleus

Front 116

Where does translation in DNA synthesis happen?

Back 116

Cytoplasm

Front 117

Translation is the process of creating?

Back 117

A chain of amino acids (polypeptide)

Front 118

What is responsible for bringing anticodons during DNA synthesis?

Back 118

tRNA

Front 119

Unspecialized cells, divide without limit

Back 119

Stem cells

Front 120

Unspecialized cells, divide without limit

Back 120

Stem cells

Front 121

What are Totipotent cells?

Back 121

Can become anything

Front 122

What are pluripotent cells?

Back 122

Can become any human tissue cell

Front 123

What are multipotent cells?

Back 123

Can differentiate within a certain cell lineage (ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm)

Front 124

What are oligopotent cells?

Back 124

Can become 1 of a few different cell types

Front 125

What are untipotent cells?

Back 125

Can only make more of its own cell type

Front 126

What type of cell is fully specialized?

Back 126

Unipotent

Front 127

What is the difference between lysosomes and peroxisomes?

Back 127

Lysosomes are responsible for the intercellular digestion of cells and peroxisomes are responsible for the protection of cells against toxins (peroxide)