A&p 1 Test 2

Front 1

Synarthrosis

Back 1

Immoveable joing

1. Fibrous joint: a. Sutural joint (joints of skull) b. Gomphosis (teeth:periodontal ligament connects tooth to mand./max.)

2. Cartilage: synchondrosis; apificial plate (growth plate)

3. Bony fusions: syntosis; ilium/ischium/pubic bone

Front 2

Amphiarthrosis

Back 2

Slightly moveable joint

1. Fibrous: sydesmosis; inneroseous membranes (tib/fib, radial/ulna)

2. Cartilage: symphesis; fiber cartilage pab; pubic synthesis & intervertebral discs.

Front 3

Diarthrosis

Back 3

Freely moving joint aka synovial joint; synovial membrane lines the inside of joint secreting a viscous fluid to lubricate the joint to reduce friction.

Hint 3

1. Joint cavity

2. Hyaline cartilage

3. Joint capsule

4. Periosteum

5. Synovial membrane

Front 4

Functions of muscle tissue

Back 4

1. Movement

2. Protection

3. Produce heat

4. Guarding entrances/exits

5. Maintain posture/position

6. Maintain body temp

Front 5

Types of muscles

Back 5

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

Front 6

Superficial fascia

Back 6

Loose connective tissue just below the skin that attaches the skin to the deeper tissues

Hint 6

What we pulled apart when skinning the cat

Front 7

Epimysium

Back 7

Outer dense regular connective tissue surrounds the muscle belly. Shrink wrapping the muscle, also makes up tendons

Front 8

Perimysium

Back 8

Is a combination of collagen and elastic fibers surrounding muscle bundles. Separates muscles into muscle fascicle.

Front 9

Endomysium

Back 9

Collagen fiber layer that surrounds each muscle fiber/cell

Front 10

Muscle fiber/cell

Back 10

Contractile unit of a muscle made up of 100's-1000's or contractile proteins. Multinucleated because many myoblasts fused to create.

Front 11

Myofibril

Back 11

Long proteins that contract inside muscle fiber/cell

Front 12

Sarcomere

Back 12

Functional contractile unit of the myofibril. Repetitive.

Front 13

Myosin

Back 13

Thick filament. ATP binds to the head. Head splits ATP into ADP+P which cocks the head into open position, many ___ molecules form on thick ___ filament.

Hint 13

Front 14

Actin

Back 14

Thin filament. Consists of two twisted protein strands with active sites located on these strands that allow it to bind to the myosin head.

Front 15

Tropomyosin

Back 15

Filamentous (long) strand of protein that covers the active site on the actin when muscle is at rest. Prevents cross bridge binding of myosin and actin.

Front 16

Troponin

Back 16

Globular protein that attaches to tropomyosin. When calcium binds to ___ the ___ will rotate tropomyosin off the active sites on actin for muscle contraction.

Front 17

Sliding filament theory step 1.

Back 17

1. Calcium binds to troponin, rotating tropomyosin off active sites of actin. Myosin head is cocked in open position (from the splitting of ATP)

Hint 17

Front 18

Sliding filament theory step 2.

Back 18

2. Crossbridging occurs between active site on actin and myosin head.

Hint 18

Front 19

Sliding filament theory step 3.

Back 19

3. Myosin head pivots or ratchets toward the center of the sarcomere. Pulling the z lines closer together causing contraction. (ADP+P are released at this point)

Hint 19

Front 20

Sliding filament theory step 4.

Back 20

4. Crossbridging detachment- the bond remains intact until the myosin head binds with another ATP molecule. (Rigor mortis;there is no more ATP production, so muscle will remain contracted until enzymes break it down.)

Front 21

Sliding filament theory step 5

Back 21

5. Myosin activation; the free myosin head splits the ATP into ADP+P which re-cocks the head again for the next cycle. The cycle stops when calcium levels return to low levels.

Front 22

Back 22

1. Sarcolemma: cell membrane surrounding 2. Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm or muscle. 3. Endomysium. 4. Satellite cell: involved in muscle repair and regeneration. 5. Mitochondria. 6. Nuclei 7. Myofibril: attaches to sarcolemma at each end and in their contraction shortens the entire cell.