A&p 1: 7-10

Front 1

Latent Period

Back 1

Period of time between stimulation and the onset of muscle contraction.

Front 2

Mechanical Disadvantage

Back 2

Condition that occurs when the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum

Front 3

Ramus

Back 3

Branch of a nerve, artery, vein, or bone.

Front 4

Articular Capsule

Back 4

Double-layered capsule composed of an outer layer of capsule lined by synovial membrane; encloses The Joint cavity of a synovial joint.

Front 5

Origin

Back 5

Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.

Hint 5

Where it begins.

Front 6

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Back 6

Sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments.

Front 7

Actin

Back 7

A contractile protein of muscle.

Front 8

Lamina

Back 8

A thin layer or flat plate; the portion of a vertebra between the transverse process and the spinous process.

Front 9

Circumduction

Back 9

Movement of a body part so that it outlines a cone in space.

Hint 9

Circles

Front 10

Acetylcholine

Back 10

Chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings.

Hint 10

ACh

Front 11

Mandible

Back 11

Lower jawbone; u-shaped, largest bone of the face.

Front 12

Hernia

Back 12

Abnormal protrusion of an organ or body part through the containing one of its cavity.

Front 13

Fovea

Back 13

A pit.

Front 14

Myogram

Back 14

A graphic recording of mechanical contractile activity produced by an apparatus that measures muscle contraction.

Front 15

Rotation

Back 15

The Turning of a bone around its own long axis.

Front 16

Endomysium

Back 16

The connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell.

Front 17

Fascia

Back 17

Layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscle.

Front 18

Acetylcholinesterase

Back 18

Enzyme present at the neuromuscular Junction and synapses that degrades acetylcholine and terminates its action.

Front 19

Perimysium

Back 19

Connective tissue that bundle of muscle fibers into fascicles.

Front 20

Cartilaginous Joints

Back 20

Bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity is present.

Front 21

Dislocation

Back 21

Occurs when bones are forced out of their normal alignment at a joint.

Front 22

Contraction

Back 22

To shorten or develop tension, an ability highly developed in muscle cells.

Front 23

Summation

Back 23

Accumulation of effects, especially those of muscular, sensory, or mental stimuli.

Front 24

Motor Unit

Back 24

A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates.

Front 25

Aponeurosis

Back 25

Fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves.

Front 26

Visceral Muscle

Back 26

Type of smooth muscle; its cells contract as a unit and rhythmically, are electrically coupled by gap junctions, and often exhibit spontaneous action potentials. Also called unitary smooth muscle.

Front 27

Myofibril

Back 27

Rodlike bundle of contractile elements found in muscle fibers.

Front 28

Ligament

Back 28

Band of regular fibrous tissue that connects bones.

Front 29

Atrophy

Back 29

Reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use.

Front 30

Insertion

Back 30

Movable attachment of a muscle.

Front 31

Syndesmosis

Back 31

A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or sheet of fibrous tissue.

Front 32

Axial

Back 32

Relating to the head, neck, and trunk; one of the two major divisions of the body.

Front 33

Articulation (Joint)

Back 33

The junction of two or more bones.

Front 34

Vertebral Column (Spine)

Back 34

Forms of a number of individual bones called vertebrae and two composite bones: sacrum and coccyx.

Front 35

Calcaneal Tendon

Back 35

Tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the heelbone.

Front 36

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 36

Specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.

Front 37

Acetabulum

Back 37

Cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the femur.

Front 38

Peristalsis

Back 38

Progressive, wave-like contractions that move food through the alimentary tube organs.

Front 39

Fascicle

Back 39

Bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue.

Front 40

Graded Muscle Responses

Back 40

Variations in the degree of muscle contraction by changing either the frequency or strength of the stimulus.

Front 41

Pronation

Back 41

Inward rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulnapalms face posteriorly.

Front 42

Agonist

Back 42

Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; a prime mover.

Front 43

Bursitis

Back 43

Inflammation of a bursa.

Front 44

Muscular Dystrophy

Back 44

A group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases.

Front 45

Creatine Phosphate

Back 45

Compound that serves as an alternative energy source for muscle tissue.

Front 46

Aerobic Respiration

Back 46

Respiration in which oxygen is consumed in glucose is broken down entirely.

Front 47

Tendon

Back 47

Cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone.

Front 48

Myosin

Back 48

One of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle.

Front 49

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 49

Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a muscle cell.

Front 50

Sarcomere

Back 50

The smallest contractile unit of a muscle.

Front 51

Fulcrum

Back 51

This fixed point on which a lever moves when a force is applied.

Front 52

Anaerobic

Back 52

Not requiring oxygen.

Front 53

Adduct

Back 53

To move toward the midline of the body.

Front 54

Muscle Tension

Back 54

The force exerted by a contracting muscle on some object.

Front 55

Meatus

Back 55

External opening of a canal.

Front 56

Sarcolemma

Back 56

The plasma membrane surface of a muscle fiber.

Front 57

Tetanus

Back 57

A smooth, sustained muscle contraction resulting from high-frequency stimulation.

Front 58

Myoblasts

Back 58

Embryonic mesoderm cells from which muscle fibers develop.

Front 59

Fixator

Back 59

Muscle that immobilizes one or more bones, allowing other muscles to act from a stable base.

Front 60

Anaerobic Threshold

Back 60

The point at which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis.

Front 61

Threshold Stimulus

Back 61

Weakest stimulus capable of producing a response in an irritable tissue.

Front 62

Excitability

Back 62

Ability to respond to stimuli.

Front 63

Flexion

Back 63

Movement that decreases the angle of the joint.

Hint 63

Bending of the knee from a straight to an angled position.

Front 64

Epimysium

Back 64

Sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle.

Front 65

Lumbar Vertebrae

Back 65

The five vertebrate the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

Hint 65

Commonly called the small of the back.

Front 66

Sarcoplasm

Back 66

The nonfibrillar cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

Front 67

Prime Mover

Back 67

Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; an agonist.

Front 68

Synovial Joint

Back 68

Freely movable joint exhibiting a joint cavity; also called a diarthrosis.

Front 69

Isometric Contraction

Back 69

Contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its internal intention increases.

Front 70

Isotonic Contraction

Back 70

Contraction in which muscle tension remains constant at a given load, and the muscle shortens.

Front 71

Synergist

Back 71

Muscle that aids the action of a prime mover by affecting the same movement or by stabilizing joints across which the prime mover acts, preventing undesirable movements.

Front 72

Cervical Vertebrae

Back 72

The seven vertebrae of the vertebral column located in the neck.

Front 73

Glycolysis

Back 73

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Front 74

Fontanelles

Back 74

Fibrous membranes at the angles of cranial bones that accommodate growth in the fetus and infant.

Front 75

Synostosis

Back 75

Be completely ossified joint; fused joint.

Front 76

Abduction

Back 76

To move away from the midline of the body.

Front 77

Synchondrosis

Back 77

A joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage.

Front 78

Bursa

Back 78

A fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid.

Front 79

Myoglobin

Back 79

Oxygen-binding pigment in muscle.

Front 80

Intracapsular Ligament

Back 80

Ligament located within and separate from the articular capsule of a synovial joint.

Front 81

Suture

Back 81

And immovable fibrous joint.

Front 82

Fibrous Joints

Back 82

Bones joined by fibrous tissue.

Front 83

Synarthrosis

Back 83

Immovable joint.

Front 84

Symphysis

Back 84

A joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage.

Front 85

Muscle Tone

Back 85

Low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscle.

Front 86

Sprain

Back 86

Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.

Front 87

Extension

Back 87

Movement increases the angle of a joint.

Hint 87

Straightening of a flexed knee.

Front 88

Muscle Twitch

Back 88

The response of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus.

Front 89

Aerobic Endurance

Back 89

The length of time of muscle can continue to contract use aerobic pathways.

Front 90

Diarthrosis

Back 90

Freely movable joint.

Front 91

Dyskinesia

Back 91

Disorders of muscle tone, posture, or involuntary movements.

Front 92

Contractility

Back 92

Muscle cell's ability to move by shortening.

Front 93

Lactic Acid

Back 93

Product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle.

Front 94

Supination

Back 94

The outward rotation of the forearm causing palms to face anteriorly.

Front 95

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Back 95

Energy-yielding conversion of glucose to lactic acid in various tissues when sufficient oxygen is not available.

Front 96

T Tubules (Transverse Tubules)

Back 96

Extension of the muscle cell plasma membrane that protrudes deeply into the muscle cell.

Front 97

Amphiarthrosis

Back 97

A slightly movable joint.

Front 98

Action Potential

Back 98

Large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve fiber.

Front 99

Antagonist

Back 99

Muscle that reverses, or opposes, the action of another muscle.

Front 100

Bones of the Skull

Back 100

Frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, Sphenoid bone, Ethmoid bone, Inferior Nasal Concha, Vomer, Nasal bone, Lacrimal bone, Maxilla, Palatine, Zygomatic bone, Mandible

Front 101

Vertebrae

Back 101

C1, C2, Cervical Vertebrae, Thoracic Vertebrae, Lumbar Vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx

Front 102

C1 Vertebra

Back 102

Atlas

Front 103

C2 Vertebra

Back 103

Axis

Front 104

Thoracic cage

Back 104

Sternum, True Ribs, False Ribs, Floating Ribs

Front 105

Sutures of the Skull

Back 105

Coronal, Sagittal, Squamous, Lambdoid

Front 106

Parts of the Temporal Bone

Back 106

Styloid Process, Mastoid Process, External Auditory Meatus, Zygomatic Process

Front 107

Parts of the Occipital Bone

Back 107

Foramen Magnum, Occipital Condyle, External Occipital Protuberance, Jugular Foramen

Front 108

Parts of the Sphenoid Bone

Back 108

Sella Turcica, Greater Wings, Lesser Wings, Sphenoid Sinus, Body, Pterygoid Processes, Optic Foramen

Front 109

Parts of the Ethmoid Bone

Back 109

Perpendicular Plate, Crista Galli, Ciribriform Plate, Ethmoid Air Cells, Superior Nasal Concha, Middle Nasal Concha

Front 110

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Back 110

Skull (Cranium & Facial Bones), Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage (Ribs & Sternum), Sacrum

Front 111

Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Back 111

Pectoral Girdle (Clavicle & Scapula), Upper Limb (Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Phalanges, Metacarpals, & Carpals), Pelvic Girdle, Lower Limb (Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, & Phalanges)

Front 112

Coronal Suture

Back 112

Connects Parietal bones with Frontal bone

Front 113

Sagittal Suture

Back 113

Connects Parietal bones

Front 114

Lambdoid Suture

Back 114

Connects Parietal bones with Occipital bone

Front 115

Squamous Suture

Back 115

Connects Parietal bones with Temporal bones

Front 116

Fossa

Back 116

Large shallow depression of bone

Front 117

Foramen

Back 117

Opening or hole in bone

Front 118

Canal

Back 118

Narrow passage or channel of bone

Front 119

Condyle

Back 119

Rounded protuberance forming articulation with another bone

Front 120

Protuberance

Back 120

A thing that protrude from something else

Front 121

Crest

Back 121

Prominent Ridge

Front 122

Process

Back 122

Projection or outgrowth

Front 123

Spine

Back 123

Sharp slender projection

Front 124

Notch

Back 124

V-shaped indentation

Front 125

Angle

Back 125

Projecting corner

Front 126

Ramus

Back 126

Long branch-like projection

Front 127

Epicondyle

Back 127

Projection over a condyle

Front 128

Border

Back 128

Linear Ridge

Front 129

Facet

Back 129

Small shallow depression articulating with another bone

Front 130

Groove

Back 130

Depression that accommodates a structure

Front 131

Head

Back 131

Rounded end of bone

Front 132

Line

Back 132

Narrow Ridge less prominent than a crest

Front 133

Meatus

Back 133

Tube-like opening that forms a tunnel or canal

Front 134

Trochanter

Back 134

Large rough process of femur

Front 135

Tubercle

Back 135

Rounded projection usually blunt and irregular

Front 136

Tuberosity

Back 136

Large rounded rough projection

Front 137

Bones of the Orbits

Back 137

Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Palatine, Frontal

Front 138

Arches of the Foot

Back 138

Medial Longitudinal Arch, Transverse Arch, Lateral Longitudinal Arch