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11 Cards in this Set
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Antibiotics are and meet your class of natural and synthetic pharmaceutical agents that killed or inhibit the growth of infection, causing microorganisms (bacteria) |
Bacteria: Single celled organisms that occur in almost all environments |
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The bodies immune system fights back to destroy the bacteria, usually resulting in fever and inflammation. This is also called the body's defense mechanism |
Two types of antibiotic 1- bactericidal agent: kills the invading organism 2- bacteriostatic agent: inhibits growth or multiplication of bacteria |
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Broad spectrum antibiotic - also called empirical treatment, effective against multiple organisms |
Parenteral form of antibiotics should be mixed exactly as directed by the manufactures. If mixed inappropriately, the drugs can be ineffective or may cause tissue or vein irritation, renal failure, or even death. After counting oral forms of antibiotics swab the counting tray with alcohol before placing a new drug on the tray to prevent cross-contamination, especially with penicillin and sulfa drugs |
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Antibiotic resistance occurs due to overuse and misuse , Broad spectrum antibiotics are sometimes prescribed before the infectious agent has been identified. Also patients often do not complete an antibiotic regimen. This allows the stronger bacteria to develop a resistant strain, if infection recurs it is more difficult to treat |
Sulfonamides: oldest antibiotics on the market, bacteriostatic drugs that are effective against a broad range of micro organisms Interrupts a specific step in the pathway for making vitamin B nine which is needed in making DNA Uses: Urinary tract infections Otitis media Ulcerative colitis Lower respiratory infections
Side effects: Rash Nausea Drug fever Vomiting Jaundice Blood complications Kidney damage Stevens Johnson syndrome |
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Penicillin: A group of highly effective antibiotics with extremely low toxicity Kills bacteria by preventing them from forming the rigid cell walls needed for survival Uses: Abscesses Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Respiratory infections Strep throat
Side effects: Diarrhea
Penicillin allergy affects 7-10% of the population Itchy mild rash Wheezing |
Cephalosporin: mechanism of action similar to penicillin, but they differ in antibacterial spectrum, resistance to beta-lactamase and pharmacokinetics
Uses: Oral infections Heart and pacemaker procedures Neurosurgical procedures Orthopedic surgery Upper respiratory and sinus infections Meningitis Intra abdominal infections
Side effects: Diarrhea |
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Tetracycline: this group of drugs is produced by soil organisms, inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomes. The drug suppress the infection but they require phagocytosis to complete the eradication of the bacteria.
Uses: Acne Anthrax Chronic bronchitis Lyme disease Walking pneumonia Rocky Mountain spotted fever Some stds
Side effects: Gastrointestinal upset Nausea Vomiting
Side notes: Should not be taken with antacids or laxatives Avoid sun exposure Avoid dairy Do not use after expiration Must be avoided by pregnant or nursing women and children |
Macrolide: bacteriostatic agents used to treat pulmonary infections caused by legionella and gram positive organisms
Inhibit protein synthesis by combining with ribosomes
Uses: Chlamydia Group a beta Legionnaires disease M pneumonia S pneumonia
Side effects: Gastrointestinal distress
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Ketolide : Block protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits, and they may also inhibit the formation of newly forming ribosomes
Uses: Bacterial infections in lungs and sinuses
Patients should not drive while taking this drug, it can cause blurred vision or difficulty focusing |
Quinolone Have a strong, rapid bacteriocidal action against most Gram negative and gram-positive bacteria
They antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and replicating bacterial DNA during growth, causing DNA breakage and cell death
Uses: Bone/ joint infections Infectious diarrhea Ophthalmic infections Some stds Upper respiratory infections Urinary tract infections
Side effects: Nausea and vomiting Joint swelling Dizziness Unpleasant taste
Special notes: Cannot take with antacids Avoid sun exposure Can cause joint problems Not for children or pregnant women |
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Streptogramins: used to treat Gram positive vancomycin and methicillin resistant infections
Inhibit protein synthesis within the bacterial ribosomes
Side effects: Nausea Vomiting Joint swelling Dizziness |
Aminoglycoside: commonly used to treat serious infections, exert their bacteriocidal action by binding to ribosomal sub units , inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis
Uses: Most common drugs prescribed to treat life-threatening infections due to gram-negative aerobes, sepsis, immunocompromised patients and peritonitis
Side effects Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity |
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Cyclic lipopeptide: find to bacterial membranes and cause the cell membrane to depolarize, thus leading to an inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. Bacterial death follows.
Uses: Hypotension Insomnia Rash Constipation Nausea Diarrhea
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Vancomycin: interferes with bacterial wall synthesis Has been overused, bacterial resistance to this drug is increasing
Uses: Dialysis patients Endocarditis Staph infections
Special note: Can be Ototoxic and nephrotoxic. Neutropenia can also be a problem. |
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Clindamycin (cleocin): broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis
Uses: Acne Anaerobic pneumonia Bone infections Bowel infections Female genital infections Intra abdominal infections
Side effects: Bloody diarrhea ( must discontinue drug) |
Metronidazole ( Flagyl) : effective against fungi and Protozoa as well as bacteria.
Used primarily to treat trichomanas infections on the vaginal canal and cervix and of the male urethra. Other uses: Amoebic dysentery Intestinal infections STDs
Side effects: Metallic taste Diarrhea Alcohol intolerance Rash May discolor urine
Special notes: Do not drink with alcohol |
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Pentamidine (nebupent, pentam) : used as a second line agent for pneumocystis Carnii
Mechanism of action is unknown
Side effects: May develop sudden hypotension
Special note: Patients who develop wheezing or coughing during therapy may benefit by pretreatment with a bronchodilator |
Linezolid (zyvox) : first oxazolidinone to be approved by the FDA. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Uses: Treats MRSA Treats VRE
Drug must be protected from light .. |
