Anthropology Final

Front 1

Define Social Stratification

Back 1

A system where two or more categories of people are ranked high or low to each other and have differential access to wealth and statues.

Front 2

What are the two systems of social stratification

Back 2

-Class system
-Social mobility

Front 3

Social Stratification is related to _______ ________.

Back 3

Social Complexity

Front 4

Has any society ever devised a successful means of organizing a large population without stratification and inequality?

Back 4

NO

Front 5

What are two perspectives of social stratification?

Back 5

-Functionalism
-Conflict Theory

Front 6

Define functionalism.

Back 6

A theoretical perspective that focuses on finding general laws that identify different elements of society, show how they relate to each other and demonstrate their role in maintaining social work.

Front 7

What motivates people from a functionalist prospective (2 things)?

Back 7

-Doctors and Lawyers

Front 8

What are 3 negative effects according to functionalism?

Back 8

-Inequalities in pay
-Level playing fields do not exist
-Resentments

Front 9

Define conflict theory.

Back 9

Social stratification causes conflict which leads to social instability and could lead to social change.

Front 10

_____ ______ results from the constant struggle for scarce goods and services in complex societies.

Back 10

Conflict Theory

Front 11

Inequalities exist because those individuals and groups who have acquired power, wealth, and prestige use their assets and their power to maintain what?

Back 11

-Power
-Control

Front 12

When attempts to establish dominance falter or are_______ , elites may fall back on the threat of force or its actual use to maintain the status quo. If that doesn’t work, then _________ in society can occur (i.e. Civil Rights Movement).

Back 12

Rebellion, Change

Front 13

Stratification is the result of the complex interaction of what 3 things?

Back 13

-Power
-Wealth
-Prestige

Front 14

Define power.

Back 14

the ability to control resources for owns interest

Front 15

In what 3 ways do anthropologists study power?

Back 15

-examining its resources
-the channel through which it is exercised
-how it is deployed to achieving.

Front 16

Define wealth.

Back 16

the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing these resources

Front 17

Karl Marx differentiated two main social classes in a capitalist society on the basis of wealth. What are they? Define them?

Back 17

-Power: the ability to impose one’s will on others.
-Prestige: social honor or respect

Front 18

Define prestige.

Back 18

-social honor or respect

Front 19

Does wealth equal prestige and prestige equal wealth?

Back 19

NO

Front 20

What is one of the most important sources of prestige in the U.S.?

Back 20

-Occupation

Front 21

Ascribed status is based on what? Know examples of an ascribed status.

Back 21

-Birth
-Example: caft system

Front 22

It is also a closed stratification system; define this term.

Back 22

-little or no possibility of social mobility (the class you were born into)

Front 23

Achieved status is ideally based on what? Know examples of an achieved status.

Back 23

-Ideally based on a person’s own efforts. Example: professor, criminal, wife, and husband.

Front 24

It is also an open stratification system; define this term.

Back 24

-Possibility of social mobility (moving up and down)

Front 25

Most societies contain only one. True or False?

Back 25

-FALSE; they contain both

Front 26

Define class

Back 26

It is a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige, and who are ranked high or low in relation to each other.

Front 27

In a class system, the different strata (classes) are not sharply separated from one another, but rather, form a ________.

Back 27

-Continuum

Front 28

In a class system, is social mobility possible?

Back 28

Possible for ALL

Front 29

In a class system, social mobility is based on what?

Back 29

-Realities

Front 30

Define the “American Dream.”

Back 30

-The idea that self-sufficiency and social success perhaps even great wealth and power is possible for all.

Front 31

What 3 things is the “American Dream” tied to?

Back 31

-Individualism
-Work ethic
-Individuals can control the circumstances of their lives

Front 32

_______ is the most important determinant of social class and serves as the basis for family economic security.

Back 32

Income

Front 33

In what 3 ways does class impact our lives?

Back 33

-Good health
-Quality health care in illness
-Life span

Front 34

Members of the same class tend to share similar ideals. True or False?

Back 34

True

Front 35

Define caste systems. Is there social mobility in a caste system?

Back 35

-Based on birth or ascribed
-No social mobility

Front 36

Why are caste systems considered to be a closed stratification system?

Back 36

-Caste is hereditary
-Marriage is hereditary

Front 37

Is the Indian caste system related to Hindu beliefs and rituals?

Back 37

-Yes

Front 38

Know all 5 caste categories and jobs traditionally associated with them.

Back 38

-Brahmins (priest/intellectuals)
-Kshatriyas (Warriors/rulers)
-Vaisyas(merchants)
-Shundras(artisans/menial workers)
-Dalits (spiritually polluting work)

Front 39

Does the caste system have strict rules of behavior?

Back 39

-Yes. Ex: cannot eat with different caste. They are segregated

Front 40

When was the dalit caste outlawed?

Back 40

-1950

Front 41

Race does NOT exist biologically. True or False?

Back 41

-TRUE

Front 42

Race is a ______ ______ based on perceived physical differences.

Back 42

Cultural Construction

Front 43

Know the Great Chain of Being. From highest to lowest on the chain.

Back 43

-(Highest)
--God
--Angelic Beings and Angels
--Humans or humanity
--Animals
--Plants
-(Lowest)--Mineral

Front 44

Define monogenism and polygenism.

Back 44

-Monogenism: belief in only one creation
-Polygenism: belief in several creations

Front 45

How many sub-species did Carolus Linnaues come up with?

Back 45

-4 Sub-Species
--Homo Sapiens americanus (Native Americans)
--Homo Sapiens Asiaticus (Asians)
--Homo Sapiens Afer (African)
--Homo Sapiens Eropaeus (European)

Front 46

What did Johann Friedrich Blumenbach base his races on? How many of them were there? What are they?

Back 46

-Race differences are not static and are the result of climate
-5 races
--Caucasians
--Monogolians (Asians)
--Ethiopians (Africans)
--Americans
--Malays

Front 47

According to racial thinking in the 18th century, natives were seen as “noble savages.” What does this mean?

Back 47

-person is a savage because they haven’t been exposed to the culture.

Front 48

What are three keywords of 19th century racial thinking?

Back 48

-Capitalism
-Progress
-Evolution/Polygenism

Front 49

How did racial thinkers of the 19th century conceive of “others.”

Back 49

-Non-Humanity of the others

Front 50

What three things did Franz Boas believe (according to the slide).

Back 50

-No evolutionary scale of races/cultures
-Concerned with human equality
-Attacked notions of race and “progress”

Front 51

Define social race.

Back 51

-when race labels are used to describe cultural rather than biological differences

Front 52

In the U.S. race is culturally constructed largely on the basis of a few observable traits such as…

Back 52

-Skin color
-Hair texture
-Presumed ancestry

Front 53

The U.S. system of racial stratification primarily divides people into what two categories?

Back 53

-Black and White

Front 54

How does “race” impact health in the U.S.?

Back 54

-Clearly linked to unequal treatment & health care
-Medical insurance

Front 55

Does Brazil have an extremely complex racial classification system?

Back 55

-YES

Front 56

What are the 3 main distinctions of race in Brazilian culture?

Back 56

-Blanco (white)
-Preta (Black)
-Parda (Brown, or partial African ancestry

Front 57

Define ethnicity and ethnic boundaries.

Back 57

-Ethnicity: Perceived differences such as culture, religion, language, and national origin by which groups distinguish themselves and are distinguished by others in the same social environments.

-Ethnic Boundaries: Preserved cultural attributes by which groups distinguish themselves from others.

Front 58

What is a nation-state and what do its members popularly feel they all have in common (5 things)?

Back 58

-Governments and territories that are identified with relatively culturally homogenous populations and national histories
----Descent
----Language
----Culture
----History
----Territory

Front 59

How does a nation-state construct a national identity (3 ways)?

Back 59

-Drawing boundaries between spatially defines insiders & outsiders
-Attaching people
-Education, law & the media

Front 60

Define assimilation and multiculturalism.

Back 60

-Assimilation: the view that immigrants should abandon their cultural distinctiveness and become main strain Americans (or whatever country you’re in)
-Multiculturalism: embraces cultural diversity as a positive value that adds richness to a society

Front 61

What is the world a result of?

Back 61

-the result of historical process that have moved wealth & power from one are of the world to another.

Front 62

What two areas were the centers of the world in the 15th century?

Back 62

-Middle East & Asia

Front 63

What drove colonization?

Back 63

-Religions faith
-Greed (money)
-New social arrangements
-New technologies

Front 64

Define monoculture plantation, joint stock company, and the caravel; all of which are aspects of the above “drivers” of colonization.

Back 64

-Monoculture plantation: Plantations that are focused on growing only one crop.
-Joint stock company: a firm that is managed by a centralized board of directors but is owned by shareholders.
-Caravel: a ship that can sail into the wind

Front 65

What made colonialism successful?

Back 65

-slave labor
-Joint stock company
-Political/military maneuvering

Front 66

Why did people colonize (3 reasons)?

Back 66

-“Civilizing mission”
-Increase wealth
-Protect their trade

Front 67

In our modern world, the greatest ‘distances’ in society are created by what?

Back 67

-Inequality

Front 68

What are some examples of our increasing homogeneity?

Back 68

-Bottles of soda, radio, CD player found almost everywhere
-Internet & Cell phones connect

Front 69

What are the two disparities provided in class as examples of our increasingly divided world?

Back 69

-Quality & Quantity life
(Japan life expectancy live 82 yrs. Africa avg. life expectancy is 37 years)

Front 70

The end of colonial rule brought about numerous challenges, name a few.

Back 70

-Poverty
-Urbanization
-Population growth
-Problems of immigrants & emigrant
-War & instability