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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
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1) Using the Trobriand Islanders as an example, explain how kinship relations act as important building blocks for culture and society, and how they permit communities to renew themselves in every generation. Support your answer w/ specific examples from the readings and lectures.
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2.) Define the terms "dependence training" and "independence training" and identify their roles in the enculturation of children. How does each form of training affect an adult person's sense of group membership? Support your answer w/ examples from the readings and lectures.
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3.) There are 4 ways in which people organize themselves outside of kinship. Identify and define the 4 ways. Are any of the 4 ways universal? Illustrate each definition w/ a specific cultural example from your textbook or the lectures. (ch. 6, p.181)
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•Clan: a descent group consisting of two or more lineages that trace their origin to a mythical ancestor.
•Phratry: a group of two or more clans that have a tie to one another, often based on a historical relationship; obligations and rights are expected b/w clans in this relationship. •Moiety: an association that divides a society in half. Moiety affiliation is inherited unilineally and carries obligations to other members. •Segmentary Lineages: found in some large food-producing socieities seems to function in the same way as teh clan and phratry. Instead of progressively larger groupings, however, the segementary lineage system consists of smaller sublineage sets. Ex: large african tribes (Nuer). |
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4.) There are 4 forms of political organization: Bank, Tribe, Chiefdom, and State. Define the political characteristics of each, and identify their associated food production systems. Why does population size affect political organizational complexity? Support your answer w/ examples from the textbook and lectures.
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•Band: a type of society common in foraging groups and marked by egalitarian social structure and lack of specialization.
•Tribe: a type of society marked by egalitarian social structure, based on horticultural and pastoral economies, and integrated by various types of kinship organizations and sodalities. •Chiefdom: a type of society with a hereditary office of chief, most commonly hereditary, social ranking, and a redistributive economy. •State: a type of society characterized by a political structure w/ authority that is legally constituted. |
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5.) Throughout the semester we have seen that variation in population size can be one explanation for variation in social organizational complexity. Apply this concept to the relationship b/w food production and political organization. You answer should include definitions of the major subsistence techniques and the basic forms of political organization. Support your answer w/ specific examples from the textbooks and lectures.
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6.) Define the term "rite of passage," and explain the 3 stages that a person passes through to accomplish the goals of the ritual. Illustrate your answer using Trobriand Mortuary rituals, AND one additional example from your own life.
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•Rites of Passage: rituals associated w/ the social movement of an individual from one culturally defined role and status to another during the passage from birth to death.
•Separation, Transition, and Reincorporation are the 3 stages. |
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7.) Define the term "rite of intensification." What are the goals of these rituals; under what conditions are they held? Illustrate your answer using Trobriand Kula trade AND one additional example from your own life. (CH. 11, p. 260)
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•Rites of Intensification: rituals, often seasonal, that reinforce group solidarity, cultural values, and group social and political status relationships.
•Goals: Reinforcement of solidarity, more solidarity, reinforcement of cultural values, and status affirmation. |
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8.) Religion and art are 2 ways that people maintain and express social identity and social order. Define each term, and explain their interrelationships in maintaining and expressing social identity and social order. Support your answer w/ examples from the readings and lectures.
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9.) Define the following 10 mechanisms of cultural change: innovation, diffusion, cultural loss, acculturation, genocide, ethnocide, directed change, reaction of repressive change, rebellion and revolution, and modernization. Illustrate each definition w/ an example from either THE TROBRIANDERS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA, or you textbook, or the lectures.
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10.) When we first arrived in the Trobriand, Islands, Annette Weiner expected to find a society that had changed dramatically since the first Anthropologist, Bronislaw Malinowski, did his field work there in th eearly 1900s. Instead Weiner found that the Trobrianders had been surprisingly conservative and had resisted the potential changes created by missionaries, two World Wars, and European economic ventures. Which culture change mechanisms did she expect to have been at work; identify specific examples? How does she explain Trobriander conservatism? Support your answer w/ specific examples from THE TROBRIAND ISLANDERS.
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READ WIKI: TROBRIANDER'S NEW GUINEA PAPUA
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