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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agricultural Revolution |
Before 10,000 yBP hunting and gathering - Pleistocene cold and dry Holocene warm and wet -domestication: control of animal and plant growth cycles - neolithic period |
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Agricultural Revolution PT2
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- important adaptive transition (bipedal, speech) - 99.8% of human evolution we have been foragers |
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Why Agriculture? |
1. climate change 2. population pressure - agriculture developed with popn increase - more food needed than H&G could provide - necessity for survival - food storage |
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Regional Variation |
11 independent regions globally - Southwest Asia 11,500 yBP - Central Mexico 10,000 yBP - South Central Andes 9500 yBP - North China 9500 yBP - South China 7500 yBP - Eastern US 6000 yBP - Sub-Saharan Africa 4500 yBP |
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Regional Variation PT2
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10,500 yBP farming began in Turkey - by 8000 yBP farming communities sprung up across the fertile crescent, villages grew into cities. |
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Catalhoyuk |
7,400 - 5,600 yBP - largest and oldest neolithic site - domestication of cattle and use of dairy products - increased symbolic behaviour -elaborate burials popn 3500-8000 |
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Animal Domestication |
dogs (15,000 yBP) sheep, goats, cattle, pigs (8000-7000 yBP) Plants far more important now. |
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Survival and Growth |
Foundation for complex societies, cities and new technologies - 8000 yBP evidence of fermentation in china |
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Adaptive Trade off |
Writing, art, business, technology all came about because of agriculture YET: low birth rate to high birthrate - reduce weaning - space reduction between births |
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Population Growth |
10,00 yBP = 2-3 million 2000 yBP = 250-300 million AD 1850 = 1 billion Today = over 7 billion * competition for resources led to development of organized warfare |
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Face |
The foods we eat influence our physical appearance - reduction in the face and jaw |
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Masticatory Functional Hypothesis |
change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the masseter and temporalis muscles as people began eating softer foods. |
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Teeth |
Malocclusions are modern - softer foods = crooked teeth, chewing problems - teeth by genetics, bones around teeth by environment - bone is reduced teeth were not - benefit is less wear on teeth |
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Hunter/ Gatherers Vs Agricultualists |
H/G: long cranial vault large robust mandible large teeth few malocclusions tooth wear * opposite for Agricultualrists |
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Physique |
Assumption that worlaod was greater for H/g than agriculturalists, yet H/g had lots of leisure time |
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Agriculture and Disease |
Increased popn means disease - urban diseases (treponema, TB) - dietary diseases |
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Dental Caries |
decalcification of enamel or dentin - most common dental disease |
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Porotic Hyperostosis |
porosity of the cranial vault - associated with iron deficiency |
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Cribra Orbitalia |
Eye orbits, usually bilateral - attributed to anaemia ( iron deficiency) |
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Enamel Hypoplastic Lesions |
lines, pits, grooves on enamel surface - non specific indicator |
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Why farm? |
evolution dictates that organisms engage in behaviours that increase the potential for reproduction. |
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